Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: Kaalinta in bayoolaji. Faa'iidada iyo khasaaraha of aragti Lamarck ee

Fikradda ugu horeysay oo dhamaystiran ee horumar la soo jeediyay by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Kaloy bayoolajiga ku salaysan afkaarta iyo mabaadi'da in mar hore jiray ee wareegyada sayniska waqtiga. Ugu muhiimsan oo iyaga ka mid ahaa fikradda ah Scala naturae, iyo sidoo kale fikirka ah in noocyada kala duwanaan karaan in deegaanno kala duwan.

Scala naturae, «silsilad weyn ee isagoo" back to Aristotle, iyo malaha in muddada hore. Waa nidaam jaranjaro kala soocidda, hoose ee kaas oo ay jiraan protozoa, iyo sare - ugu adag.

Fikradaha ku saabsan beddelo noocyada horrantii qarnigii 19aad waxay ahaayeen wax caadi ah - iyaga oo aan noqon xal Lamarck ah. Tusaale ahaan, Buffon, oo uu mentor, ka muujiyay fikradaha isaga u gaar ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca, inkastoo ay ahaayeen oo dhan aad caddayn.

Jidka si biology

Lamarck ahaa Jid qodxan sayniska, waqti dheer u adeegaya in ciidanka, oo muddo afar sano ah dawo uu bartay, walaalkaa ugu horeysay isaga dissuaded. Waxa uu noqday arday of a naturalist keentay Faransiis Bernard de Jussieu, diiradda on cilmi barasho dhir, iyo in 1978 la daabacay ururinta saddex-mugga of the flora Faransiis, kaas oo ahaa mid cajiib ah oo ku filan si ay u soo jiitaan dareenka of Buffon, bal yaa isaga u qaaday hoos garabka iyo xaqiijisatay booskeeda kaalinta a in Academy Faransiis ee Sciences iyo Botanic Royal jannada a . Ka dib markii Revolution Faransiis ee 1793, beeraha ayaa loo beddelaa Museum Qaranka ee taariikhda dabiiciga ah, halkaas oo Lamarck loo dalacsiiyay professor of xawayaanka (inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in aanay ahayn in uu qaaska ah), taas oo uu ku qabtay ilaa dhimashadiisii.

The mudnaanta Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ee aragtida ah ee horumar ee biology aan ku xaddidnayn. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah guulihii way Yeesheen siiyo - erayga "biology" waa been abuurtay, iyo sidoo kale qeybta "vertebrates" nidaamsan, "xawayaanka", "cayayaan", "gaashaaman", "caaro", "echinoderms", "annelids".

waxbaridda Jean-Baptiste Lamarck lagu tilmaamay in saddex publications. Waxa uu noqday xiiso horumar ah ee soocidda at Museum of History Dabiiciga collection of lafo iyo mollusks casriga Bruguière, goolhayaha hore ee waaxda bandhigaa invertebrate. Lamarck arkay in ay la mid yihiin, oo ay daahiyaan ay qaybinta wakhtiga, raad raaco yaabaa line toos ah ka ugu da'da weyn in ay ku dayashada cusub. Tani waxay sababtay fikrado kale oo uu soo bandhigay buug ee 1801, "ururka Research maydadka ku nool."

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: Kaalinta in biology

Laakiin sharaxaad dhabta ah ee faahfaahinta horumar u muuqday in uu shaqada weyn ee 1809, "falsafada ee cilmi barasho xayawaan". In 1815 mugga ugu horeysay ee buugga "History Dabiiciga ah ee xawayaanka", kaas oo sidoo kale soo bandhigay fikradaha of Lamarck.

