History of korontada ee Russia, soo bixitaanka iyo horumarinta

ah ee hababka casriga ah ee loo isticmaalo korontada waxaa ka hormarey taxane ah oo daahfurtay in physics iyo injineernimada, kala firdheen oo markii dhowr qarniyo. Science ayaa inoo reebin la darsin ah magacyada ku lug leh hannaanka Epoch-samaynta this. ka mid ah sahamiyayaal Ruush.

ARC waxay Petrova

Taariikhda ah ee korontada ayaa ka duwanaan lahayd haddii aan waayo jirka ah tijaabo ah oo hagaag u baray Vasily Petrov (1761-1834). saynisyahan Tani, kexeeyey by iyaga u gaar ah cajiib yar-fahamsan, ku qaatay wax badan oo tijaabo. guusha A fure ahaa daahfurka ee arc korontada ee 1802.

Petrov ayaa cadeeyay in waxa loo isticmaali karaa ujeeddooyin wax ku ool ah - oo ay ku jiraan, waayo alxanka biraha ridaya iyo nalalka,. Isla mar ahaantaana ah batari galvanic weyn waxaa la abuuray by experimenter ah. History of horumarinta korontada ku leedahay waxyaalo badan oo Vasily Petrov.

Yablochkov shumac

hindisa kale oo Ruush kuwaas oo ka qayb qaatay horumarka ee waaxda tamarta, - Pavel Yablochkov (1847-1894). In 1875, uu abuuray ah laambadihii arc carbon. waxaa Behind helay magaca "Yablochkov shumac." Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee la alifay la soo bandhigay dadweynaha ee World Paris ee Exhibition. Sidaas qoray taariikhda asalka ah ee dunida. Korontada, macnaha waxa loo isticmaalaa si ay u fahmaan oo dhan, waxaan waxa ay kusii dhowaanayaan.

Laambad Yablochkov, inkastoo fikradaha kacaan lahaa dhowr ayna duleella u dhinto. Ka dib markii goynta ka ah isha ugu soo dhintay, iyo dib-u-bilaaban laambadda ma aha suurto gal ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda ay asal ahaan korontada ee xaq u leeyahay inuu ka tago qorna ay magaca Bawlos Yablochkov.

Incandescent Lodygina

Aragnimada ugu horeysay gudaha la xidhiidha nalalka korontada magaalooyinka, ayaa lagu sameeyay Aleksandrom Lodyginym ee St. Petersburg ee 1873. Waxa uu ahaa kii been abuurtay laambad incandescent ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isku day ay ku guuldareysatay inay soo bandhigto alaabta cusub howlgal ballaaran - waxa uu ku guuldareystay inuu qaado Misbaax ee laambadihii gaaska xoojisay. patent ee buuxieyey tungsten ee laga iibiyay shirkad ajnabi ah General Electric.

dunida Ruush, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma lumin xamaasad. Wax yar ka hor World War "Electric Company Laydhka" First ayaa helay xaq u leeyahay inuu sameeyo nalalka incandescent. qorshe wayn oo aan lagu fuliyay sababta oo ah dhiig ah, hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha iyo burbur guud. By 1917, nalalka incandescent ahaayeen oo kaliya in ay xaafadaha hodanka ah ee dukaamada guul, iyo wixii la mid ah .. Guud ahaan, taasoo ah laba taaj oo kaliya saddex meelood meel ka mid ah dhismayaasha ku qariyeen caymiska sida. Waayo, korontada dad badan ka walaacsan sida ay u raaxada cajiib ah, iyo mid kasta oo nalal cusub bandhigay jiitay dareenka kun oo muwaadiniinta.

"Power Gudbinta"

Waxaa laga yaabaa in sheekada ah ee korontada ee Russia waxaa jiri lahaa kala duwan haddii Warega of qarniyadii XIX-XX. ma jirin wax dhibaato ah oo kale oo leh koronto ah. Haddii warshadaha, tuulooyinka ama magaalooyinka isu siiyaa il cusub ee tamarta, waxay lahaayeen si ay u iibsadaan matoorrada oo xoog ku yar yahay. Weli ma jirin barnaamijyo electrification maalgelinta gobolka. Haddii tani ay tahay hindise ee magaalada, sida caadiga ah waxay ka dhigan tahay cibaaro ah oo ka mid ah biinka iyo fund reserve istaagay.

