Katyn: fulinta saraakiisha Polish Taariikhda masiibada Katyn

Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, labada dhinac galeen dambiyo badan oo ka dhan ah bini'aadanimada. malaayiin lagu dilay dad rayid ah iyo askar. Mid ka mid ah bogagga muranka taariikhda waxaa loo arkaa toogashada ah saraakiisha Polish at Katyn. Xaqa in ay muddo dheer ku Maqan by ku eedeeyay dadka kale dembi this, waxaan isku dayi doonaa inuu ka heli.

In ka badan nus qarni ah, dhacdooyinka dhabta ah ee Katyn qarineyseen ka beesha caalamka. Maanta, wararka ku saabsan kiiska ma aha qarsoodi ah, in kasta oo opinion on arrintan waa la qiyaasi karin sida in of taariikhyahanadu iyo siyaasiyiinta, iyo muwaadiniinta caadiga ah oo ku lug leh dalalka colaadda.

Katyn Xasuuqa

Waayo, kuwo badan, calaamad u ah dil arxan noqday Katyn. Fulinta saraakiisha Polish waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la sababeeyo ama wax kasi. Waxaa halkan waa, ee gobolka Smolensk kaynta Katyn, kun oo askari oo Polish lagu dilay guga ee 1940. dilkii ballaaran oo muwaadiniin reer Poland kuma koobna oo kaliya meeshan. Waxay la dhigay qoraallo guud, kaas oo inta lagu guda jiro April-May 1940 in ka badan 20 kun oo muwaadiniinta reer Poland ayaa lagu dilay xeryaha kala duwan ee NKVD ah.

Toogashada ayaa ka dhacay Katyn ayaa muddo dheer adag xiriirka Polish-Ruush. Tan iyo 2010, Madaxweynaha Ruush Dmitry Medvedev iyo Duma qiray in dilkii ballaaran oo muwaadiniin reer Poland ee Katyn Forest ahaa hawlaha taliskii Stalin. Waxaa la sameeyay dadweynaha in war qoraal ah oo "ku saabsan musiibadii Katyn iyo dhibanayaasha ay." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma dhammaan siyaasiyiinta iyo dadka caanka ah ee Russia raacsan tahay bayaankan.

Saraakiisha maxaabiis ahaan Polish

Dagaalkii labaad ee dunida bilaabay 09.01.1939 for Poland marka Germany galay dhulkeeda. Britain iyo France ayaa ku biiray dagaalada ka sugaya natiijada of horumar dheeraad ah. 10.09.1939 Horeba Poland ciidamada soo galay USSR la si rasmi ah si ay u ilaaliyaan dadka Ukraine iyo Belarus ee Poland. taariikheeya Modern oo ku baaqay in falalka sida quruumaha gardarooday, "Risaalo afraad ee Poland." Ciidanka Red degan dalka reer galbeedka Ukraine iyo Western Belarus. By go'aan of Treaty Versailles ah , dalalkan oo qayb ka mid ah Poland noqday.

askar Polish difaacaneysa dalkoodii, ma hor istaagi karay Labadii Col. Waxay si dhakhso ah looga adkaaday. On dhulka, NKVD la abuuray sideed xeryaha loogu talagalay maxaabiista Polish dagaalka. Waxa ay si toos ah u xiran dhacdo naxdin leh, loogu magac daray "toogashada ee Katyn."

All ayaa la soo qabtay in ay nus ka mid ah Poland, wax badan oo ka waqti in muwaadiniinta Army Cas ayaa la sii daayay, iyo xerooyinka waxay ahaayeen abbaaraha 130 kun oo qof. ayaa markii ugu darajo iyo file ah askari ka dib markii, Oo barbariyiintiina ee Poland, ka saaray guryahooda, in ka badan 40,000 oo tahriibiyay in Germany, inta kale (oo ku saabsan 40 kun) qaybsan shanta xero:

• Starobelsk (Luhansk) - Saraakiisha xaddiga 4 kun.
• Kozelskiy (Kaluga) - Saraakiisha in cadadka 5 kun.
• Ostashkov (Tver) - ciidamada baliiska iyo booliska ee tirada 4700 oo qof.
• diiradda lagu saaray dhismaha waddooyinka - darajo iyo file in qadarka 18 kun.
• diray in ay ka shaqeeyaan in ay Krivoi Rog weysada - taxane in qadarka 10 kun.

By guga ee 1940 by maxaabiista ka saddexda xero joojiyay warqado u qaraabada in ay si joogto ah iyada oo loo marayo ururka Laanqayrta Cas maray socda. Sababta aamusnaanta noqday maxaabiis dagaal, Katyn, wuxuuu ahaa musiibo ah in lala qaddar ee tobanaan kun oo polish ah.

