Nuclear-Nuclear: mabaadii'da ka hawlgala, iyo circuit unugga

Design iyo hawlgalka curinta nuclear-ku salaysan initialization iyo gacan ku haynta is-joogtaynta falcelinta nuclear. Waxa loo isticmaalaa sidii aalad cilmi-soo saarka ee isotopes radioactive ah iyo sida il tamar ah dhirta nukliyeerka.

nuclear-Nuclear: mabda'a hawlgalka (gaaban)

Waxaa loo adeegsaday, taasina habka fission taas oo xuduntii culus jajabiyaa laba jajab yaryar. jajabkii Kuwanu waa xaalad aad u faraxsan oo dhaadheer neutrons, iyo qayb kale subatomic iyo photons. Neutrons waxay keeni kartaa kala qaybsanaan cusub oo ay sabab u yihiin oo ay timaada xitaa more, iyo wixii la mid ah. Lambarkan wuxuu is-joogtaynta joogto ah disintegrations yeedhay reaction silsilad. Isla mar ahaantaana, xaddi weyn oo tamarta, wax soo saarka ee taas oo ujeedada adeegsiga awoodda nuclear.

Mabda'a hawlgalka ee nuclear-ka nuclear iyo warshad nukliyeerka waa sida in 85% ka mid ah tamarta deegaanada qaybsama la sii daayay muddo aad u gaaban gudahood ka dib bilowga falcelinta. Inta ka hartay waxaa soo saaray suuska shucaaca ee alaabta fission, ka dib markii ay diideen neutrons. suuska shucaaca waa habka taas oo la eb gaaro dowlad joogto ah. Waxa uu sii waday iyo ka dib qaybinta.

The reaction qaaradda silsilad qarax kordhiyaa xoogga, ilaa iyo inta wax loo kala qeybin doonaa. Tani waxay si dhakhso ah dhacaya, soo saara qarax aad u xoog badan caan ku bambooyin sida. Farsamo iyo hawlgalka curinta nuclear-ku saleysan mabda'a ah dayactirka reaction silsilad heer nidaaminaya ku dhawaad joogto ah. Waxaa loo qaabeeyey si ay qarxi bam sida qaaradda ma karo.

Reaction Chain iyo dhaleeceyn

nuclear-fission Physics la go'aamiyo in jaaniska reaction silsilad ka dib markii fission nuclear warshadu hawada neutron. Haddii dadka dhawaan hoos u, heerka of qaybinta ee dhamaadka dhici doonaan eber. Xaaladdan oo kale nuclear-ka waxay noqon doontaa xaalad subcritical. Haddii dadka neutron ee la hayo heer joogto ah, heerka fission wuxuu ahaan doonaa mid deggan. nuclear wuxuu noqon doonaa in xaalad qatar ah. Ugu dambayntiina, haddii muddo dadka neutron koraa, qaybintii xawaaraha iyo awood u kordhin doonaa. gobolka core noqdo supercritical.

Mabda'a hawlgalka ee nuclear-ka nuclear soo socda. Ka hor inta aadan bilaabin dadka neutron uu ku dhow yahay in eber. Markaas, ka shaqeeya ka saar ulood gacanta ka soo asaasiga ah, sii kordhaya diirkja qeybinta in si ku meel gaar ah kuweeda nuclear-ka ee gobolka supercritical ah. Ka dib markii gaarto shaqeeya awoodda lagu qiimeeyo qayb ahaan ku soo laabtay ulood gacanta, hagaajinta qadarka neutrons. Ka dibna waxa warshadan la hayo in xaalad qatar ah. Marka waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la joojiyo, wadaha durayo dhengedihii gebi ahaanba. Tani cabudhibayo horyaalka oo ay muhiimka ah ee gobolka subcritical.

nooc oo tigoodu

Inta badan tamarta ee hadda jira waa la dhalin karo kulaylka loo baahan yahay in la wado marawaxadaha, kaas oo la wado matoorrada korontada ee la rakibo nuclear ee dunida. Sidoo kale, waxaa jira dad badan oo tigoodu cilmi, iyo dalal qaar ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin quusta ama maraakiibta dusha, kexeeyey by tamarta la eb ee.

