Nidaamka Baradho xidid tuber iyo qayb ka mid anteeno: description

Baradhadu ee cuntada aadanaha degan ku dhowaad meesha ugu weyn, ka danbeeya isticmaalka marka laga reebo kibis. Laakiin dad yar ay ogaadaan siday u adag tahay waxaa loo qabanqaabiyaa warshad this ka barta cilmi of view. Waxay leedahay Tilmaamo gaar ah, soo jireenka ah oo keliya isaga.

Tilmaamo noolaha

Baradho waa mid ka mid ah dalagga cuntada keentay. Waxaana ay ku aaddan ma aha oo kaliya meeshii 1aad ka mid ah dalagga soo saarka ee protein, laakiin sidoo kale waxa uu leeyahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya taam.

baradho Homeland - zone kulaylaha ee qaaradda of South America. Xarumaha ugu horeeyay ee asal ahaan ku yaalla Bolivia iyo Peru, ee dhulka sare ee geedka kokaha (height of 2000-4800 mitir heerka badda), iyo sidoo kale in goobaha qoraxda leh ee Chile (0-250 m kor ku heerka badda).

Ninka baradho keeneen dhaqanka in ka badan 8000 oo sano ka hor. Markii hore, dhulka, taas oo waxaa lagu beerayaa, ee koonfurta-bari ee Peru iyo galbeed Bolivia. In Russia, dalagga this ayaa u muuqday intii lagu jiray boqortooyada Peter I. Waxa uu ahaa taliye this sharciyad beerista baahsan ee baradho ah.

qayb aboveground

warshad baradho - baadiyaha ah, kuwaas oo ka kooban 4-8 caws. Branching ku xiran tahay ku fulan. At kala duwan ku fulan hore, sida caadiga ah, waxaa jira daciif ah branching salka of asliga ah, iyo dabayaaqadii-fulan - xoog leh. baradho abuur dhow, ama halkii tuber ka dhigan baxsadaan badan oo afkoda badan yaryar.

Sida laga soo xigtay tirada caleemaha dhirta baradho wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u kala duwan, aad u. Caleenta laga yaabaa daciif ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira caleemaha sida, markuu caws oo kali ah la arki karo ka danbeeya caleemaha badan. Qaabka uu leeyahay baadiyaha waxaa go'doonsan kala duwan leh ay duurka foomka is haysta, semi-faafiyo iyo duurka u faafo. On ku salaysan qodobada ka mid ah afkoda, kala saaro duurka kacsaday-ku faafo, oo fidsan iyo polurazvalistye.

nidaamka xididka

Sida nidaamka xidid baradho waa buunshada ku iyo waxa ay muhiimad ahaan waa set oo ah nidaamka xidid qofka afkoda. mudida iyo xididdadiisa ciidda ku xiran tahay nooca ay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si qoto dheer ee wax lays celcelis ahaan u dhaxeysa 20 ilaa 40 cm. Waxaa intaa dheer, in xididada dihnayd koraan dhinac 50-60 cm.

The qayb kor ku xusan-dhulka ee warshadda: caleen iyo ubax ee baradho

sheet A nooca unpaired-pinnatisected Caraabaah. Haddii aan ka fiirsan qaybaha, waxaad ka arki kartaa dhowr lammaane oo dhafoorka, lobules, iyo dolechek, kaasoo ku yaala gaynta kala duwan ee petiole ugu weyn. caleen baradho A dhamaado mid dhafoorka unpaired. Tilmaamo caan ku xaashida (degree of dissection, xajmiga iyo qaabka dhafoorka, xajmiga iyo booska of petiole ah) waa sifooyinka varietal muhiim ah. sheet rikoorka had iyo jeer waa in jagada hoos, midabka kala duwan huruud ah-cagaaran si cagaar madow.

baradho Inflorescence wakiil ka go'an of Suul diverging fargeeto-sida kuwaas oo tiradoodu 2 ilaa 4. Waxay ku yaalaan on kororka a, waxaa la dhigay in axils caleen (6-8). Ubaxa ee baradho 5-membered, ayaa spaynolistnuyu koob oo aan dhameystirneyn dhisnayd caddaan, casaan-buluug, iyo buluug-buluug ama dhafoorka buluug Corolla. Number of stamens 5. Anthers weli huruud ah ama orange. Ugxan ka xoogbadan, sida caadiga ah dvuhgnezdnaya.