Toogashada ayaa ka mid ah maxaabiista

Sannadkii 1992 waxaa la sii daayay a document-jeedinta on 8.3.1940 L. Beria in kadago, taas oo ka hadlay arrinta dilka maxaabiista Polish dagaalka. Go'aanka ku saabsan ciqaabta dilka qaatay March 5, 1940.

Dabayaaqadii bishii March, NKVD oo dhamaystiran qorshaha horumarinta. Maxaabiista xeryaha Starobelsk iyo Kozelsk la geeyay Kiev, Kherson, Kharkiv, Minsk. ciidamada baliiska iyo saraakiisha booliiska hore ee xerada Ostashkov loo wareejiyay xabsiga Kalinin ka kaas oo horay daadgureeyay maxaabiista caadi ah. Iyo godad aad u weyn (tuulada Copper) dhaw xabsigii uu ka soo qoday.

Bishii Abriil, maxaabiis ahaa ayaa bilaabay inay dhoofiso in fulinta 350-400 dadka. Lagu xukumay dil, soo jeediyay in ay sii daayo si xorriyad. Qaar badan oo ka hadhay oo baabuur oo jinni oo sare, xitaa ma og geerida soo aaddan.

Sidee ahaa toogashada ee Katyn:

• maxaabiista xidhxidhan tahay,
• gana wuxuu ahaa shuluggii on madaxa (had iyo jeer ma, laakiin si gaar ah xoog iyo dhallinyarada);
• horseeday kor u yaamayska ku qoday;
• lagu toogtay dhabarka dambe ee madaxa Walter ama Browning.

xaqiiqda in ugu danbeysay ee muddo dheer, ka marag kacay inaan dembi muwaadiniinta Polish dambi ah ciidamada Jarmal.

maxaabiista Kalinin ka xabsiga ayaa lagu dilay camera ah.

Laga soo bilaabo Abriil ilaa May 1940 ayaa la toogtay,

• Katyn - 4421 maxbuus,
• xeryaha Starobelsk iyo Ostashkov - 10131;
• ee ku nool xeryaha kale - 7305.

Yaa la toogtay in Katyn? Qaybshay waxay ahaayeen saraakiil joogto ah ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale abaabuli inta lagu guda jiro dagaal, qareenno, macalimiinta, injineero, dhakhaatiirta, macalimiinta iyo waxgaradka kale.

Saraakiisha "oo maqan"

Marka Germany weerareen Midowga Soofiyeeti, wadahadalada bilaabay dhexeeya dawladda Polish iyo Soviet ku saabsan soo biiray ciidamada cadowga. Markaas raadinta bilaabay for dhoofiyey in saraakiisha xerada Soviet. Laakiin runta ku saabsan Katyn weli la garanayn.

None of saraakiishii maqan ku fashilantay in ay ka heli, iyo soo jeedin ah in ay ka soo xeryaha baxsaday, waxay ahaayeen sal lahayn. Ma aha kaliya wax raad ah ama Xusuuso kuwa xeryaha kor ku xusan yimid, ma ahayn.

Raadi saraakiishii, ama halkii, jidhkooda oo kaliya ay awoodaan in ay 1943. In ka xabaalo wadareedyo Katyn muwaadiniinta Polish toogasho lagu helay.

Baarista ee kooxda Jarmalka

mass ugu horeeyay ee xabaalaan kaynta Katyn ka helay ciidamada Jarmal. Waxay qaadeen Oswald ee jidhkooda ka qotay iyo sameeyay baaritaan u gaar ah.

Exhumations sameeyay Gerhard Butz. Waayo, shuqulka Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee ay ku lug lahaayeen dejinta ee Katyn, taas oo ka mid ah dhakhaatiirta ka Europe ee ay gacanta ku Jarmal, iyo sidoo kale wakiilo ka Switzerland iyo Laanqayrta Cas ee Polish (Polish). Iyagu ma ay ahaayeen goob joog ka ah wakiilo ka waqti isku mid ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ee Caalamiga ah sababtoo ah xayiraadda dowladda Soviet.

