Qaab-dhismeedka aan ollogga ah ee u taagoo of walxaha organic iyo imanba

Qaab-dhismeedka aan ollogga ah ee u taagoo of imanba iyo walxaha organic waa muhiimad weyn ee sharaxaad ka mid ah ay kiimikada iyo guryaha jireed. Haddii aan xaalka ka fiirso sida bukovok set iyo lambarada warqad suurtogal ma aha had iyo jeer in ay yimaadaan gabagabadii saxda ah. Si ay u sharxaan ifafaale badan, gaar ahaan kuwa la xiriira kiimikada organic, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la ogaado qaab-dhismeedka kelli ah stereometric.

Waa maxay Joometri

Joometri - waa qayb ka mid ah chemistry sharraxaya sifooyinka ah u taagoo oo ah walaxda marka la eego qaab-dhismeedka. Iyo matalaad ay da'ayeen ee u taagoo ee kaalin muhiim ah halkan, sababta oo ah waa fure u ah xallinta ifafaale badan bio-organic.

Joometri waa set oo ah sharciyada asaasiga ah, kaas oo noqon kara ku dhowaad wixii Britain joogo qaab bulk. khasaaro A ee caanaha guud, ku qoran xaashida a caadiga ah ka mid ah warqad, waa in ay kari waayeen in ay daaha ka liis dhamaystiran oo guryaha walax imtixaanka.

Tusaale dhici kartaa acid fumaric, kaas oo iska leh fasalka ee dibasic. Waxaa si liidata L. biyo, ma aha sun ah oo laga heli karo dabiiciga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii aad bedesho qorshaha aan ollogga ah kooxaha COOH, ka heli kartaa arrin gebi ahaan kala duwan - maleic acid. Waa sahlan L. biyo, waxaa laga heli karaa oo keliya kiimikaysan, waxaa khatar ah in aadanuhu sababta oo ah guryaha sun ah.

Aragti Stereochemical of van't Hoff

In 19aad qarnigii M.Butlerova wakiil ah guri-dhismeedka wixii Britain kari waayay Sharax badan oo ka mid ah sifooyinka walxaha, gaar ahaan organic. Tani waxay keentay in qorniinkii uu qoray Hoff Van't shaqeeyaan "Chemistry in meel", taas oo uu ku daray aragtida ah M.Butlerova uu cilmi baaris ku yaala goobahan. Waxa uu soo bandhigay fikradda ah qaab-dhismeedka aan ollogga ah ee u taagoo, iyo sidoo kale sharaxay muhiimada uu daahfurka ee cilmiga kiimikada.

Sidaas waxaa lagu cadeeyay jiritaanka saddex nooc oo jėrto, hilibka, caanaha, iyo dextrorotatory halsano melkesyrebakterier. On xaashi of warqad kasta oo walxaha waa formula dhismaha waa isku mid, laakiin dhismaha aan ollogga ah ee u taagoo sharxayaa this ifafaale.

cidhibtii aragtida stereochemical of van't Hoff ahaa caddeeya in xaqiiqda ah in la eb carbon ma aha guri, sida afar iyo dhaaraheedii ay valence yihiin diinta sare oo tetrahedron ah khayaali ah.

Qaab dhismeedka da'ayeen Pyramidal ee u taagoo organic

Iyada oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka ay van't Hoff iyo cilmi-baarista, lafaha kasta carbon maalkii organic loo soo bandhigi karaa qaab tetrahedron. Sidaas awgeed, waxaan ka fiirsan kartaa 4 suurto gal kiisaska formation C-C silsilado iyo Sharax qaabka ka mid ah kuwan u taagoo.

Kiiska hore - marka Britain waa la eb hal carbon oo siineya 4 sabab u protons hydrogen. The da'ayeen qaab-dhismeedka ka mid ah methane Britain waa ku dhowaad sax ah u dulmar ah tetrahedron, si kastaba ha ahaatee valence xagal yar isbedelka ay sabab u tahay is dhexgalka ee hydrogen atamka.

Aasaasidda kiimikada bond C-C a matali karaa sida laba Silanyo kuwaas oo ku biiray by Cardiff caadi ah. Dhismaha ah ee Britain sida waxa loo arki karaa in tetrahedrons kuwaas oo la isku beddeli karaa hareeraha meel dhidibka iyo isbedelka si xor ah. Haddii aan ka fiirsan nidaamka this oo tusaale u ah u taagoo ethane, carbon lafaha run ahaantii ay awoodaan in ay isku shaandheyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, laba qodobo gaar ah oo ka mid ah fadilay energetically faa'iidada in hydrogen ee qiyaas Newman ma daboolaa.

