Humanism: waa - aragti, booska, jihada?

fikradaha falsafada, laga yaabee, ma tirin. Xataa iyada oo la tixgelinayo aaminsan yahay shaqsi iyo aragtiyaha, in la siiyo sawir buuxa oo ka mid ah tilmaamaha falsafada ma noqon karaan in a multi-page Opus. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si ay u aqoonsadaan ugu badan sifooyinka badan ee suurtogalka ah. Qaar ka mid ah theocentric - in uu yahay, ee muhimka ah ee caalamka waa Ilaah (iney ilaahyihiin). Qaar kale lagu tilmaami karaa jiritaanka, diinta, Cilmaaniyadda. Waa maxay waxa - haddii gaar ah adduunka, fikradda, nolosha booska?

Waa in aysan noqon distinguished ka fikirka iyo paronimichnoy uu aadanaha. Mararka qaarkood dadka si qalad ah u rumaysan philanthropy in - wax la mid ah humanism in. Waa maxay fikradda this? qaamuusyo intooda badan, oo ay ku jiraan encyclopedia waxbarashada iyo falsafada, waxa uu qeexayaa sida aragtida (ama nidaam aaminsan) a, xarunta kuwaas oo u taagan nin sida qiimaha ugu sarreeya. Si fudud u sheegeen in ay tahay nolosha, shakhsiyadda iyo shaqsi waa "qiyaas wax kasta." Dhammaan fikradaha, oo dhan ifafaale ayaa lagu garto askunmay ee tartanka aadanaha. Iyada oo "I" iyo "anaga", iyada oo xiriir ka mid ah rabbaani ah oo dunida ku jira aadanaha. Mid ka mid ah inta badan maqli kartaa ereyada "revivalist" ama "Renaissance" humanism. Waa maxay - oo kaliya in dunida ama jihada oo dhan, nidaamka views iyo qiimaha? Tani ma aha la alifay ee jeer casriga ah. On lid ku ah, saynisyahano iyo faylosuufiinta ee Renaissance ay si firfircoon u leexatay xagga dhaqanka qadiimiga ah, si kan ruuxiga ah ee qadiimiga ah Roman iyo Greek. Oo mid ka mid ah marka hore u soo sheegnay fikrad this Cicero, tilmaamayo horumarka sare ee awoodaha aadanaha erayga capacious "humanism". In ay u yimaadaan inay ka dhigan tahay in Renaissance ah?

Si ka duwan kuwa raacsan theocentrism cosmocentrism iyo aqoon yahanno ah oo xiliyo hore ee xarunta Caalamka saaray shakhsiyadda. Man xuquuqda iyo xorriyaadka, fursadaha iyo baahida, dabeecadaha iyo shaqo bilaabay inuu mashquuliya maskaxaha ah faylosuufiinta. Kuwanu waa aqoon yahanno ugu weyn ee ka dambeeya waqtiga - Petrarch iyo Dante, Boccaccio iyo Michelangelo, iyo mar dambe - More iyo Montaigne, Copernicus iyo Erasmus, Schiller iyo Goethe. Haddii humanism falsafadeed ee Renaissance la inta badan diiradda lagu saaray berrinkii farshaxanka iyo awoodaha aadanaha, in 18-bilawgii qarniga 19aad goor dambe, fikradda helay macnaha wax yar ka duwan. Dhaqanka waxaa hore u soocay diinta iyo kaniisadda, sidaas darteed, xallinta waxa la siiyay in ay qiimaha moral iyo caadooyinka.

Existentialists, Nietzscheans, nihilists, pragmatists - waxay tixgeliyo dunida ruuxiga ah sida waadaxa ah, bar bilow ah. Taas bedelkeeda, ee ah faylosuufiinta diinta la rumaysan yahay in humanism bulshada, gaar ahaan in ay qaab Cilmaaniyadda, hanjabo bestialstvom, bixitaanka ka rabbaaniga ah iyo is burburinta shakhsiga. Wada on lahaanshaha ee fekeraya ah meelaha anthropocentric lagu hayo ilaa maantadan la joogo. Mid ka mid ah arrimaha dhexe waa dhibaatada subjectivity iyo dhexdhexaadnimada fahamka dunida. Haddii humanists aaminsan yihiin in qiimaha oo dhan, oo dhan isagoo inta badan la xidhiidhaan qofka, ku structuralists iyo post-ilbaxa diidi eegidda shakhsiga. Waxay ka naadi eegidda ee guud badan gaar ahaan, hadafka shakhsiga.

Sida laga soo xigtay fahamka hadda muddada, aadanaha ah - sidoo kale waa meel muhiim ah. Human dadkuba kartaa si madaxbanaan loo ogaado macnaha iyo muhiimadda jiritaankeeda. Ilaalinta shakhsiyadda, shaqsi, ay xorriyaadka iyo xuquuqda waa ku salaysan ee casriga ah dimuqraadi ah siyaasadda.