Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky: Biography, shuqullada, views dhaqaalaha

Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski - dhaqaaleyahan Ruush-Yukreeniyaan, nasanayay mustaqbalkiisa tacliimeed oo u yimid bilowgii qarnigii XX ah. Waxa uu sidoo kale ahaa siyaasi si fiican u yaqaan oo statesman. Tugan-Baranowski waa wakiilka Marxism waxa loogu yeero sharci ee Saarka Russia. Yozef Shumpeter isaga oo ah dhaqaaleyahan ugu caansan Ruush ah oo uu waqti loo arkaa. Intii uu nolosha uu ku qoray qaar ka mid ah shuqulladii u huray in aragtida ah ee qiimaha, qaybinta dakhliga bulshada, taariikhda maamulka iyo maareynta oo ku salaysan wadajir ah.

Tugan-Baranowski: Biography

Future guusha Nobel Prize waxa uu ku dhashay on January 8, 1865 in la. Salt, meel u dhow Kharkov. Maanta, waa soohdinta reer Ukraine, laakiin waqtigaas dhulka hanti u leh in ay Empire Ruush ah. Tugan-Baranowski yimid - line aabbanimada - nooca Lipka tataarka. Saynisyahanka, hooyadiisna waxay ahayd qowmiyadaha Yukreeniyaan ka gobolka Poltava. Tugan-Baranowski galay dugsiga ee Kiev iyo Kharkov. Tan iyo carruurnimada, Cunid falsafada, wuxuu bartay shuqullada Emmanuila Kanta. In 1884 wuxuu galay jaamacadda Kharkov, halkaas oo uu sii watay waxbarasho oo ka mid ah cilmiga dabiiciga ah. Afar sano ka dib, Tugan-Baranowski helay PhD ah. Laakiin wakhtigan waxaan hore u ahaa xiisaynayso ee siyaasadda dhaqaalaha, ayuu wuxuu goostay inuu sii wataan waxbarashadooda. In 1890, Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski helay shahaado kale. Hal sano ka hore, wuxuu guursaday gabadhii agaasimaha Petersburg St. ku Conservatory, Lidii Davydovoy. Waxa uu si firfircoon uga qayb qaataan hawlaha bulshada, waxaana uu ka dhisay a mustaqbalkiisa tacliinta guul. Horraantii 1919, Tugan-Baranowski loo diray shir ee Paris sida madaxa wafdiga Ukraine. Intii lagu guda jiray safarka, uu ku xanuunsaday laba weerar oo ka mid ah kog oo ku dhintay on tareen dhow Odessa by saddexaad ah.

Jawiga kacaan

Iyadoo waxbarasho ee jaamacadda Tugan-Baranowski waxay bilaabeen inay si firfircoon uga qaybqaataan dhaqdhaqaaqa kacaan soo horjeeday taliskii Saarka ee Russia. Waxa uu ahaa aqoon u leh Vladimir Lenin walaalkiis, Aleksandr Ulyanov, kuwaas oo ahaa toogasho ah ku dileen in 1887 loogu talagalay ka qeyb qaadanaya isku day ah oo ku saabsan nolosha Alexander III. Saaxiibtinimada kala gooyey by qabashada Tugan-Baranowski qayb la soo dhaafay waxaan ku hadlay tusidda ardayga ee St. Petersburg a, ka go'an in ay sanad guurada 25aad ee dhimashada qoraa Nikolai Dobrolyubov.

The article ugu horeeyay guul

A mustaqbalkiisa tacliinta guul Tugan-Baranowski bilaabay 1890. Uu article ugu horeeyay, xaq "Madhabta utility in yarna ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka dhaqaalaha" waxaa la daabacay bishii October weriyey "Legal Gazette". In shaqadan uu rumeysan ku dooday in shaqada aragtida of qiimaha iyo dhaqaalaha marginalist casriga ah ma aha in iska hor imaad ah nidaaam, laakiin mid kasta oo kale la dhamaystiro.

