Imtixaanada tayada on phenol. Diyaarinta Phenols: Reaction

acid Carbolic - mid ka mid ah Phenol magacyada, oo tilmaamaysa in ay dhaqanka gaarka ah ee geedi socodka kiimikada. Macluumaadkaan waxaa ka hawl yar ka badan benzene galaa reaction bedelay nucleophilic. The guryaha soo jireenka ah ee xarunta ah waxaa lagu sharaxay dhaqdhaqaaqa eb hydrogen acidic in kooxda hydroxyl ee addoonsi in giraanta. Daraasadda ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka kelli iyo jawaab oo tayo sare leh si loogu ogolaado xarunta phenol waxaa ka mid ah xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum - taagayo benzene.

Phenol (hydroxybenzene)

In 1834, farmashiyaha a Jarmal Runge qoondeeyey carbolic acid ka daamur dhuxusha, laakiin uu awoodi waayay inuu decrypt ay ka kooban. Later, cilmi kale ayaa soo jeediyay formula ah, iyo qaadeen xiriir cusub oo ay khamriga ku leedahay beduliyum. Wakiilka fudud ee group this - phenol (hydroxybenzene). In qaabka saafi ah, walax tani waa crystal hufan isagoo caraf sifo. midabka Air-phenol laga yaabaa in la beddelo si ay u noqdaan casaan khafiif ah ama casaan. Waayo, khamriga caadiga ah milmi leedahay beduliyum saboolka ah qabow biyo ah oo wanaagsan - in qase organic. Phenol dhalaalayaa at heerkul ah 43 ° C. Ma xarunta a sun ah, oo xiriir la maqaarka keena gubashada daran. moiety The leedahay beduliyum waa a xagjirka ah ee phenyl (C6H5-). Si toos ah ula mid ka mid ah atamka carbon of oxygen la addoonsi kooxda hydroxyl ah (-OH). Joogitaanka kasta oo qayb ka ah muujiyo jawaab celin tayo ku haboon si ay phenol. formula The muujinaya content guud ee atamka ee xubno ka kiimikada Britain ah - C6H6O. Qaab dhismeedka fikiri formula dhismaha, oo ay ku jiraan wareega group iyo functional Kekule - hydroxyl. matalaad Visual ee Britain ee, khamriga ah leedahay beduliyum siin model sharosterzhnevye.

Features of dhismeedka kelli

Fara ee giraanta benzene iyo kooxda OH qeexayaa reaction kiimikada ee phenol la Biraha, halogens, walxaha kale. Iyadoo ku xidhan giraanta leedahay beduliyum la eb oxygen ku keenaysaa in qaybin ah cufnaanta electron in Britain ay. Isgaarsiinta O-H waa ka horjeeda, taas oo keenta in dhaqdhaqaaqa korodhka hydrogen ee group hydroxyl ah. proton waxaa lagu beddeli karo atamka bir, taas oo muujinaysaa in ashitada ee phenol ah. Taa baddalkeeda, koox OH u kordhisaa guryaha Waxyeelo ee giraanta benzene ah. Delocalization of electrons kordhay, oo awood u leh inay la bedelay electrophilic in xuduntii. Tani waxay kordhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa ee atamka hydrogen addoonsi in carbon ee ortho- iyo para-meel (2, 4, 6). saamayn Tan waxa u sabab joogitaanka cufnaanta deeq electron ah - group hydroxyl. Sababo la phenol saamaynta ay firfircoon ka badan benzene dhaqmo falcelinta la walxaha qaarkood iyo substituents cusub u janjeedha ee ortho- iyo para-jagooyinka.

The guryaha acidic

Kooxdu waxay hydroxyl eb oxygen khamriga ku leedahay beduliyum keensataa lacag fiican, wiiqday ay xidhiidhka la hydrogen. sii daayo proton waxaa fududeeyey, si phenol u dhaqmo sida acid daciif ah, laakiin xoog badan alcohols. reaction tayada si phenol waxaa ka mid ah imtixaan adag imtixaanka iyadoo ay wada joogaan protons beddelayo midabka ka buluug ah si ay casaan. Joogitaanka atamka halogeen ama kooxo Nitro la xidhiidha giraanta benzene ku keenaysaa in la kordhiyo hawlaha hydrogen ah. Saamaynta lagu arkay ee u taagoo phenol Nitro. substituents ashitada Hoose sida koox amino, iyo alkyl (CH3-, C2H5-, iwm). Xeryahooda in ay isu keentaa giraanta benzene ah, koox hydroxyl iyo methyl a xagjirka ah, waxaa loola jeedaa cresol. hantida ay ka nugul yihiin carbolic acid.

reaction phenol la sodium iyo cawaaqib xumadoodu

Sidoo kale acids phenol waxaa ka jawaabay biraha. Tusaale ahaan, sameynayso la sodium: 2C6H5-OH + 2Na = 2C6H5-ONA + H2 ↑. Waxa asaasay phenoxide sodium, iyo hydrogen gaseous la sii daayay. Phenol waxaa ka jawaabay saldhig L. Waxay dhacdaa reaction dhexdhexaadnimada si ay u sameeyaan milix ah iyo biyo, C6H5-OH + NaOH = C6H5 -ONa + H2O. Awoodda in ay siin hydrogen koox hydroxyl ee phenol waa ka hooseeyaa ugu acids imanba iyo carboxylic. Waxa ay barakiyeen ka cusbada kala diri ee biyaha iyo xataa dioxide kaarboon (carbonic acid). isla'egta Reaction: C6H5-ONA + CO2 + H2O = C6H5-OH + NaHCO3.

