Hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka. hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka

hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka ayaa noqotay dhibaato aad u ba'an of our time. Haddii marka waagu ka mid ah warshadaha nukliyeerka, dad yar u maleeyay oo ku saabsan baahida loo qabo in ay ku kaydiso qashinka, hadda hawshan waxa uu noqday mid aad u deg deg ah. Haddaba maxaad ayaa dhamaantood si walaacsan yahay?

shucaaca

Tani waxay ifafaale la helay ee la xidhiidha daraasadda of luminescence isgaarsiinta iyo X-rays. Dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ee taxane ah oo tijaabo la xeryahooda uranium ah, jirka dadka Faransiiska Becquerel helay hore aan la aqoon nooca shucaaca marayay walxaha Doolaal. Waxa uu la wadaago oo uu soo saar la Curies, oo kaalinta waxbarashada oo uu ku dadaalo. Waa dunida-caan Pierre Marie oo lagu ogaaday in hantida ee shucaaca dabiiciga ah waxay leeyihiin oo dhan xeryahooda ee uranium, sida uu ahaa qaab daahir ah, iyo sidoo kale thorium, Polonium oo radium. Ay ka qayb qaateen ayaa si dhab ah qiimo.

Kaliya ka dib waxaa ogaaday in dhammaan waxyaabaha kiimikada ka bismuth, in mid ka mid ah qaab ama shucaac kale. Seynisyahanno ka fikirayso iyo sida aad u isticmaali kartaa habka of fission nuclear in ay curiyaan tamarta, iyo waxay awoodeen in la bilaabo oo waxaa kiimikaysan dhalid. Iyo si loo qiyaaso heerka shucaaca la Been abuurtay shucaac shucaaca.

codsiga

Waxa intaa dheer in shucaaca tamarta ayaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalo beeraha kale, daawo, warshadaha, cilmi-baarista iyo beeraha. Iyada oo habkaani si ay u bartaan si ay u joojiyaan faafinta unugyada kansarka, si ay u dejiyaan ogaanshaha badan oo sax ah, in la ogaado da'da khasnadihii qaddiimiga ah, si ay ula socdaan walxaha Isbadal in geedi socodka kala duwan, iyo wixii la mid ah. D. Liiska shucaaca suurto galka ah ee codsiyada waxaa si joogto ah la ballaariyo, si ay xataa la yaab leh in arrinta asturidda qalabka qashinka noqday si ba'an kaliya ee tobanka sano ee la soo dhaafay. Oo kaliya qashinka in si fudud lagu tuuri kartaa in qashin qubka ma.

hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka

qalabka oo dhan waxay leeyihiin noloshooda gaarka ah. Tani waa ma marka laga reebo xubno loo isticmaalo warshadaha ee nuclear. wax soo saarka waa cidla weli shucaaca, laakiin aadan haysan qiimaha wax ku ool ah. Caadi ahaan, si gaar ah loo isticmaalo shidaal nuclear in loo samayn karo ama codsatay in meelo kale. Xaaladdan oo kale ay tahay oo kaliya oo ku saabsan qashinka shucaaca (RW), isticmaalka dheeraad ah taas oo aan la siiyaa, si aad u baahan tahay in laga takhaluso iyaga.

Ilaha iyo foomamka

Sababo la xiriira kala duwan ee isticmaalka shucaac wax qashinka sidoo kale waxay yeelan karaan asalka iyo xaaladda kala duwan. Iyagu waxay u imanayaan mid adag ama dareere ama gaseous. Ilo kale oo ay noqon karaan kuwo aad u kala duwan, sababtoo ah qaab ama mid qashinka kale sida inta badan in ay ka fiirsato iyo processing khayraadka macdanta, oo ay ku jirto saliida iyo gaaska, waxaa kale oo jira qaybaha sida qashinka caafimaad iyo warshadaha. Sidoo kale waxaa jira ilo dabiici ah. Conventionally, kuwaas oo qashinka shucaaca waxaa loo kala saaraa galay hooseeyo, dhexe- iyo heer-sare ah. Maraykanka ayaa sidoo kale qoondeeyo category ka mid ah qashinka transuranic.

fursadaha

Waxay jeelyihiin in waqti dheer waxa la filayay, in asturidda qashinka nukliyarka u baahan xeerar gaar ah, wuxuu ahaa ku filan si ay iyaga ku kala firdhiyo deegaanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa mar dambe la ogaaday in isotopes u muuqdaan in ay ku hamineysay in hababka qaarkood, tusaale ahaan, unugyada xayawaanka. daahfurka Tani waxay beddeshay ra'yiga ku saabsan qashinka, maxaa yeelay, haddii ay taasi suuragal u dhaqaaqo iyo is geliyey jidhka bini'aadamka cunto waa heer sare ah oo ku filan. Sidaa darteed waxaa la go'aamiyay in la horumariyo qaar ka mid ah fursadaha ku saabsan sida loo la noocan ah qashinka ka qabtaan, gaar ahaan qaybta ka mid ah heer sare ah.

technology Modern ogolaanaya badnaan uga takhalusi lahaayeen khatarta ka imaanaysa hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka by kula dhaqmaya si habab kala duwan ama meel ku meel ammaan ah oo qof.