"Nolosha dadka Gaalowday"

Ka dib guul ugu horeysay oo duurka ku of science teori Tugan-Baranowski go'aansaday in uu qoro taariikh nololeedka gaaban iyo muuqaalka guud ee aragtida dhaqaale ee Pierre-Dzhozefa Prudona, iyo John Stuart Mill, waayo taxane ah oo ka mid ah buugaagta, waxaa lagu daabacay bandhiga guriga Pavlenkova. Ayuu u soo jeestay in yar oo shaqo ah, oo kaliya 80 pages. Waxaa Mikhail Tugan-Baranowski Proudhon dhaleeceeyay la'aan joogta gudaha ee imtixaanka la soo dhaafay, ay jahawareer stylistic, la'aanta male iyo taageero cibaadalaawayaal taliskii Napoleon ee. views The ka badan Mill in Mikhail Ivanovich dhaceen naftiisa, maxaa yeelay, wuxuu muujiyey faham saxda ah ee ruuxa sayniska casriga ah, ku salaysan waxbarasho ee dabiiciga ah.

waayo-aragnimo Diyaarinta dibadda

Sida Karl Marx iyo Friedrich Somalisch, Tugan-Baranovsky arkay England tusaale dalalka soo koraya, gaar ahaan Russia. Sidaa darteed, guga iyo xagaaga ee 1891 cilmiga lagu qabtay British Museum, waxbarashada ururinta buugaagta dhif iyo shaqada tirakoobka. Oo isna wuxuu St. Petersburg soo laabtay. Labada sano ee soo socota uu ku qaatay daraasadda of wareegyada ganacsiga aragtida. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan uu shaqo oo baaxad weyn ku qoray "Xaaladaha dhibaatooyinka Warshadaha ee Modern England:. Sababaha iyo saamaynta on nolosha dadka" Waayo, waxaa jiray ee 1894, shahaadada Masterka ee siyaasadda dhaqaalaha ka qaatay Jaamacadda Moscow. Ka dib markii in, uu si St. Petersburg soo noqday, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan si ay u helaan jaamacad loogu post ee kaaliye professor. Tugan-Baranowski waxaa ka shaqeeyay ilaa 1899, markii uu ku eryay unreliability siyaasadeed.

siyaasadda

In 1895, M. Tugan-Baranowski, oo ay la socdaan co-author P. B. Struve biiray Ururka Dhaqaalaha Free ah. In 1896 wuxuu noqday guddoomiyaha iyo ku qoray mid ka mid ah uu ugu caansan ee articles uu "Muhiimadda factor dhaqaale ee taariikhda." In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in dhaqaalaha ee Tugan-Baranowski ahaa Markis ee dabiiciga ah, saynisyahan ka weligii xisbi u dhaqdhaqaaqa dhulka hoostiisa bulshada-dimuqraadi ah, kuwaas oo ayaa ku soo baxay waqti lagu jiro xilliga this ee Russia. In 1898 wuxuu arkay iftiinkii shaqada ugu weyn uu, "Warshadda Ruush ee la soo dhaafay iyo hadiyad." Waayo, iyada, in uu helay uu doctorate ee Moscow State University. Laga soo bilaabo 1901 in 1905 Tugan-Baranowski firfircoon nolosha dadweynaha ee gobolka Poltava ka. Waxa uu bilaabay shaqada ee zemstvo deegaanka. Ka dib markii in, saynisyahan si St. Petersburg soo laabtay. Halkan uu ka shaqeeyay sidii bare oo ah borofisar dhaqaalaha waaxda of set hay'adaha Polytechnic iyo ganacsi, sidoo kale jaamacadaha gaar ah Shanyavsky ee Moscow.

Neokantianism iyo siyaasadda

Tartiib tartiib, xiisaha sharci Marxism ee Tugan-Baranowski ka demayn. Waxa uu xiiseynayo neo-u muuqata in badan oo ka mid shuqulladiisa qarnigii hore XX, heegan u ah dhaqdhaqaaqa iskaashi. In 1901 wuxuu daabacay "Notes ka taariikhda siyaasadda dhaqaalaha" ee "Xoolo qaranka" magazine. Shaqada Tani, iyo sidoo kale ay cidhibta, lagu turjumay Jarmal ee 1915. In 1919, waxaa jiray shaqada ugu horeysa ee cilmiga ee luqadda Yukreeniyaan loo yaqaan "Iskaashiga, oo ay dabeecadda iyo ujeeddada." Tan iyo 1906 oo uu wada shaqeeyay Mihailom Grushevskim. lala dhigto dabadeed ayuu qoray XOGMAAL "Dadka Yukreeniyaan in ay la soo dhaafay iyo mustaqbalka." Tugan-Baranowski ahaa xubin ka mid ah Yukreeniyaan Social-federalist Party iyo Xoghaynta Guud ee November 20, 1917 iska casilay si ay uga mudaaharaadaan gaadhsiiyey naado ogeysiis ah ee Universal Saddexaad ee Rada Dhexe, kuwaas oo ka hadlay baahida loo qabo in ay bixiyaan maamul hoosaad u Ukraine.