Fikradda ah "silsilad weyn" wuxuu noqday madaxa rukunka ah Lamarckian. Laakiin waxa uu u sii socotay oo ka badan saffarro uu, isku dayayaan in ay qiil ay hab, oo ma qaadan isu for siiyo. Waxa uu soo jeediyay in nolosha xayawaanka ka mid ah awoodda ka dhisay-in, tayada ah dhalin ayaa noqonaya mid aad u adag, taas oo kuu sharxi lahaa jiritaanka qoondaynta dabiiciga ah jaranjaro. Tani ma waxa loo qeexi karaa sida jaranjarada oo kedis ah, iyo sida dhaqdhaqaaqa escalator ah.

Laakiin ka dibna waxaa jira muran ku classic creationist: haddii aan ka Daanyeer waxaad fartaan Wannaagga, maxaad la fageeyo weli ka jiraan? Xalka been in xaqiiqda ah in Biogenesis - formation of nolol cusub - dhacaya waqtiga oo dhan. In si kale loo dhigo, waxaa jira dad badan oo escalators (mid ka mid ah category kasta oo Life), kuwaasoo mid walba uu leeyahay barta laga bilaabo. Dadka waa noolaha ugu da'da weyn iyo Gooryaanka - newest ee.

Laakiin waxaa jira dhibaato labaad. kala soocidda jaranjaro sida "Gooryaanka, kalluunka, xamaarato, shimbiraha, nuujiya, iyo koroowga, nin," tusaale ahaan, cat ah uma shaqeeyo. Heerkaan ka gaaray waxa madaxda waxa uu noqonayaa mid layli waxba tarayn, oo halkan waxaa jira qayb ka mid ah ugu caansan ee Lamarckian ah: dhaxalkii ay sifooyinka helay. Fikradda waa mid fudud.

Geri ku nool Savannah dhirta dhaadheer. Xaadiriyaan ah "u baahan" in geri ah, oo badala dhaqankooda si ay u gaaraan laamaha sare. Sida laga soo xigtay Lamarck, isticmaalka dheeraad ah oo qoorta ayaa ku dambayn doonta kobaca ay sabab u tahay qulqulka kordhay "dheecaanka muhiim ah". gobolka cusub ee qoorta waa dabeecadda ah helay, oo waxaa loo gudbin karo farcankaaga, taas oo ah sababta aan ka hadlayno dhaxal of sifooyinka helay.

faqa ayaa sidoo kale waa run, haddii jidhkaaga oo aan loo isticmaalo, dareeraha ah dal dhex ka yar iyo waxa atrophies. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa lagu sharxayaa sababta ay deggan boholaha ku jiraan indho lahayn.

Dhaxalka of sifooyinka helay

Tusaale kale - khariban faraha dhexdooda ah xoolo badan biyaha sida rahyo, qoolley, afaer iyo beavers. Si dabaalan ee xoolaha waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay riixaan biyaha inay taasi ku imaaneyso xuub, taas oo keentay in uu helo dheeraad ah "dheecaanka muhiim ah", sidii aan Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Kaloy cilmiga Biology ka mid fikradda aasaasiga ah ee dhaxalka ah sifooyinka helay. Tani ma aha markii daahfurka ah nafsaaniga ah ( "dheecaanka muhiim ah" ayaa marna la helay). Waxay ahayd aragti Gaarna naturalistic iyo mechanistic, taas oo mar soo baxday in kacaan ah. Looma baahna waayo, Ilaah sida madaxa horumar. Fikradda sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa ee u qalmay la fikradda ah in noolaha oo keliya waa la bedeli karaa si gaar ah.

Sidaas darteed, waxaa jira labo mabda 'Lamarckian aasaasiga ah. Ta hore waxa weeye fikradda ah oo dabiici ah, horumar toosan on qiyaasta ah ee ku adag tahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Jidka oo kaamil ah waa mid aad u qalloocan: noolaha qabsado xaaladaha maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay in noocyo kala duwan oo qaabab iyo xataa heer la mid ah kakanaanta.

Ogaanshaha waxa Lamarckian a adag qiimeyn kartaa faa'iidada iyo khasaaraha of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck cilmibaare u leh hal dhibic ka casriga ah ee view.

