History of Estonia: guudmar

History of muuqaalka Estonia bilaabmaa degsiimooyinka ugu da'da on dhulkeeda in soo baxay 10,000 oo sano ka hor. Tools of Age Stone la helay dhow Pulli dhow Parnu casriga ah. qabiilooyinka Finno-Ugric xagga bari ka (malaha ka Urals ah) u yimid oo qarniyo ka dib (malaha in 3500 E. BC.), Mixed leh dadka deegaanka oo deganaa ee la joogo maalintii-Estonia, Finland iyo Hungary. Waxay jecel yihiin dalka cusub, oo iyagu waxay ka gaaloobeen nolosha reer guuraaga ah ayaa lagu gartaa inta badan oo ka mid ah dalalka kale ee yurub lixdii tobankii soo socda.

Taariikhda hore ee Estonia (kooban)

In qarniyadii 9aad iyo 10aad AD Istooniyaan ogaa Vikings, kuwaas oo u muuqday xiiso dariiqyada ganacsi si ay Kiev iyo Constantinople, ka badan Fatxi ee dalka. The khatar ugu horeysay oo dhab ah oo ka soo duulay Christian galbeed ka yimid. Fulinta calls for Pope soo ridayo oo ka dhanka ah Gaalada ah waqooyiga, ciidamada deenishka iyo Knights Jarmal galeen Estonia, in 1208 qalcaddii ku guuleystay Otepaa. Dadka deegaanka ayaa iska caabin kulul, oo way qabsadeen in ka badan 30 sano, ka hor waxaa lagu guulaystay by dhulka oo dhan. By bartamihii qarnigii 13-ka, Estonia waxaa loo kala qaybiyay deenishka iyo Jarmal ee waqooyiga xagga koonfureed oo dalka Order Teutonic ah. Saliibiyiinta damcay inuu bari, ayaa la hakiyey Aleksandrom Nevskim of Novgorod baddii ku qaboojiyay Peipsi.

guulaysannaa The degay magaalooyin cusub, wareejinta ugu xoogga kiniisadda ah. By dhammaadkii qarnigii 13aad ee ka dhiman iyo Tartu kacay cathedrals, iyo Cistercian iyo Dominican ka amar diinta Biyac dhisay, inuu wax ku wacdiyo in dadka maxalliga ah iyo inay isaga u baabtiistaa. Dhanka kale, Istooniyaan sii waday in ay mucaaradka.

The kacdoonkii ugu weyn oo bilowday habeenimadii ee St. George (April 23) ee 1343 uu ku bilowday gacanta Denmark North Estonia. taariikhda dalka ayaa lagu calaamadeeyay by boob mucaaradka Padise keniisad Cistercian iyo dil of suufiyadoodii uu. Markaas waxay ku hayeen inay dhiman iyo Haapsalu Episcopal Castle oo u yeedhay caawimaad ka Sweden. Sweden dhab diray xoojiyo ciidamada badda, laakiin waxa ay u yimaadeen goor dambe oo lagu qasbay in ay dib u soo noqdaan. In kasta oo go'aan ka soo baxay Istooniyaan, kacdoonkii la jajabiyey ee 1345. Deenishka ayaa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, go'aansaday in ay ku filan lahaa oo iibin Estonia in Amarka Livonian.

dukaan farsamada iyo baayacmushtariga Guilds marka hore u muuqday in qarnigii 14aad., Oo magaalooyin badan sida dhiman, Tartu, Viljandi iyo Pärnu, Shafay sidii xubin ka mid ah Hanseatic League. ST. John in Tartu la farshaxan terracotta ay waa xoolo ah caddayn iyo xiriirka ganacsiga Western.