views dhaqaalaha

Dhammaan shaqooyinka by Tugan-Baranowski loo qaybin karaa dhowr kooxood sida uu sheegay mawduucyada oo ay la xidhiidhaan:

1. On waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee hantiwadaagga.
2. Sida laga soo xigtay fikradda qaybinta.
3. Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah ee utility yarna.
4. On ku salaysan wada shaqaynta.
5. Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah ee wareegyada warshadaha.

On the saldhig oo socialism

Tugan-Baranowski kaalin muhiim ah in daraasad ah ee iskaashiga. Waxa uu koobay aragnimada Ruush ah iyo kuwa shisheeye. In uu buugga "The Foundations Social of Cooperation", sii daayey 1916, cilmiga la wadaago fikirka ah dhaqdhaqaaqa iskaashi iyo nooc ka mid ah ganacsiga dhaqaalaha sida iskaashi ah. marka hore fiican waa abuurista bulsho hantiwadaag, nin cusub, iyo tan labaad - faa'iidada dhaqaale in si fiican yahay gudahood rimidda ee hantigoosi ah ee beeraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ujeedada ugu weyn ee foomkan shirkadda lama samaynta faa'iido ah, iyo in la kordhiyo dakhliga shaqada ee dadka ka shaqeeya waxa on, oo iyaga la yareeyo si ay qarash. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo iskaashatooyin: yaroow, yar-ganacsade iyo proletarian. Nooca gaar ah oo ganacsi ku xiran tahay ujeeddooyinka fasalka, oo waxay abuurtaa. Waayo, iskaashiga Tugan-Baranowski - waa halgan ka dhan ah shuuciyad, laakiin aan hub iyo la xidhay, laakiin by hab nabadeed.

Ra'yiga qaybinta

Fikradda ah Tugan-Baranowski ka mid ah qayb gaar ah oo ku saabsan wadaagga siman ee alaabta bulshada. saynisyahan The tilmaamay dhibaatada farsamo ee jira qaybinta, halkaas oo sayidyadooda xaaladda jira fasalo aan shaqada. shaqaalaha Mushahar helo qayb-dhaafka yar oo ah wax soo saarka bulshada. Waa ilaa proletariat sida fasalka ku xiran tahay dhismaha hantiwadaagga, sababtoo ah kaliya uu dhaqaalaha ka soo capitalists iyo dabaqadda sare oo lacag la'aan ah karo. Recent hesho dakhliga shaqada, sidaas daraaddeed, waa in iyaga la dagaalamaan.

Fikradda ah utility yarna

Tugan-Baranovsky isku mid ma ahayn la fikirka ah qiimaha shaqada ee Marx. utility The yarna waxaa loogu talagalay - taasi waa sababta qiimaha badeecadaha dhaqaale. Waa in aan u jeedi kharashka shaqada, laakiin waa dhammaystir ah loo baahan yahay. Sida laga soo xigtay Tugan-Baranowski, dhibaatadu tahay in aragtida ah ee utility yarna waxaa inta badan loo fahmay. waxbaridda Ricardo ayaa diiradda lagu saaray arrimo qiimaha Ujeedada, iyo Menger - shakhsi ahaan. Sidaa darteed, ma ay joogaan nidaaam ee dabiiciga ah. Taas bedelkeeda, aragtida shaqada ee qiimaha Ricardo iyo Marx ku dhameystiraan fikirka ah utility yarna, waa la muujiyaa in Menger. Wax walba waa in wada noolaanshaha kaamil ah. saynisyahan The caddeeyeen in ay haayadu yarna uu alaabta si xor ah la sawiran karaa had iyo jeer waa saamiyeed si ay qiimaha shaqada ay. Taas waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan Aragtida reer Tugan-Baranowski. Lenin ma wadaagno this view dhaqaaleyahan Yukreeniyaan. Tugan-Baranovsky rumeysan hantiwadaagga in jawi ku ceebownaaye - waa waddo si toos ah addoonsiga iyo saboolnimada guud ee dadweynaha. Saynisyahanka difaacay doorka gaarka ah ee dabaqadda dhexe sida xidhiidh ka dhexeeya shaqaalaha iyo intelligentsia ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in Midowga Soofiyeeti oo uu waxbarashada dhibaato weyn. Waqti ka, xataa Lenin oggaatay in dhismaha ee hantiwadaagga - taasi waa mustaqbalka.