Faylasuuf mid ka mid ah sayniska dhihi lahaa dejinta himilooyinka xaq iyo su'aalaha si wanaagsan u qeexan ka samaysan kala bar cilmi sayniska. Waa saaraysa, oo dhaliyay Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: doorkiisii sayniska koobnaa ee xaqiiqda ah in uu fahamsan yahay afarta dhibaatooyinka ugu weyn ee taariikhda dabiiciga ah waqtiga:

1. Maxaad foomamka lafo ka duwan extant?
2. Maxaad noolaha qaar ka mid ah waa ka sii adag tahay kuwa kale?
3. Waa maxay sababta ay jirto kala duwan sida a?
4. Maxaad noolaha ay si fiican ku habboon deegaanka?

Qasaarooyinka Jean-Baptiste Lamarck been in xaqiiqda ah in uu ku guuldareystay in ay bixiyaan sharaxaad kasta oo sax ah, inkastoo aanay qaladkooda ahayn. Qof kasta oo meeshiis ku joojin lahaa on set isku mid ah fikradaha, halkii ay doorashada dabiiciga ah ama Isbedelo.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: aragtida ah qaladaad

Lamarck ku dooday in foomamka lafo ah way kala duwan yihiin, maxaa yeelay, waxay yihiin, sida kedis ah horumar escalator ah, bedelay adag oo dheeraad ah. Imminka waxaannu garanaynaa foomamka lafo waxaa iska leh qaybaha kala duwan ee phylogeny ah, oo sidaas daraaddeed kala duwan.

Waxaa wax sida baaxadda kakanaanta. Foomamka Complex dhacaan qaar ka mid ah taxa oo sabab u ah xaaladaha gaarka ah. Tusaale ahaan ugu caadiga ah ee kakanaanta - multicellular - waa mid gaar ah oo aan waa natiijada arrimuhu A caadi ah.

Kala duwan ma taag ka Biogenesis socda. dhibcood Wax walba si ay isha kaliya ee nolosha. Kala duwan waa natiijada speciation.

Waxaa jira wax ma sida "dheecaanka muhiim ah". Noolaha waxaa ku habboon deegaanka, sida ay iyada dhagaxshiidka gaarto xulashada dabiiciga ah maray.

In doorashada dabiiciga ah, sida la fahamsan yahay maanta, waxaa la tixgeliyo dadka oo dhan gariga la kala duwan size qoorta. Kuwa la qoorta dheer gaari karaan laamaha sare ee geedaha, oo sidaas ay helaan cunto dheeraad ah. Tani waxa ay siinaysaa awood dheeraad ah oo faa'iido ku faafin, kaas oo ay hogaanka ku orod dheer in wax soo saarka ee tiro badan oo nahay farcankiisa. Haddii aynu ka fikirno dherer ah qoorta saleysan hidaha, ka dibna, u badan tahay, waxaa ku dhalan doonaa farcankaaga dheer adag in qarniyo badan ka bedeli korotkosheee.

In geri Lamarckian waa in ay gaaraan geedaha sare, iyo qoorta waa dheeraado, oo waxaa la kala qaado si farcankiis.

Haddaba reer xamarku cad ee aragtida labaad xuduntii, kaas oo abuuray by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Isbedelo waxtar leh - marka laga reebo halkii xeerka

Contribution ee cilmiga ah - fikradda ah horumarka baaxadda leh ee adag - sidoo kale ma xaqiijiyay xitaa heerka kelli. Motu Kimura oo Tomoko Ohta, Aasaasayaasha xukuma maanta iyo aragti okoloneytralnoy dhexdhexaad ah ee horumar kelli ayaa muujiyay in Isbedelo in tirada ugu badan yihiin dhexdhexaad ah - iyaga oo aan haysan wax saamayn ah oo ku saabsan waafajinta ee u shaqeeyo. Fikradda labaad haystaa in qaar badan oo Isbedelo dhexdhexaad ah ku yeelan doonaan raad waa mid aad u yar in ay run ahaantii dareemi. Inta kale ee Isbedelo yihiin waxyeelada leh, oo kaliya tiro yar oo iyaga ka mid ah waa run ahaantii waxtar leh.