Istooniyaan sii waday in ay ku dhaqmaan Umaad jaahilka ee aroosyada, aaska iyo dabeecadda Ilaah caabudeen, iyo xataa tan iyo qarnigii 15aad, kuwaas oo Umaad noqdaan isku maran la soo galaya, oo waxay heshay magacyada Christian. Qarnigii 15-qastaan faqiirsan ee xuquuqda ay u leeyihiin iyo bilowgii 16-kii wuxuu noqday serfs.

toobadda

Toobad, kaas oo asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee Germany, gaadhay Estonia ee 1520s ah, oo ay la socdaan wacyigaliyo Lutheran ee la ruxruxo ugu horeysay. By bartamihii qarnigii 16-ka, kaniisadda la habayn, iyo Biyac Kaniisadaha, iyo Kaniisadda la dhigay under bacdi ee Church Lutheran ee. In dhiman, maamulka xiran keniisad Dominican (raagayaan jajabkiisa cajiib ah); Tartu Dominican iyo Biyac Cistercian la xirey.

dagaal Livonian

Qarnigii 16aad, halista ugu weyn ee ay u Livonia (hadda Northern Latvia iyo Koonfurta Estonia) wakiil bari. Ivan Grozny qudhiisu naadiyey boqorka kowaad ee 1547, waxay eryadeen siyaasad ah ballaarinta galbeed. Ciidamada Ruush hogaaminayo awr Tatar boobaysa weeraray 1558 ee aagga Tartu. Dagaalka- ahaayeen kuwo aad u rabshad, soo duulay ka tagay dhimashada ay dib halligaad iyo baabbi'in. Waayo, Russia biiray Poland, Denmark iyo Sweden, iyo hawlgallada wareegsan ayaa la sameeyey oo dhan qarnigii 17-kii. guudmar kooban oo taariikhda Estonia ma ogola in ay faahfaahin muddada this, laakiin ay sabab u tahay Sweden badisay.

War rogay rar culus on dadka deegaanka. Waayo, laba ka ab (tan iyo 1552 on 1629.), Half ee dadka reer miyiga ah ayaa la dilay, oo ku saabsan saddex-meeloodow beeraha oo dhan ayaa laga qaxay, cudurada sida cudurku, Dalaggii beeraha, abaar iyo kuwa ku xiga ku soo kordheen tirada dhibbaneyaasha. Waxa intaa dheer in dhiman, qalcaddii kasta oo deyr leh xarunta dalka ayaa la boobay ama la burburiyay, ay ka mid yihiin qalcaddii Viljandi, oo xubin ka ah mid ka mid ah qalcadaha ugu xoogga badan ee Northern Europe. Magaalooyinka qaar ayaa gabi ahaanba la burburiyay.

waqtiga quraacda

Dagaalka ka dib, taariikhda Estonia calaamadeeyay muddo ah nabad iyo barwaaqo ku hoos noolaayeen xukunka ee Sweden. Cities, iyada oo ganacsiga, koray oo la Shafay, caawinta dhaqaalaha inuu ka soo kabsado jahli dagaalka. Under maamulka ee Sweden markii ugu horeysay ee taariikhda midaysan hal taliye ka yar. By bartamihii qarnigii 17aad-ka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax bilaabeen inay ka sii darto. dillaacay cudurka, iyo ka dib Abaarta Wayn (1695-97) ayaa galaaftey nolosha 80 kun oo qof -. Ku dhawaad 20% dadka. Soon Sweden wajahay khatar ka socda Midowga Polish, Denmark iyo Russia, doonaya in ay dib u dhulka ku waayay dagaalkii Livonian ah. Duulaankii bilaabay in 1700, ka dib markii qaar ka mid ah guul, ee Vol. H. soo gaartay oo ka mid ah ciidamada Ruush ee Narva, dalka Iswiidan wuxuu bilaabay inuu Dumayn. In 1708 Tartu Waxaa la wada baabbi'iyey, oo ka badbaaday oo dhan u cid diray in Russia. In 1710 dhiman casaanka ka, iyo Sweden ka adkaadeen.