Falcelinta ee giraanta benzene ah

guryaha leedahay beduliyum ku jira ay sabab u tahay electron delocalization in xuduntii benzene ah. Hydrogen ka giraanta waxaa bedelay by atamka halogeen, Nitro. nidaamka la mid ah ee Britain phenol waxaa ka hawl yar in ka badan oo ah benzene. Mid ka mid ah tusaale ahaan - bromination ah. Benzene halogeen shaqeeya ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen Hannaan, bromobenzene helay. Phenol waa jawaabay biyo bromine ku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah. The dhexgalka ee soo dadajin cad ee 2,4,6-tribromophenol, oo muuqashadooda iyo in la kala saaro walax imtixaanka la mid ah in ay ka xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum. Bromination - cadaanyo tayo for phenol. Isla'egta: C6H5-OH + 3Br2 = C6H2Br3 + HBr. The alaabta reaction labaad - bromide hydrogen. Marka ficil phenol la khafiifiyo nitric acid helay derivative Nitro. Shayga reaction la a acid nitric xoog - 2,4,6-trinitrophenol ama picric acid uu leeyahay muhiimad la taaban karo oo waaweyn.

imtixaanada tayada on phenol. liiska

In dhexgalka ee walxaha helaa cuntooyinka qaarkood in laguu ogolaado in aad u dhigay kooban oo tayo leh qalabka bilaabo. Tiro ka mid ah cadaanyo midabka muujinaysaa joogitaanka Qurub, kooxaha functional in ay yihiin waxtar u leh falanqayn kiimikada. reaction tayada si ay u caddeeyaan jiritaanka phenol per Britain oo ah walaxda giraanta iyo OH-kooxaha leedahay beduliyum:

1. Xalka of phenol buxo buluug cas warqad.
2. phenols reaction midab sidoo kale sameeyaa dhexdhexaad ah daciif ah aasaasiga ah kula diazonium cusbada. A formaldehyde Azofargestoffene huruud ah ama orange.
3. Waxaa ka jawaabay bromine soo dadajin biyo brown muuqataa tribromophenol cad.
4. In falcelinta xal chloride ferric phenoxide helay ferric - walax buluug, buluug ama cagaar ah coloration.

Helitaanka phenols

Production Phenol in industry ee waa in laba ama saddex marxaladood. Marxaladda koowaad ee propylene iyo benzene in joogitaanka aluminium chloride soo saaray cumene (isopropylbenzene magac caadi ah). isla'egta of falcelinta cadaanyo Friedel-Crafts: C6H5-OH + C3H6 = C9H12 (cumene). Benzene iyo propylene in cabirku yahay 3: 1 waxaa u gudbay Hannaan ah acidic. Sii kordheysa, halkii dhaqanka Hannaan - chloride aluminium - dabiici ah zeolites saafi ah. At heerka ugu dambeeya ee lagu qayilo la sameeyay oo la oxygen ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen sulfuric acid: C6H5-C3H7 + O2 = C6H5-OH + C3H6O. phenols The laga dheefay laga yaabaa muxaadaro of dhuxusha, waa intermediates in wax soo saarka ee waxyaabaha kale ee organic.

Isticmaalka phenols

alcohols leedahay beduliyum hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa in industry balaastigga ah, formaldehyde, sunta cayayaanka, iyo walxaha kale. wax soo saarka acid carbolic of benzene waa talaabada ugu horeysa ee abuurka ah ee qaar ka mid ah polymers, oo ay ku jiraan polycarbonates. Phenol waxaa ka jawaabay formaldehyde, Beeyada phenol-formaldehyde laga helo.

Cyclohexanol waa wax xumu soo saarka ee polyamides. Phenols waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida antiseptics iyo jeermiska dila in Carfiyaha, looshan. Loo isticmaalo si ay u helaan phenacetin, salicylic acid iyo daroogooyinka kale. Phenols waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee Beeyada loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka korontada (shido, saldhigyadooduna). Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in diyaarinta formaldehyde Azofargestoffene, sida phenylamine (aniline). Picric acid, taas oo ah taagayo Nitro ee phenol loo isticmaalo xayd unugyada, waxyaabaha qarxa soo saaridda.