Taariikhda Korontada muujinaysaa in isbedel weyn la xidhiidha electrification, dalka gaari oo kaliya ka dib markii ay soo muuqatay awood buuxda. Xataa markaas, xoogga shirkadaha kuwaas oo ku filan si ay u bixiyaan tamarta ee gobollada oo dhan. Warshad awood ugu horeysay ee Russia u muuqday sanadkii 1912, iyo bilaabaha ee ay abuurka ahaa oo dhan isku mid ah "Shirkadda Laydhka Electric."

dhismaha ayaa sida kaabayaasha muhiim ah Gobolka Moscow. Idaacadda ayaa loo yaqaan "awood." Waxaa loo arkaa aabbihiisna wuxuu aasaasay of injineer habka Robert Classon. warshad The, kuwaas oo ka hawlgala maanta, magiciisiina wuxuu dhalaa. Markii hore loo isticmaalaa sida Peat shidaalka. Klasson shakhsi doortay goobta u dhow jirka ah oo biyo ah (oo biyo ah loo baahan yahay qaboojinta). Fiirsato of Peat mas'uul ka ah Ivan Radchenko, oo sidoo kale noqday kuwa loo yaqaan kacaan ah iyo xubin ka mid ah RSDLP ah.

Thanks to "awood" taariikhda codsiga korontada helay a page cusub oo dhalaalaya. Waayo, ay waqti ay ahayd waayo-aragnimo u gaar ah. Energy ahaa bixisey in Moscow, laakiin meel fog ka ahaa 75 kiiloomitir u dhexeeya magaalada iyo saldhigga. Taasi waxay keentay in ay lagama maarmaan ahayd in la qabto line a high-voltage, analogues ah oo aan weli Russia. xaalada ayaa ah mid qasan oo xaqiiqda ah in dalka waxaa jiray sharciga ma joogto ah hirgelinta mashaariicda sida. fiilooyinka waa iyada oo dalka reer xaafadaha qaar badan oo gob noqotay. Milkiilayaasha saldhigga cooshado shakhsi bypassed dabaqadda sare iyo isku dayeen in ay iyaga ka dhaadhiciyo in ay taageeraan hindisaha. In kasta oo dhibaato oo dhan, waxaan u suurtagashay in ay qabtaan khadka, iyo taariikhda qoyska korontada helay tusaale khatar ah. Moscow helay ay tamar.

Station iyo trams

Waxay u muuqatay in xilligii czarist, iyo warshad yar oo baaxad. History of korontada ee Russia leeyahay wax badan in industrialist Jarmalka Werner von Siemens. In 1883kii uu ka shaqeeyay on Nuur ciidda ee Kremlin Moscow ee. Ka dib waayo-aragnimo ugu horeysay ee guul uu shirkadda (taasi oo markii dambe noqday lahaa yaqaan walaac adduunka oo idil a) waxa uu abuuray nidaam nalalka of Palace iyo Nevsky Prospekt Winter ee St. Petersburg ah. In 1898, waxaa jiray warshad xoog yaraayeen ee magaalada si ay u garab channel. Belgiumka ayaa maal-inkii la mid ah on qararka ah, iyo Germany - xitaa mid ka mid ah wadada Novgorod.

History of korontada waxaa laga soo dhimay ma aha oo kaliya in muuqaalka kore ee dhirta. taraamka kowaad ee Empire Ruush u muuqatay in 1892 ee Kiev. In St. Petersburg, foomka cusub ee gaadiidka dadweynaha ee 1907 bilaabay injineer tamarta Heinrich Graftio. Investors mashruuca ahaayeen Jarmalka. Markii uu dagaalku ka qarxay la Germany, ay laga soo saaray caasimadda dalka Ruushka, iyo mashruuca waa on dhegtay waqti.

The saldhiga korontada marka hore

taariikhda qoyska oo koronto ah muddo boqornimada oo calaamadsan dhirta ugu horeysay korontada yar. horeyn ayaa u muuqday on anigaa Zyryanovsk in Mountains Altai ah. warkiisii intooda badan soo degay on saldhiga ee St. Petersburg on webiga Large Okhta. Mid ka mid ah wax dhisaa ay ahayd isku Robert Classon. Kislovodsk xireenada "White Dhuxul" adeegay sidii il tamar 400 wadooyinka, tareenada iyo codsatay in biyaha macdanta ah.