waxbarashada

Waxaa bilaabay taariikhda Estonia sida qayb ka mid ah Russia. Wax beeralayda wanaagsan in ay waxba idiinma tarin. War iyo belaayo ee 1710 ayaa galaaftey nolosha tobannaan kun oo dad ah. Peter waan buriyey habaynta af Iswiidhish iyo af halaagnay rajo kasta oo xorriyadda for serfs baxsaday. Aragtida ku soo wajahan ma beddeli doono ilaa muddo Nuurin ee qarnigii 18aad. Catherine II xaddidan galladaha ay aqoonyahanada dalka iyo dib u habaynta lagu qabtay magaabo-dimuqraadi ah. Laakiin 1816, beeralayda ayaa ugu dambeyntii laga xoreeyey serfdom. Waxay kaloo heshay magacyada xoriyad badan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo helitaanka kooban si is-maamulka. By qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 19aad, dadka reer miyiga ah ayaa bilaabay in ay soo iibsato beerta iyo shaqeysato dakhli ka dalagyada sida baradhada iyo waxayga linenka ah.

baraaruga qaranka

dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad ahayd bilowgii of baraaruga ee qaranka. Kexeeyey by hormoodka cusub, dalka tegey gobolka. Wargeyska The ugu horeysay luqada Perno Postimees Istooniyaan u muuqday in 1857. Waxaa la daabacay Yohannom Voldemarom Jannseni, mid ka mid ah marka hore in ay isticmaalaan erayga "Istooniyaan" oo aan maarahvas (dadka reer miyiga). fekeraya kale saameynta ahaa Carl Robert Jakobson, kuwaas oo u diriray xuquuqda siyaasadeed siman Istooniyaan. Waxa uu sidoo kale aasaasay wargeyska ugu horeeyay ee siyaasadeed Sakala.

kacdoonkii

dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad. Waxay ahayd muddo of warshadaha iyo soo bixitaanka of warshadaha waaweyn iyo network ballaaran ee tareenka kaas oo ku xiran Russia la Estonia. xaaladaha shaqada adag sababay carada, iyo xisbiga shaqeeya dhawaanta la sameeyey ee uu hogaaminayo bannaanbaxyo iyo weerar. Dhacdooyinka in Estonia soo noqnoqda waxa ka dhacaya Russia, iyo kacdoonkii hubaysan ka qarxay January 1905. Xiisadda Jaha ilaa dayrta ee sannadka in, markii 20 kun. Shaqaalaha tageen shaqo joojin. boqorka ayaa ciidamada si waxashnimo ah u dhaqmeen, ay ku dhinteen kuna dhaawacmeen 200 oo qof. Waayo, xakamaynta ee kacdoonka reer Ruush ee gaaray kun oo askari. 600 Istooniyaan iyo kuwii boqol boqol u diray inay Siberia la toogtay. Ururada shaqaalaha iyo wargeysyada hormood ah iyo ururro ayaa la xiray, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha siyaasadeed ay ka carareen dalka.

qorshayaasha More xagjirka ah si ay mashquulin Estonia, kumanaan ka mid ah yaroow Ruush sababta oo ah World koowaad ee aan la fulin. dalka bixisay qiimaha sare oo ka qaybgalkooda dagaalka. 100 kun Dadka. Yeedhay, 10 ka mid ah oo kun. Dilay. Istooniyaan badan oo dagaalka u baxay sababtoo ah guushii ay ka gaareen Germany, Russia ballan qaaday in ay bixiyaan qarannimada dalka. Dabcan, waxay ahayd been ah. Laakiin by 1917 arrintan waxaa xalin ma aha boqorka. Nicholas II ayaa lagu qasbay inuu tagayno shaqadeenna, iyo Bolsheviks ku qabtay awoodda. Russia xaaqan oo fowdo ah, iyo Estonia, hindisaha qaaday February 24, 1918 ku dhawaaqdey inay madaxbannaanideedii.