Quwadda

Waxaa jira noocyada dhowr ah oo noocan ah ee nuclear, laakiin si weyn loo qaatay design oo biyo ah iftiin. Taa baddalkeeda, waxa loo isticmaali karaa in biyaha cadaadiyay ama biyo karkaraya. Xaaladda hore dareere ah cadaadiska sare kululeeya kulaylka asaasiga ah iyo galaa matoor shiilayo. Waxaa, kulaylka ka hoose si circuit sare la maray, dheeraad ah biyo ka kooban. shiilayo ahbaa ugu dambeyntii u adeegtaa sida dheecaanka ka shaqeeya wareegga marawaxadaha shiilayo.

nuclear waa nooca karaya shaqeeya on mabda'a ah wareegga tamarta si toos ah. Biyaha marayay asaasiga ah, keenay kasoobaxa ah ka gaartay heerka cadaadiska dhexdhexaad ah. uumi cokan maraa taxane ah oo separators iyo qalajiya ee ikhtiyaarkooda weel nuclear-ka, taasoo keentay in gobolka sverhperegretoe ay. Superheated uumi waxaa ka dibna loo isticmaalo sida dheecaanka ka shaqeeya, marawaxadaha ku qoqobada.

High-kulka gaas-qaboojiyey

nuclear-High-kulka gaas-qaboojiyey (HTGR) - nuclear-ka nuclear, mabda'a hawlgalka ku salaysan yahay isticmaalka graphite sida isku dhafka shidaalka shidaalka iyo microspheres ah. Waxaa jira laba naqshado tartamaya:

• Jarmal nidaamka "dabacsan-ka dheregtaan", taas oo uu isticmaalaa a xubno shidaalka spherical 60 mm dhexroor, oo ka kooban isku dar ah ee shidaalka iyo graphite in qolof graphite ah;
• version American of a manshuur hexagonal graphite in interlock si ay u abuuraan xudunta u ah.

In labada kiisaska, dheecaanka qaboojinta ka kooban yahay helium cadaadis ah oo ku saabsan 100 atmospheres. Nidaamka helium Jarmal maraa dhimman ee lakabka of spherical xubno shidaalka, iyo US - furan in manshuur graphite diyaarin taxey dhexe ee muhiimka ah nuclear-ka. Labada fursadaha shaqeyn karaan marka heerkulku aad u sarreeya, tan iyo graphite uu leeyahay heerkul sublimation aad u sarayso ah, iyo helium kiimikaad inert gebi ahaanba. helium Hot waxaa si toos ah loo isticmaali karaa sida dheecaan ka shaqeeya marawaxadaha gaaska a at heerkul sare ama kulaylka loo isticmaali karo guud ahaan biyaha wareegga uumi.

Liquid-biraha nuclear-nuclear, circuit oo mabda 'ka shaqeeya

tigoodu Fast la coolant sodium ayaa helay dareenka badan ee 1960-1970 ee. Markaasaa waxaa u muuqday in ay awoodda in ay soo saari shidaalka nuclear mustaqbalka dhow waxaa looga baahan yahay in ay soo saaraan shidaalka ee warshadaha ah si degdeg ah guuxayay nuclear. Markayse u caddaatay in filasho tani waa macquul ahayn, xamaasad libirtay 1980. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in Maraykanka, Russia, France, Britain, Japan iyo Germany dhisay taxane ah oo tigoodu noocan ah. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid shaqeeyaan dioxide uranium ama isku dar ah ee plutonium dioxide. Maraykanka gudihiisa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, guusha ugu weyn ee la gaadhana la shidaalka biraha.

CANDU

Kanada ayaa diiradda dadaalka ay ku tigoodu ah, taas oo u isticmaali uranium dabiiciga ah. Tani waxay meesha ka saartaa in ay kobcin si ay u isticmaalaan adeegyada dalalka kale. Natiijada siyaasadda, kanu wuxuu ahaa nuclear-deuterium-uranium ah (CANDU). Xakameeyo oo qaboojinta soo saaray biyaha culus. Design iyo hawlgalka curinta nuclear-waa in la isticmaalo taangiga leh D qabow ₂ O cadaadiska Hawada. aagga Active permeated tuubbooyin zirconium shidaalka daawaha of uranium dabiiciga ah, kaas oo wareegtaa qaboojinta ay biyaha culus. Korontada oo la soo saaray qeybi kala iibsiga kulaylka ee coolant biyaha culus, kaas oo la siidaayey iyada oo matoor uumi ah. uumi ee loop sare ka dibna maraa wareeg marawaxadaha caadiga ah.