Aragtida of wareegyada wax soo saarka

views dhaqaale ee Tugan-Baranowski ahaayeen ballaaran ku filan. The ugu casrisan waa aragti of wareegyada maalgashiga. Tugan-Baranowski ahaa cilmi baarista dhibaatooyinka warshadaha ee England. Yeel wuxuu arkay in qoondaynta caasimada munaasab ahayn, kaas oo la xoojiyey khayraadka bangiga kooban. In uu shaqo "Xaaladaha dhibaatooyinka Warshadaha ee Modern England", ayuu carabka ku adkeeyay in dhaqaalaha raasammaaliyade laftiisa abuuri karaan suuqa, sidaa daraadeed waxa uu leeyahay ma xadeynta ay horumarka iyo koritaanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Tugan-Baranowski ku dooday in tartanka xorta ah joogsan laga yaabaa in la balaariyo ee wax soo saarka. Sababta oo ah dhibaatooyinka uu tixgeliyaa ma aha oo kaliya-isticmaalka hoos, laakiin sidoo kale dhibaatada ka jirta wareegga credit iyo lacagta. Sida ku saleysan ay saynisyahan aragti wareegga maalgashiga qaatay fikrad Marx ee isbedbedelka warshadaha la xiriira sida loogu baahan yahay cusboonaysiinta wareegsan caasimada go'an. Sayidka, sida ay Tugan-Baranowski, wajiga warshadaha ee sharciyada maal-wareeg lagu qeexay. Isbedbedelka dhici la'aan dhigga ee meelaha kala duwan ee dhaqaalaha inta lagu jiro jiirtii, jaanqaadayn u dhexeeya maalgelinta iyo kaydka, disproportion qiimaha ee macaamilka iyo caasimada alaabta. Tugan-baaro iyo doorka dulsaarka ee dhaqaalaha. Waxa uu sheegay in ay u kordhay calaamad u tahay in dalka uu leeyahay caasimada aad u yar, iyo ugu dambaysta waa sababta ugu weyn ee dhibaatada, sida uu cilmiga ah.

Tugan-Baranowski: shuqullada

1. "Dhibaatada warshadaha ee Britain oo casri ah, sababaha iyo saamaynta ay ku leedahay nolosha dadka" (1894).
2. "The Factory Ruush ee la soo dhaafay iyo hadiyad ah" (1898).
3. "Madhabta utility yarna" (1890).
4. "Proudhon, naftiisa iyo shaqo" (1891).
5. "Maqaalo on the History of Dhaqaalaha Siyaasadda" (1901).
6. Tiro ka mid ah shuqullo in Jarmal.
7. "Dakatu ka taariikhda ugu dambeeyay ee siyaasadda dhaqaalaha iyo socialism" (1903).
8. "Foundations akhriska ee Marxism" (1905).
9. "Socialism sida cilmiga wanaagsan" (1918).

Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky - an bilowga ah dhaqaaleyahan fiican ee qarnigii XX. Meel gaarka ah ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha sida sayniska qaadataa uu aragti of wareegyada warshadaha, kaas oo noqday horseed u ah fikirka ah maalgashiga wadajirka ah. saynisyahan The arkay sababta xiisadda ma aha oo kaliya in overproduction ah, laakiin imperfection ee habka lacag iyo credit wareegga. Isagu ma aha oo kaliya wakiil ka Marxism sharciga ah, laakiin sidoo kale mid ka mid ah dhaqaale ugu caansan ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Waxa uu leeyahay shaqo, kuwaas oo u huray in aragtida ah ee qiimaha, dakhliga bulshada fikradda qaybinta, horumarinta aasaasiga ah ee maamulka. Legacy Mikhail Ivanovich sii wadaan in ay dhiiri saynisyahano casriga ah iyo gabagabada Tugan-Baranowski maanta aan laga badiyay ku tacaluqa.