War of Independence

Estonia soo wajahay hanjabaadaha Russia iyo reactionaries Baltic-German. War ka qarxay, Army Cas si degdeg ah sii, by January 1919 qabtay dalka badhkiis. Estonia madax difaacay, iyo iyadoo la kaashanayo maraakiibta Britain iyo Finland, ciidamada deenishka iyo Swedish adkaaday uu cadowgu jir. Bishii December, Russia ku heshiiyeen in ay xabad joojin ah, iyo 2 February 1920 Peace Tartu ku Treaty la saxiixay, sida ay taas oo ay had iyo jeer diiday sheegashada ah gayiga ee dalka. Appeared first on map dunida gebi ahaanba madax banaan Estonia.

Taariikhda gobolka ee xilligan waxa lagu gartaa horumarinta deg deg ah ee dhaqaalaha. Dalalka in ay isticmaalaan khayraadka dabiiciga ah iyo in uu soo jiito maalgashi ka dibadda. University Tartu noqday University of Istooniyaan iyo af Istooniyaan noqday luqadda ee xidhiidhka caalamiga ah, abuurista fursado cusub ee dhexgalaan xirfadeed iyo waxbarasho. Waxaa jiray warshadaha a daabacaadda weyn - dhexeeya 1918 iyo 1940. 25 kun. Horyaal oo lagu daabacay.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhinaca siyaasadda oo aan ahaa si farxad ahaato. Cabsi ay ka qabaan hawlaha kharribaa shuuciga, sida, oo horseeday in hoggaanka Xuquuqda guuldareystay isku day afgambi ee 1924. In 1934 oo amiir u ahaa dowladda KMG ah, Konstantin gacal la taliyaha guud ee Johan Istooniyaan ciidamada Laidoner xadgudbay Dastuurka iyo qabtay amar ku andacoonaya of kooxaha xagjirka ah difaacaneysa dimuqraadiyadda.

duulaankii Soviet

qaddar State ee lagu shaabadeeyey markii Nazi Germany iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti saxiixay heshiis qarsoodi ah ee 1939, dhab ahaantii, u gudbin on inay Stalin. Xubno ka tirsan xisbiga shuuciga ee abaabulay kacdoon khayaal ah iyo dadka looga baahan yahay inay ka mid Estonia ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Madaxweynaha gacal, General Laidoner iyo madaxda kale ee la xiray iyo diray xeryaha shaqada Soviet. waxaa dowlada puppet A taagay, oo August 6, 1940 , Soviet Sare ee USSR ah u oggolaaday "codsi" ee Estonia ku biiro USSR.

Tarxiil iyo dagaalkii labaad ee dunida halakeeyey dalka. Tobanaan kun ayaa loo yeedhay, oo u soo diray inay shuqul iyo dhimashada ee xeryaha shaqada ee waqooyiga Russia. Kumanaan ka mid ah haweenka iyo carruurta la wadaago oo ay qaddar.

Markii ay ciidamada Soviet cararay ciribtir ee cadowga, Istooniyaan salaamay Jarmalka sida liberators. 55 kun. Man galeen cutubyo is-difaaca iyo guuto ka mid ah Wehrmacht ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Germany ma lahayn ujeedka lagu doonayo in ay bixiyaan qarannimada ku Istooniyaan iyo arko territory sida haysto ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Rajadii burburay ka dib markii fulinta ee iskaashatada. (Ahaayeen qowmiyadaha Istooniyaan, kuwaas oo 5 kun.) 75 kun. Dadka la toogtay. Kumanaan u cararay Finland, iyo kuwa halaag ku hadhay, ayaa qoray ciidanka Jarmal (oo ku saabsan 40 kun. Dadka).

Bilowga 1944, Ciidamada Soviet duqeeyay dhiman, Narva, Tartu iyo magaalooyin kale. oo dhamaystiran Narva ahaa fal aargoosi "oo ka mid ah Khaa'in Istooniyaan."