Warbixin Jarmal ayaa ku jira macluumaadka soo socda ee ku saabsan Katyn (fulinta saraakiisha Polish):

• Sidaas darteed, sideed qodaa la helay xabaalo wadareedyo ee iyaga dib u helay iyo reburied 4143 qof. Inta badan dadka dhintay oo loo aqoonsado. Qabuurihii №1-7 qof ayaa lagu aasay dharka jiilaalka (dhogorta jubbado, overcoats, funaanadaha, cimaamado), iyo in qabriga №8 - xagaaga. Sidoo kale waxa Qubuuraha ku №1-7 haraaga wargeysyada, taariikhaysan April-March 1940 ayaa laga helay hal sano ah, iyo meydad halkaas joogay raad cayayaanka. Tani waxay muujisay in toogashada ah oo polish ah ee Katyn ka dhacay inta lagu guda jiro xilli qabow, guga ie.
• Waxaan la dilay badan oo hantidooda gaarka la helay, waxay muujisay in dhibanayaasha xerada ku jiray Kozelsk ah. Tusaale ahaan, waraaqo ka guriga, hagaajiyaa Kozelsk. Sidoo kale dad badan oo ku jiray sanduuqyada buuriga iyo waxyaabo kale oo la fariimihii "Kozelsk".
• Xaleef geedaha muujisay in ay saaray qabuurihii abbaaraha saddex sano ka hor laga bilaabo wakhtiga la ogaado. Tani waxay muujisay in god baa ka buuxsamay ee 1940. Wakhtigan, goobta waxaa gacanta ciidamada Soviet.
• Dhamaan saraakiishii Polish ee Katyn la toogtay xagga dambe ee madaxa-soo-saarka dalka Jarmalka ayaa rasaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay la sii daayay ee 20-30-mada ay qarnigii XX oo laga dhoofiyey tiro badan ee Mareykanka bari iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti.
• Hands toogasho ah ayaa ku xidhan xadhig ah si marka aad isku dayaan in ay ka jari loop la adkeeyay xitaa more. Dhibanayaasha ayaa waxay ahaayeen kuwo ka qabriga №5 ruxmay madaxeeda si marka aad isku daydo in ay sameeyaan dhaqdhaqaaq kasta oo ka mid loop ku mergado dhibanaha mustaqbalka. Qubuuraha kale madaxdii ayaa sidoo kale lala, laakiin kaliya kuwa samayn xoog jireed oo ku filan. Maydadka qaar ka mid ah kuwa la dilay raad soor tetrahedral laga helay, sida in hub Soviet. Jarmalka ayaa loo isticmaalaa ka bayonets guri.
• Guddiga ayaa la waraystay dadka deegaanka oo shaaca ka qaaday in guga ee 1940 saldhigga Gnezdovo soo gaaray tiro badan oo ah maxaabiista Polish dagaalka, kaas oo la reloaded galay baabuur oo qaaday kaynta. dadka deegaanka More dadkan ma arag.

Komishanka Polish, waa Oswald iyo baaritaan xaqiijiyay natiijooyinka of German oo dhan kiiskan, raadinta ma laha calaamado cad dukumentiyada been abuurka. Waxa kaliya ee in kooxda Jarmalka ay isku dayeen inay qariyaan ku saabsan Katyn (fulinta saraakiisha Polish), - taasi waa asalka ah ee ay rasaas, kuwaas oo lagu fuliyay dilka. Ulaha, si kastaba ha ahaatee, fahamsan yahay in hub sida in ay noqon karto wakiilada NKVD ah.

version Soviet

Tan iyo dayrta ee 1943 oo baadhitaan musiibadii Katyn ka qaatay wakiillo ka NKVD ah. In ay version, maxaabiista Polish dagaalyahannada ahaa oo ku hawlan shuqullada wadada, iyo imaanshiyaha xagaagii 1941 ee gobolka Smolensk ee Jarmalka ma haysan waqti ay ku guuraan.

By malo, ka NKVD, in August-September ee sanadkan, maxaabiista haray ayaa lagu toogtay Jarmalka. In si loo qariyo bixisay fiidda oo dambiyada ay, ay wakiillo ka Wehrmacht qabriga la furay 1943 iyo ka qaaday dhammaan dokumentiyada ku taariikhaysan ka dib 1940.

maamulka Soviet u darabnay tiro badan oo markhaatiyaal uu version of dhacdooyinka, laakiin sanadkii 1990, Marag nool haray laabatay statements ay 1943.

Komishanka Soviet, kabxidda labaad Dhoodhoobeen qaar ka mid ah waraaqaha iyo Qubuuraha qaar ka mid gabi ahaanba la burburiyay. Laakiin Katyn, wuxuuu ahaa musiibo ah in la ildarantahay muwaadiniinta Polish, weli shaaca ka qaaday qarsoon ay.