The da'ayeen qaab-dhismeedka ka mid ah Britain ethylene saddexaad muuqashadii bilawday formation of C-C bonds, marka labada leeyihiin caadi tetrahedron xidhxidhan, i.e. jareyso laba danbow ku xiga. Waxa uu noqonayaa mid iska cad in ay sabab u tahay dhaq-sida ee u taagoo ee atamka carbon booska stereometric qaraabo ay dhidibka waa ay adag tahay, maxaa yeelay, Waxay u baahan tahay jabiyay mid ka mid ah xiriirada. Laakiin waxa uu noqonayaa mid suurtogal ah si ay u sameeyaan CIS iyo trans isomers walxaha sida laba xagjirka lacag la'aan ah oo ku saabsan carbon kasta ooli karaa specularly ama crosswise.

Qiish oo u taagoo trans sharxayaa jiritaanka acid fumaric iyo maleic acid. Inta u dhaxaysa atamka carbon ee u taagoo, kuwaas oo la aasaasay laba silsilado, iyo mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin hal eb hydrogen iyo kooxda COOH ah.

Xaalada danbe, taas oo calaamad u qaab-dhismeedka kelli ka da'ayeen matali karaan laba Silanyo in ay leeyihiin wejiga caadi ah oo isu soo biiray saddex geesaha. Tusaale waxaa ah Britain ee alxamaad.

Waa midda koowaade, taagoo sida aan cis- ama trans-isomers. Marka labaad, atamka carbon ku aadan awoodin in aad isku shaandheyn ku wareegsan dhidibka. Oo markii saddexaadna qaar, dhammaan atamka iyo xag ku yaalaan on mid dhidibka iyo xagal bond waa 180 digrii.

Dabcan, kiisaska ku tilmaamay lagu saleyn karaa walxaha taas oo lafaha ku jira in ka badan laba atamka hydrogen. Mabda'a dhismaha stereometric ee u taagoo sida la hayo.

Qaab-dhismeedka aan ollogga ah ee u taagoo inorganics

Aasaasidda silsilado covalent in xeryahooda ka imanba by hab la mid ah in walxaha organic. Waayo, formation bond u baahan tahay lammaane electron keliya oo ka mid ah laba atamka taas oo samaysa total daruur electron ah.

xirmi ee orbitals in formation of bond covalent dhacdo on line mid ka mid ah nuclei qaaradda. Haddii la eb foomamka laba ama in ka badan oo wada xiriir ah, masaafada u dhexeeya iyaga waxa lagu gartaa xagal debaajiga.

Haddii aan ka fiirsan Britain biyaha, taas oo la aasaasay by mid ka mid ah la eb oxygen iyo laba hydrogen atamka, xagal valence u tahay in si horseednimo gaari lahaa 90 darajo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxbarashada tijaabo ah ayaa muujiyay in qiimaha this waa 104,5 degrees. Qaab-dhismeedka aan ollogga ah ee u taagoo kala duwan ka aragti ahaan u saadaaliyey sababta oo ah ciidamada xiriirka ka dhexeeya atamka hydrogen ah. Waxay kasta oo kale oo kada ah, markaa si ay kordhaan therebetween xagal debaajiga.

SP-hybridization

Hybridization - aragti ka mid ah formation of ay orbitals isla hybrid of Britain ee. Tani waxay ifafaale dhacaa, maxaa yeelay, eb dhexe ee heerka tamarta kala duwan oo laba laba electron keliya.

Tusaale ahaan, ka fiirsan formation of bonds covalent BeCl2 Britain. Beryllium lammaane electron keliya ayaa s iyo p heerarka, kuwaas oo in aragti keeni waa formation rukunka adag ee Britain ayaa ku. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku dhaqanka, iyagu waa toosan, oo ah bond xagal waa 180 digrii.

SP-hybridization waxaa loo isticmaalaa in formation of laba bonds covalent. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira noocyo kale oo formation of orbitals hybrid.

SP2-hybridization

Noocan ah hybridization ayaa mas'uul ka ah qaabka aan ollogga ah ee u taagoo saddex bonds covalent. Tusaale waxaa ah Britain BCl3. eb barium Central waxay leedahay saddex lammaane electron unshared: laba heer p-iyo mid ka mid ah ee heer-s.

Saddex bonds covalent si ay u sameeyaan Britain ah oo ku yaalla diyaarad la mid ah, oo xagal bond ay waa 120 digrii.

Sp3-hybridization

Kale oo jidhka ka mid ah formation of hybrid orbitals marka dhexe eb ayaa unshared electron lammaane 4: 3 on a p-heer iyo s-1 heer. Tusaale ka mid ah walxaha ay ka midka - methane. The da'ayeen qaab-dhismeedka ka mid ah methane Britain waa tetraerd, Gudaheedana waxaa ku bond xagal waa 109,5 degrees. Beddelidda xagal waxaa lagu gartaa ficil atamka hydrogen kasta oo kale.