Haddii ay jirto ayaa dhicisoobay dhaqdhaqaaqa line oo kaamil ah, oo dhan Isbedelo ahaan lahayd, laakiin waxa aan la taageeray by caddayn.

Sidaas darteed, lama xaqiijiyay mana fikirka ah Lamarck.

Talogelin for fiqiga

Fikradda ah "dheecaanka muhiim ah" ma ahaa baahsan, si horumar Lamarckian iyo loolan u barta sida shuqulka Darwin ee "Asalkii Species" Lama guulaystay dunida. Darwin tusay xaqiiqada dhabta ah ee horumar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu ku guuldareystay in ay qof kasta oo doorashada dabiiciga ah dhaadhiciyo.

Fikradda ah sifooyinka helay dhaxlay, oo uu xataa Darwin loo isticmaalo, waxa uu noqday dhigmin Lamarckism, iyo sidoo kale tiro ka mid ah aragtiyaha kacday in mucaaradka in ay doorashada dabiiciga ah. markaas Lamarckism oo dhan ku guuleystay aragtida Darwin ee wareegyada sayniska. Theology, oo qarnigii bar ka hor si xoog leh ka soo horjeeda Lamarckism, ayaa hadda si buuxda u aqbalay oo kaliya sababtoo ah ficil ah "dheecaanka muhiim ah" si fudud loo saarin karaa in ilaahnimada hal abuur leh, naqshado macquul ah inuu la qabsado deegaanka, waxa soo baxday in ka badan ku habboon badan "nasiibka" ee doorashada dabiiciga ah.

In 1900, Lamarckism iyo selectionism ayaa la jajabiyey by helayo ee isbedel hidaha iyo dhalashada ee aragtida ah.

Xagjirka ah Lamarckism Lysenko

In Russia horumariyo mid ka mid ah cutubyada madow ee taariikhda bayoolaji iyo sayniska ee guud: Lysenko. Trofim Lysenko ahaa aqoonyahan xumo saamaynta siyaasadeed aad u weyn, oo wuxuu ku fuulaan dusha sare ee ka Soviet isticmaalo sayniska noolaha, iyo 1930 wuxuu noqday madaxa Academy of Sciences Beeraha. Halkan ayuu talisnimo hababka ay ku soo rogi ay fikrad gaar ah oo horumar - "Habka Michurin", nooc ka mid ah Lamarckism, oo waxay eryadeen reer geneticists khilaafsan tahay meel this. Michurinizm noqday "biology cusub", kaas oo sidoo kale ku habboonayn collectivization sida in ay isku daraan siyaasadda la pseudoscience. Iyada oo Lysenko waxaa si rasmi ah u dhammeeyey 1964.

Epigenetics - Lamarckism cusub?

Sidaas darteed, aragtida ah, ka duwan in doorashada dabiiciga ah, arrinta la xiray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 2013, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, kuwaas oo qayb biology - Lamarckism - ayaa ku guuldareystay, helay fursad at dhaqancelinta. Markaas shaqada waxaa la daabacay, sida uu sheegay oo jiirarkii loo tababaray inay ka cabsadaan urta acetophenone siiyey awood this waxaa Dhaxli. majaladda New saynisyahanka Xaqiijinta magacaabay dhaxal Lamarckian of sifooyinka helay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamaynta ay ku salaysan tahay epigenetics - isbedel shuqulka hiddo halkii ay naftooda hiddo-ka, taas oo waafaqsan doorashada dabiiciga ah. Sayidka, cilmiga ah ee horumar Jean-Baptiste Lamarck laga yaabaa in mar kale lagu dayactirey.