Katyn amarkooda at Nuremberg

Ka dib markii dagaalka, ka 1945 si ay u 1946. Waxaa soo maray wax-u tijaabooyin Nuremberg, ujeedada taas oo ahayd in ay ciqaabi dembiilayaasha dagaalka. arrinta Katyn ayaa sidoo kale sara maxkamadda. dhinaca Soviet ayaa ku eedeeyay ciidamada Jarmal ee fulinta maxaabiista Polish dagaalka.

markhaatiyaal badan ee kiiska markhaatifuridda waxaa beddelay, ay diideen in ay aqbalin gabagabadii guddiga Jarmal, in kastoo ay ka qayb qaadatay waxaa ku jira. Inkastoo dadaalka ugu wanaagsan ee USSR ah, Maxkamadu ma taageeri jireen amarka on arrinta of Katyn, taas oo dhab ahaantii siiyey sabab u malaynaya in xasuuqii Katyn in ay eedayn Ciidamada Soviet.

Aqoonsiga rasmiga ah ee mas'uuliyadda Katyn ah

Katyn (fulinta saraakiisha Polish), iyo wixii halkaas ka dhacay, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay dalal kala duwan marar badan. US sameeyay ay baaritaan ku 1951-1952 GG., In goor dambe oo qarnigii XX, shaqeeyay on the case of guddiga Soviet-Polish, Polish Institute of Xuska National furay sanadkii 1991.

Ka dib burburkii USSR ee Ruushka ayaa sidoo kale dib-u-cinwaanka arrintan. Tan iyo 1990, xeer ilaaliyaha ciidamada baaritaanka kiiska dembiyada bilaabay. Waxay heshay №159. In 2004, dhagaysiga maxkamadda ayaa la joojiyo sababo la xiriira dhimashada dadka lagu eedeeyay waxa ku jira.

Kooxda reer Poland ayaa horey version ah oo ku saabsan xasuuqii ka mid ah dadka reer Poland, laakiin kooxda reer Ruush ayaa ma xaqiijiyay. Kiiska denbiyeed ah oo ku saabsan xaqiiqada ah xasuuqa tuuray.

Si aad u taariikhda, habka of declassification of Muga badan oo ganacsi ah Katyn. Nuqulo ka mid ah Muga waxyaalahan waxaa loo wareejiyay dhinaca Polish. Dukumiintiyada marka hore muhiim ah oo maxbuus dagaal oo ka mid ah xeryaha Soviet lagu wareejiyay 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev. Kooxda reer Russia ayaa loo aqoonsan yahay in denbi la galay in Katyn ahaa taliskii ah Soviet wejigiisa Beria, Merkulov iyo kuwa kale.

In 1992, waraaqaha on xasuuqii Katyn ayaa lagu daabacay in lagu kaydiyaa archive waxa loogu yeero madaxtooyada. suugaanta sayniska casriga ah waxay aqoonsan tahay in ay xaqiiq tahay.

xiriirka Polish-Ruush

Katyn xasuuqii su'aal waqti ka waqti u muuqataa in ay Poland iyo warbaahinta Ruush. Ulaha, waxa ay leedahay ahmiyad weyn ee xasuusta taariikhiga ah ee qaranka.

Sannadkii 2008, maxkamadda Moscow diiday racfaanka oo ka mid ah saraakiisha Polish la toogtay ay qaraabadooda. Sidaas darteed diidmada ee Ruushka ay fayl cabasho Maxkamadda Yurub. Russia oo lagu eedeeyay waxtardarradoodu baarista, iyo sidoo kale in habdhaqanka quudhsada in ay soo socda Qaraabada dhibanayaasha. Bishii Abriil 2012, Maxkamadda Yurub ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha ayaa ku tilmaamay toogashada ah maxaabiista dembi dagaal, iyo amar ku bixiyay in Russia in ay bixiyaan 10 ka mid ah 15 dacwooda (12 qaraabada kuwii dilay saraakiil Katyn) kasta 5000 euros. Waxa ay ahayd bixinta kharashka maxkamadda ee dacwoodayaashu. Ma leedahay oo polish, Katyn, kaas oo noqday calaamad u ah qoyska iyo musiibo qaran waa adag tahay in la yidhaahdo.

booska rasmiga ah ee maamulka Ruush

Madaxda Ruush Modern V. V. Putin iyo D. A. Medvedev, eekaan hal dhibic of view of xasuuqii Katyn ah. Waxay si joogta ah waxa uu hadal xukumeen ee dambiyada ee taliskii Stalin. Vladimir Putin oo xataa ka muujiyay saadaasha ah in sharax doorka Stalin ee dilka saraakiisha Polish. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, kaligii taliye ku Ruush sidaas aarguday guuldaradii in 1920 in dagaalka Polish-Soviet.