1. Vitrification. Sidaas oo kale, technology tani waxaa la yiraahdaa vitrification. Sayidka RW mari dhowr tallaabo processing keeni in tiro ku filan inert helay waxaa la dhigayaa in weel gaar ah. Dheeraad ah, weelasha waxyaalahan waxaa loo soo diray in bakhaar.
2. Sinrok. Tani waa hab kale oo qashinka neutralizing, horumariyo Australia. Xaaladdan oo kale, xarunta dhismaha gaar ah loo isticmaalo ee falcelinta.
3. Aaska. Marka marxaladdan waxaa la sameeyay si aad u hesho meelaha ku haboon in qolof dhulka ee, halkaas oo ay suurto gal ahayd in ay ku riday qashinka nukliyeerka. Mashruuca ayaa ugu wanaagsan, sida uu sheegay oo qashinka lagu celin doono ka qodo yuuraaniyamta.
4. Transmutation. Horeba horumariyo tigoodu awood u jeedin qashinka heer sare ah si ay walxaha ka yar waxyeelada leh. Isla la dhexdhexaadnimada qashinka ay awoodaan in ay soo saaraan tamarta, si meesha this of technology waxaa loo arkaa in ay aad u rajo yihiin.
5. Ka kaxaynta meel dibadda ah. Inkastoo ay soo jiidashada of fikrad this, waxa ay leedahay wax badan oo ka dhiman. Waa midda koowaade, habkan waa qaali. Marka labaad, waxaa jira halis ah failure of gaari furitaanka, kaas oo noqon kara musiibo. Ugu dambeyntii, urka qashinka sida meel bannaan oo muddo ka dib noqon kartaa dhibaato weyn.

Shuruucda ku saabsan asturidda iyo kaydinta

In Russia, maareynta qashinka nukliyarka waxaa nidaaminaya horrayn sharciga federaalka iyo comments waxay, sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah dokumentiyada la xiriira, sida Xeerka Biyaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Sharciga qashinka oo dhan waa in la geeyaa meelaha ugu go'doonsan, waxa aanu looga hortago faddarayn of meydadka biyaha, diraya meel waa ka mamnuuc.

Qayb kasta waxay leedahay sharciyo u gaar ah nidaamka, marka lagu daro, si cad loo qeexay shuruudaha kala saarista qashinka ka mid ah ama qaab kale, iyo dhammaan hannaanka loo baahan yahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Russia uu leeyahay dhibaatooyin fara badan ee ku yaala goobahan. First, asturidda qashinka nukliyarka laga yaabaa in aad ugu dhakhsaha badan noqon a hawl non-Ciyaalle, sababtoo ah goobaha aan aad u badan oo lagu kaydiyo si gaar ah u qalabaysan, oo waxay ugu dhakhsaha badan ku filan buuxsami doona dalka. Marka labaad, ma jiraan wax nidaam uniform of nidaamka maareynta qashinka, taas oo si xun u adkaynaysaa gacanta.

mashaariicda caalamiga ah

Marka la eego xaqiiqada ah in lagu kaydin jiray oo hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka u noqday sii adkeeyeen ka dib joojinta ee tartanka hubka, dalal badan oo door bidaan in ay iskaashi xaalkan. Nasiib darro, isku raacsan ma aan weli la gaaray ee ku yaala goobahan, laakiin dooda ku jira barnaamijyada kala duwan ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa sii. Waxa ay u muuqataa mashaariicda ugu wanaagsan in la dhiso weyn oo caalami ah oo hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka ee meelaha dadku ku nool yihiin kaydinta, sida caadiga ah, waxaan ka hadleynaa Russia ama Australia. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, shacabka dambe waxaa si firfircoon uga soo horjeeda hindisahan.

Cawaaqib xumada gaadhista

Ku dhawaad isla markiiba ka dib helitaanka shucaaca, waxaa caddaatay in ay si xun u saamayso caafimaadka iyo nolosha dadka iyo noolaha kale ee ku nool. Studies in Curies waxay ahaayeen dhowr sano ee, ugu danbeyn keentay in bukaanka shucaaca daran in Mary, inkastoo ay ku noolaa in ay 66 sano jir ah.

Cudurka Tani waa natiijo weyn ee shucaaca on aadanuhu. Astaanta oo ka mid ah cudurka iyo darnaanta inta badan ku xiran tahay qiyaasta shucaaca guud ahaan heshay. Waxay noqon karaan kuwo fudud, oo waxaan ka dhigi isbedelada hidda iyo Isbedelo, sidaas saamayn ku jiilka xiga. Mid ka mid ah the first to dhibaatadu ka function dhiigga, waxay inta badan bukaanka uu leeyahay nooc ka mid ah kansarka. Sayidka kiisaska intooda badan daaweynta waa natiijo la'aan, iyo ku filan oo kaliya waa in la raacayo daaweynta aseptic iyo baabi'inta calaamadaha.

ka hortagga

Looga hortago xaalad la xidhiidha gaadhista shucaaca, quruxsan fudud - ma ku filan in ay dhici in la ah meesha asalka kordhay. Nasiib darro, tani ma aha had iyo jeer suurto gal ah, sida teknoolajiyada casriga badan ku lug canaasiirta firfircoon isku qaab ama mid kale. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, qof kasta oo aan xirto shucaac ah shucaac la qaadi karo, in la ogaado in ay ahaayeen ee degaanka, taas oo sii dheeraaday gaadhista keeni kara waxyeelo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira tallaabooyin gaar ah oo ka hortaga iyo ilaalinta ka shucaaca waxyeelada leh, inkastoo ayan wax badan.

First, waa baaritaanka. Iyada oo ay taasi soo maray ku dhawaad oo dhan in ay ka qayb X-ray oo jidhka ka mid ah u yimid. Marka ay timaado in dhabarta afka ilmo-galeenka ama dhakada, dhakhtarku soo jeedinaya inuu xirto dufan gaar ah, kuwaas oo loo tolaa xubno ka lead, kaas oo ma gudbiyaan shucaaca. Second, si ay u taageeraan iska caabin ah jirka ee laga yaabaa in qaadashada fitamiin C, _B6 iyo R. Ugu dambeyntii, waxaa jira diyaarinta gaar ah - radioprotective. Marar badan, waxay aad wax ku ool u yihiin.