By 1913, at Wabiyaal Ruush kala duwan hore u ahaa kumanyaalka reer dhirta hydropower yar. Khubarada la qiyaaso awoodda guud ee 19 megawatts. The saldhigga ugu weyn xireenada ahaa Kush Hindu ee Turkestan (u shaqeeyo xitaa maanta). Xaaladdan oo kale, ka hor ee dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, waxaa jiray isbedel lagu dareemi karaa in gobollada dhexe ee xoogga on dhismaha Quwadda kaamerada, iyo in gobollada fog - xoogga oo biyo ah. abuuraan koranto for taariikhda Ruush ee magaalada bilaabay la maal badan oo ajaanib ah. Xitaa qalabka idaacadda ku dhowaad wax walba oo ay ahayd shisheeye. Tusaale ahaan, marawaxadaha soo iibsatay meel - ka Austria, Hungary Mareykanka.

In muddo 1900-1914 GG ah. heerka of electrification of Russia ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya dunida oo dhan. Isla mar ahaantaa, waxaa jiray dhalanrog ka dareemi. Korontada waxaa badanaa bixisey in industry ee, laakiin baahida loo qabo qalabka guriga wali ah mid hooseeya. Furaha waa dhibaatada sii waday in ay noqon la'aanta ah ee qorshaha casriyeynta dal dhexe ee. Si horay loogu socdo shirkado gaar ah, halka qaybta ugu - shisheeye. Jarmalka iyo Belgiumka inta badan maalgeliso mashaariicda ee labadii taaj, oo isku dayay in aan halis khayraadka ee gobolka fog Ruush.

electrification

Yaa awood u yimid ka dib markii Kacaanka Oktoobar, Bolsheviks ee 1920, ansixiyay qorshe electrification ee dalka. Its horumarinta bilaabay socday dagaalkii sokeeye ee. Madaxa guddiga (ee electrification - Guddiga State ee Electrification of Russia) ayaa loo magacaabay Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, kuwaas oo hore u lahaa waayo-aragnimo oo leh mashruuc tamarta kala duwan ka shaqeeya. Tusaale ahaan, waxa uu ka caawiyay Robert Classon Station ciida ee gobolka Moscow. Guud ahaan, guddigu abuuray by qorshaha, waxaa ka mid ah qiyaastii laba boqol oo injineerada iyo aqoonyahanno.

Inkasta oo mashruucu waxaa loogu talagalay horumarinta tamarta, waxa ay sidoo kale saameyn ku dhaqaalaha oo dhan Soviet. In yimid Stalingrad cagaf Plant sida electrification co-ganay. aagga warshadaha cusub ee asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee berkedda weysada dhuxusha Kuznetsk ah, oo waxay bilaabeen horumarinta khayraadka badan ee lacag dhigaal ah.

Sida laga soo xigtay qorshaha of electrification waxa ay ahayd in la dhisay 30 qiyamka awood degmada (10 iyo 20 HPP TPP). Qaar badan oo ka mid ah shirkadaha ka hawl maanta. iyaga ka mid ah, Nizhny Novgorod, Kashira, Shatura Chabrovsk iyo Quwadda kaamerada, iyo sidoo kale Volkhovskaya, Nizhny Novgorod iyo Dnieper HPP. Hirgelinta qorshaha keentay in soo bixitaanka of a Jubbooyinka cusub dhaqaalaha dalka. Taariikhda iftiinka iyo korontada looma aanayn karo in ay horumarinta nidaamka gaadiidka. Thanks to electrification, tareenka cusub, Jidadka iyo wadiiqooyinka ah Canal Volga-Don. Waa marayo qorshaha this bilaabay warshadaynta ee dalka, iyo taariikhda korontada ee Russia jeestay bogga kale oo muhiim ah. bartilmaameedyada electrification saar la kulmay in 1931.

Power iyo dagaalkii

Habeeynimadii of War Great Patriotic, awoodda guud ee awoodda korontada ee USSR ee ahaa oo ku saabsan 11 million kilowatts. duulaankii Jarmal iyo burburinta qayb weyn oo ka mid ah kaabayaasha aad ah u yareyn tirooyinkan. Against asalka musiibo this ee Guddiga Difaaca Gobolka dhigay dhismaha Quwadda, qayb ka mid ah si ay difaaca saara.