In 2010, D. A. Medvedev bilaabay daabaco dokumentiyada sirta ah si ay muddada Soviet ah "xirmo №1» on site Rosarkhiv. Toogashada ayaa ka dhacay Katyn, waraaqaha cad oo diyaar u ah wada hadal, weli lama shaacin ilaa iyo dhamaadka. Muga Qaar ka mid ah kiiskan ayaa weli sii kala saaraa, laakiin D. warbaahinta Polish A. Medvedev ayaa sheegay in uu cambaareeyay kuwa shakiya siidaayay of waraaqaha loo soo gudbiyey.

26.11.2010 Ruush State Duma The qaatay dokumentiga "On musiibo Katyn ah ...". Tan waxaa ka soo horjeeda by wakiilada oo ka mid ah kooxaha xisbiga shuuciga. Sida laga soo xigtay codsiga aqbalay of Katyn Xasuuqa uu qiray dambi in la galay oo ku saabsan amarada tooska ah ee Stalin. document ayaa sidoo kale ka xunyahay in dadka reer Poland.

In 2011, saraakiisha Federation Ruush bilaabay inuu caddeeyo sida ay diyaarka si wax looga qabto arrinta dayactirka dhibanayaasha xasuuqii Katyn ah.

Xasuusta ku saabsan Katyn

Ka mid ah dadweynaha reer Poland xusuusta xasuuqii Katyn markasta qayb ka mid ah taariikhda. In 1972, Poles-in-Hijrooday ee London waxaa lagu taagay guddi, taas oo bilaabay ururiyo maalgelinta dhismaha taallo in dhibanayaasha ah ee xasuuqii ka mid ah saraakiisha Polish ee 1940. Hawlahaas waxa aan taageereen dawladda British sababtoo ah waxay ka cabsadaan falcelinta ee maamulka Soviet.

By September 1976 furay taallo in qubuuraha Gunnersbergskom, oo waxaa la dhigayaa galbeed ee London. Monument waa obelisk hooseeyo la fariimihii on taallo ah. Fariimihii ka samaysan yihiin laba luuqadood - Polish iyo Ingiriis. Waxay sheegeen in ay taallo ka taagay in xusuusta oo ka mid ah in ka badan 10 kun oo maxaabiis Polish ee Kozelsk, Starobelsk, Ostashkov. Waxay la waayay oo aan raad ah in 1940, oo qayb ka (4,500) la exhumed 1943 at Katyn.

taxadiri Kuwani ka taagay in ay dhibbanayaasha Katyn iyo meelo kale oo dunida oo dhan:

• Toronto (Kanada);
• Johannesburg (South Africa);
• New Britan (United States);
• Xabaalaha Milatariga ee Warsaw (Poland).

1981 Masiirka ee mashearulxaraam, at qubuuraha military ahaa naxdin leh. Ka dib markii ay ku rakibidda habeenkii waxaa la geeyay by dad aan la aqoon, adiga oo isticmaalaya wiish dhismaha iyo mashiinada. taallo waxa uu ahaa qaab karoos leh taariikhda "1940" iyo "Katyn" qorraa. By iskutallaabta ku xigay la laba tiir fariimihii "Starobilsk" "Ostashkovo". At cagta ee taallo ahaayeen "V. warqadda P. ", taasoo la micno ah" weligeed Memory ", iyo sidoo kale jubbadda hubka ee Commonwealth ee foomka gorgor taaj.

xusuusta ku saabsan musiibadii ka mid ah dadka reer Poland si fiican tusaale filimka "Katyn" Andzhey Vayda (2007). Agaasimaha waa ina Jakub Wajda, sarkaalka xirfado, ayaa la toogtay in 1940.

Filimka ayaa lagu muujiyay in dalal kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan in Russia, iyo in 2008 uu ahaa in shanta ciyaaryahan ee abaalmarinta caalamiga ah "Oscar" ee qaybta filimka shisheeye fiican.

goob wuxuu ku salaysan yahay sheeko uu qoray Andzheya Mulyarchika. Wuxuuna qeexayaa muddada u dhaxaysa September 1939 si dayrta 1945. Filimku wuxuu sheegayaa qaddar ee afarta askari, kuwaas oo xerada ku jiray Soviet, iyo sidoo kale ay qaraabo dhow, kuwaas oo aan ogahay runta iyaga oo ku saabsan, in kastoo, iyo malo ku saabsan ugu xumaa. Iyada oo qaddar ee dhowr qof oo ku wargeliyay in qoraaga oo dhan, waxa uu ahaa sheekada dhabta ah.

"Katyn" ma sii joogi kartaa jalaq u siin daawadayaasha, iyadoo aan loo eegin qowmiyadda.