Ciidamada Jarmal gurteen ee September 1944 cabsanaya bilawga Army Cas, dad badan oo Istooniyaan, sidoo kale, ka carareen, oo ku saabsan 70 kun. Hit West ah. By dhamaadka dagaalka Istooniyaan kasta 10-kii dibadda ku nool. Guud ahaan, dalka ayaa laga badiyay ka badan 280 kun oo qof, .. Marka laga reebo haajiray, 30 kun oo lagu dilay dagaalka, intii kalena waa la qisaasay, diray xeryaha ama lagu dilay xeryaha fiirsashada.

xilligii Soviet

Dagaalka ka dib, dawladdu ay si degdeg ah LABAGEEDI by Midowga Soofiyeeti. taariikhda Istooniyaan hareeyay muddo ah cadaadis, kumanaan ayaa la jirdilo ama diray xeryaha xabsi. 19,000 Istooniyaan la toogtay. Beeralayda waxashnimo ah qasbay collectivisation oo kun oo waddanka u soo guurey ku shubtay galay dalka timid gobolada kala duwan ee USSR. Inta u dhaxaysa 1939 iyo 1989. boqolkiiba wadaniga Istooniyaan hoos ka 97 si ay u 62%.

Iyada oo laga jawaabayo cadaadiska dhaqdhaqaaqa dhuumaalaysi ah loo soo abaabulay ee 1944. 14 kun. "Walaalo Forest" naftooda ku hubaysan oo intay tageen dhulka hoostiisa, ka shaqeeya kooxo yar yar ee dalka oo dhan. Nasiib darro, falalka ay ku aan ku guulaysan, iyo iska caabin hubaysan ayaa la shiidaa reebtay by 1956.

Laakiin helay dhaqdhaqaaq xoog mucaaradka, iyo sannadguuradii 50aad ee ka soo wareegtay oo ka mid ah heshiis Stalin-Hitler ee dhiman kulan weyn. Dhowrkii bilood ee soo socda, dibad koray, Istooniyaan dalbaday in dib u soo celinta qarannimada. ciidaha Song ayaa noqday hab awood leh halganka. The ugu weyn iyaga ka mid ah ka dhacay sanadkii 1988, markii 250 kun. Istooniyaan ururay Festival Song ee Sababaha in dhiman. Waxaa soo jiidatay badan oo dareenka caalamka in xaaladda dalka Mareykanka bari.

Bishii November 1989, Golaha Sare Istooniyaan ku dhawaaqday dhacdooyinkii 1940 fal dagaal oo military oo iyaga ku dhawaaqay sharci-darrada ah. In 1990, doorashooyin xor ah ayaa lagu qabtay dalka. Inkastoo Russia ee isku day si looga hortago in this, Estonia dib markii ay xorriyadda 1991.

Modern Estonia: taariikhda dalka ee (kooban)

In 1992, doorashadii ugu horeysay ee guud ahaan hoos Dastuurka cusub, iyadoo ka qaybgalka xisbiyada siyaasadeed cusub. Midowga ee Pro Patria by margin cidhiidhi ah ku guuleystay. Its hoggaamiye, taariikhyahan 32-sano jir ah Mart Laar noqday Ra'iisul Wasaaraha. Taariikhda cusub ee Estonia sida dal madaxbanaan. Laar bilaabay si ay u gudbiyaan dawladda ku biraha of dhaqaalaha suuqa xorta ah, uu asal ahan kroon Istooniyaan oo bilaabay wadahadalo ku saabsan dhammaan ka baxaan ciidamada Ruush. Dalku wuxuu ku neefsaday oo la gargaarka marka rugo askareed ee la soo dhaafay ka tagay Jamhuuriyadda 1994, ka tago dal halakeeyeen ee waqooyi bari ee dhulka sumaysan ee ku hareeraysan airbases iyo qashinka nukliyeerka ee saldhigyada ciidamada badda.

Estonia soo biiray Midowga Yurub on 1 May 2004 iyo ansixiyay euro ee 2011.