hab ay of formation of tubers

Baradho tuber - baxsado, laakiin aan kor ku-dhulka iyo dhulka hoostiisa. Its formation waa sida soo socota. In view of fiirsashada sii kordhaya ee nafaqooyinka ee qaybta sare ee shanta hablood tuber lagu arkay kelyaha degtey oo dhan ma indhaha, laakiin kaliya kuwa ku yaalaan qayb sare oo dhanba. Color waxay ku xidhan tahay kala duwan ee jeermiska iyo waxaa laga yaabaa in cagaaran, oo cas, iyo guduud ama buluug-guduudan. Marka dhirta la gaarey height ah 10-20 cm, qayb ka mid ah dhulka hoostiisa ah ee ay afkoda caleemaha siinayaa - stolons, oo dhumucdiisuna iyo cimri dheer kuwaas oo 2-3 mm iyo 5-15 cm, siday u kala horreeyaan. darfihiisa ay si tartiib tartiib ah ayna dhumuc weynaadaan, sidaas galay tubers ah.

Dhismaha tuber ah

tuber baradho waa stem a awgii ayaa soo gaabiyey, sida laga arday egyihiin badan, gaar ahaan dareemi marxalad hore ee horumarinta. Tani, gaar ahaan, joogitaanka caleemaha qolof, kuwaas oo loo sameeyay in ka axils of burooyinkoodii nasinta, kuwaas oo tiradoodu kala duwan tahay 2 ilaa 4 ee eyelet kasta. Sidoo kale, isku mid ah waa in isku xigxiga isku mid ah iyo nidaamka oo unug oo xidhmo xidhmo isugu vascular ee afkoda iyo tubers. Iyo formation of chlorophyll in kooxda ay caddaato marka ay muuqato cagaaran marka ileys. Taasi waa sababta meelo ka mid ah kaydinta, si liidata laga ilaaliyo iftiin, inta badan soo gaarto tubers baradho cagaaran, taas oo aan la isticmaali karaa cuntada.

Qaybta sare ugu of tuber dhallinyarada ku jira godadka badan celceliska, iyo xitaa ka sii badan yahay da'da weyn, iyo xagga hoose, ama qayb ka mid xadhig. Sidaa darteed, qaybta sare ee kelyaha horumarinta adag oo ka macne. Waxaa la og yahay in inta badan ee hal eyelet ah ugu horayn weerara biqilka dhexe, taas oo ugu horumarsan. In the case of saarista ee jeermiga, oo uu bilaabo inuu horumariyo si aad u hesho ka socda koritaanka firaaqada kelyaha, dhirta of kaas oo noqon doona ka nugul yihiin in biqilka dhexe. Sidaas awgeed, baradho abuur inta lagu guda jiro kaydinta jiilaalka ma lagama maarmaan ah in si joogto ah u sii daayo ka jeermiska. Tani waxay keeni kartaa in ay xaqiiqada ah in dhirta aan la samayn doonaa ka biqilka dhexe, iyo badal ah, in uu yahay, waxay noqon doontaa oo taharyar.

tuber baradho Young ka baxsan daboolaya lakabka ah epidermis, kaas oo la bedelay cufan, hawada ka dusi karin ah, dhar daahan a - periderm. Inta lagu jiro koritaanka iyo horumarka ee tuber ee lakabka sare waxaa la aasaasay tuber diirka. xoojinta Gaarka ah ee habkan wuxuu dhacaa marka dhowr maalmood ka hor goosashada ka saar dhaladooda ah.

Neefsashada tubers iyo uumi waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo adeegsanayo lenticels. Waxay aasaas hoos tuber tubooyinka sameeyay isku mar kaaga formation of periderm ah. Waa iyaga ku tuber helo oksijiin oo Fayda carbon dioxide iyo uumiga biyaha.

qaab dhismeedka of tuber ah ma waxay ku xiran tahay kala duwan baradho

Dhismaha tuber baradho ah ee kala duwan hore iyo kan dambe kala duwanaan karaan. Tusaale ahaan, noocyo goor dambe waxaa lagu gartaa joogitaanka unugyada pith tuber more cufan.