Iyadoo xoraynta dhulalka ay qabsadeen by Jarmalka, waxay bilaabeen geedi socodka ka mid ah dib u dhiska ah ee dhirta halaagnay ama la waxyeeleeyey. Ugu muhiimsan ee laga helay Svir, Dnieper ah, iyo HPP Baksan ku Ķegums iyo Shakhtinskaya, Krivoy Rog, Shterevskaya, Stalinogorsk, Zuevskaya TPP iyo Dubrovskaya. Bixinta magaalooyinka korontada tagay by Jarmalka markii ugu horraysay fuliyay iyada oo loo marayo powertrains. The saldhigga mobile ugu horeysay sida gaaray Stalingrad. By 1945, awoodda qoyska u suurtagashay in ay gaaraan tirooyinka soo saarka pre-dagaal. Xitaa taariikh kooban oo ku saabsan korontada muujinaysaa in Jidka casriyeynta ee dalka ayaa hareen oo maroorsan.

horumarinta dheeraad ah

Ka dib bilawga ah ee dunida ee Midowga Soofiyeeti sii waday in ay dhisaan TPP ugu weyn dunida oo dhan iyo HPP. Barnaamijka Energy waxaa fuliyey iyadoo la raacayo mabda'a dhexe dheeraad ah ee warshadaha oo dhan. By 1960, korontada kordhay 6 jeer la barbar dhigo 1940. By 1967 th dhamaaday habka abuurista nidaam tamarta midaysan, la isu keeno oo qayb ka oo dhan Yurub ee dalka. network waxaa ka mid ahaa 600 saldhigyada. Ay wadarta awoodda ahaa 65 million kilowatts.

Ka dibna waxa xoogga horumarinta kaabayaasha ayaa on iyo gobollada Bariga Fog Asian. Tani waxaa qayb ahaan sharaxay by xaqiiqada ah in ay jirto in ay diiradda ku saabsan 4/5 khayraadka hydropower ee USSR ah. "Electric," calaamad u ah 1960 ahaa kacsiga ku Angara ku Bratsk HPP. Ka dib waxaa u muuqday saldhiga la mid ah on Krasnoyarsk Yenisei ah.

Hydropower ayaa waxaad fartaan Wannaagga iyo Bariga Fog. In 1978, in guriga muwaadiniinta Soviet wuxuu bilaabay inuu hadda in laga soo saaro Zeya saldhigga xireenada. Its height of dam ah - 123 mitir, iyo wax soo saarka awoodda - 1330 MW. Mucjiso A of injineernimada ee Midowga Soofiyeeti waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ka HPP Sayano-Shushenskaya. Mashruucan ayaa waxaa la hirgeliyey cimilada adag ee Siberia iyo fog magaalooyinka waaweyn la warshadaha ee loo baahan yahay. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah faahfaahinta (sida marawaxadaha hydro) u tageen inay goobta dhismaha guud ahaan Ocean Arctic ah, fulinta jidka 10 kun oo kiiloomitir.

In 1980, isbedel muhiim ah oo Miisaaman tamarta dhaqaalaha Soofiyeeti. Doorka sii kordhaya ciyaaray by dhirta nukliyeerka. In 1980, oo ay share in wax soo saarka tamarta ahaa 5%, iyo in 1985 - horeba 10%. warshadaha tareenka ahayd warshad nukliyeerka Obninsk. Muddadan bilaabay dhismaha dedejiyey serial ee Quwadda Nuclearka, laakiin xiisadda dhaqaale iyo Chernobyl u daahisay geedi socodka.

casriga

Ka dib burburkii Midowga Soofiyeeti, waxaa jiray hoos u dhac maalgelinta waaxda tamarta ah. Stations in la dhisay, laakiin aan weli la dhamaystiro, ayaa dhawrayay u tiro badan. In 1992, Roobka hal ayaa lagu daray in Rao "UES of Russia". Waxaa ma caawin si looga fogaado dhibaato systemic dhaqaalaha adag.

warshadaha Second tamarta dabaysha yimid qarnigii XXI ah. Qaar badan oo Soviet dib u bilaabay dhismaha. Tusaale ahaan, sanadkii 2009, waxaa dhameystiray dhismaha HPP Bureya bilowday dib 1978. awood dhisay iyo nuclear: Baltiga, Beloyarsk, Leningrad, Rostov.