Tubers laga yaabaa in qaabab aad u kala duwan, taas oo ku xidhan ee kala duwan iyo xaalado sii kordhaya. Options qaab - wareegsan, elongated, gadood, wareega-gadood, napiform, foosto-qaabeeya, iwm

Qiimaha ugu weyn dhaqaale hantidaan fasalada isagoo tubers wareeg ah oo indhaha dusha. qaabka Tani waa ku haboon beeritaanka matoorada iyo goosashada, iyo meesha dusha godadkii ay fududeeyaa nadiifinta farsamo oo ka mid ah maqaarka oo lagu dhaqo.

midabka ah ee tubers waxay noqon karaan kuwo kala duwan - caddaan, huruud ah iftiin, casaan, oo cas, oo cas-iyo buluug-buluug. Sayidka, qaab-dhismeedka dibadda ee tuber baradho waa siyaada ah oo tayo sare ah. saxarka ee tubers sidoo kale ku kala duwan yihiin midab, waxa ay noqon kartaa caddaan, huruud ah ama jaalle ah oo iftiin.

Tuber Baradho: Halabuurka kiimikada

Dawladdu waxay ugu qoto dheer nasasho dabiiciga ah lagu arkay tubers lagu jiro miro-baradho dayrta. Sida aan u Dhawaanina guga, waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah u wiiqantay sida inhibitors koritaanka sidaas ma aha firfircoon. Wakhtigan, formation of walxaha in kobcitaanka. Waxay u abaari koritaanka of kelyaha.

Xilliga jiilaalka, ka yar qolka qalalan leh heerkulka hawada 1-3 baradho ° C iyo sidoo kale lagu kaydin aan germinating, 6-7 bilood gudahood. Ka dib wakhtigan, iyadoo la kordhinayo heerkulka 10-12 ° C iyo sahayda ku filan oo oxygen bilaabi geeddi socodka koritaanka.

tuber baradho ku jira saad badan ee nafaqooyinka in ay yihiin muhiim u ah koritaanka dhirta iyo horumarinta nolosha hore. Iyadoo qeyb ka ah arrinta qalalan leedahay in ka badan 26 kiimikooyinka kala duwan. Waxyaabaha ay ka kooban kala duwanaan karaan ku xiran tahay kala duwan, ciid, cimilada iyo bacriminta.

qiimaha Celceliska content ee Halabuurka kiimikada ee tubers walxaha kala duwan yihiin sida soo socota: biyaha 75%, 20.4% noqde, 0.3% sonkorta, 2% protein cayriin, baruurta 0.1%, fiber 1.1%, ash 1.1%.

Budada in tubers baradho saamaysaa dhadhanka. The ka weyn istaarijka, baradho yihiin delicious. In the case of sii kordhaya fiirsashada gabanaysa protein cayriin ka gees, sii xumaanayso. Sida ay content istaarijka ee baradho ah waa la xukumay on guryaha, Kuliyadda. Its u kordhay sababa la kordhiyo saxarka budada ah, hagaajinta razvarivaemosti.

dhalmo

dhufashada baradho la samayn karaa laba siyaabood - vegetatively iyo galmada.

Habka daaqsinka ee dhalmo - waa beerista of tubers baradho ah. Sidoo kale waxaa loola jeedaa in this hab qeybaha taranka via laamo, taas oo waa in ay daruuri noqon mid ama ka badan Boodaynin hari daaqsinka lateral.

Habka ugu badan - waa beerista of tubers baradho. gooyn stem A waxaa lagu beeray in Mararka ay tirada tubers waxaa xadiday, iyo qaar ka mid ah noocyo kala duwan oo cusub oo qiimo leh u baahan hordhaca ah si degdeg ah u dhaqanka.

baradho farsamo dhalmo galmada waa mid aad u adag oo ay ku lug leedahay isticmaalka abuurka run, soo baxaya midhaha (yaanyo), taas oo loo sameeyay on the afkoda noolaha dhirta ee dadka waaweyn. peculiarity waxay tahay in ay dhacdo dhalmo galmada oo dhan dhirta ilmahaaga kala duwanaanshaha hidde. Abuurkii ku jira mid ka mid ah ilmaha caloosha ku, ku siin karaan kor u kala duwan oo noocyo dhirta, laakiin midkoodna ma ku celin doonaa sifooyinka geedka waalidka.