xarumaha cilmi-baarista

Waayo, cilmi-nuclear-nuclear waxaa inta badan la isticmaalo, mabda'a ah oo ka kooban in isticmaalka saxanka qaboojinta biyaha iyo shidaalka uranium xubno kiniisadaha foomka. Awood u hawlgala tiro balaadhan oo ah heerka awoodda ka dhowr boqol oo kilowatts in megawatts. Tan iyo ab ka awood ma aha ujeedada ugu weyn ee tigoodu cilmi, waxay waxaa lagu gartaa tamarta kulka ahbaa, iyo cufnaanta ee ku neutrons tamarta magacaaban muhiimka ah. Waa koobin, kuwaas oo kaa caawin doontaa in tiradeeda awoodda nuclear-cilmi ah si ay u fuliyaan waxbarashada gaarka ah. habab xoogga Low u muuqdaan in ay ku shaqeeyaan jaamacadaha iyo waxaa loo isticmaalaa tababarka, iyo awood sare waxaa loo baahan yahay in laboratories cilmi tijaabinta qalabka iyo sifooyinka, iyo sidoo kale cilmi-guud.

Cilmi nuclear ugu badan ee nuclear, qaab-dhismeedka iyo mabda 'hawlgalka waa sida soo socota. Its aagga firfircoon ku yaalaa hoose ee balliga weyn oo qoto dheer oo biyo ah. Waxa ay fududaysaa dhawrid iyo channel qoondaynta by kaas oo alwaaxdii saqafka haysay neutron ee lagu hagaajin karaa. At heer awood yar yahay ma jirto baahi loo qabo in lisidda coolant ah, sida ay u ilaaliyaan xaalad ammaan ka hawlgala ee convection dabiiciga ah ee coolant hubisaa dhereg badan kulayl ku filan. Iskubedelka kulaylka waxaa inta badan ku yaal dushiisa ama qaybta sare ee balliga meesha biyo kulul ayaa la isku ururtay.

markab rakibaadda

isticmaalka Original iyo hoose ee tigoodu nuclear waa isticmaalo quusta. Ay faa'iido ugu weyn waa in, in la barbardhigo nidaamka sari shidaal ka dhashay qalfoofka u dhalin karo koronto, iyagu ma ay u baahan yihiin hawada. Sidaas awgeed, gujis nuclear weli biyaha hoostooda kartaa muddo dheer, oo gujis naaftada-korontada caadiga ah waa inuu muddo ka soo kici doono dushiisa, si uu ugu tartamo matoorrada hawada ay. tamarta Nuclear bixisaa ah Maraakiibta ciidamada badda faa'iido istiraatiiji ah. Thanks iyada, ma jirto baahi loo qabo in dib u shidaal qaadasho ee dekedaha shisheeye ama ka booyadaha si fudud nugul.

Mabda'a hawlgalka ee nuclear-ka nuclear on gujis ah lagu tilmaamay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la ogsoon yahay in USA ay isticmaasho uranium aadka la xoojiyey, iyo deceleration iyo qaboojinta waa biyo iftiinka. design ee nuclear-horeysay-gujiska nuclear USS Nautilus ayaa si xoogan u saameeyay goobaha cilmi awood badan. Its feature gaar ah waa goolasha ay falcelin mid aad u sarreeya, bixinta muddo dheer hawlgalka aan laga gami oo awood u leh inay la bilaabi dib marka la joojiyo. Idaacadda Power in maraakiibtooda quusta waa in uu ahaadaa mid aad u xasilloon, si looga fogaado in la ogaado. Si loo daboolo baahida gaarka ah ee fasalada kala duwan ee quusta daydo kala duwan ee dhirta xoog ayaa loo aasaasay.

Ciidamada Badda Mareykanka on sidayaal diyaarad loo isticmaalay nuclear-nuclear, mabda'a ah kaas oo la rumaysan yahay in ay u amaahannay ka quusta ugu weyn. Details ay dhismaha oo aan la daabacay.

Ka sokow Maraykanka, quusta nuclear yihiin in UK, France, Russia, China iyo India. Xaalad kasta, design la shaacin, laakiin waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay dhan yihiin kuwo aad u la mid ah - taasi waa natiijo ah oo ka mid ah shuruudaha isku mid ah sifooyinka ay farsamo. Russia ayaa sidoo kale waxay leedahay yar ee furfurayaasha nuclear, taasoo la aasaasay nuclear la mid ah sida in maraakiibtooda quusta Soviet.

goobaha warshadaha

Ujeeddooyinka wax soo saarka ee fasalka hub plutonium-239 isticmaalaa nuclear-ka nuclear, mabda'a ah oo ka kooban in wax soo saarka sare ee tamarta heerka u hooseeya. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in joogista dheer-dheer ee plutonium ee xudunta u keenaysaa in ay raasamaal ee aan la rabin ²⁴⁰ PU.

wax soo saarka ee tritium

Currently, wax ugu weyn ee la heli karo by nidaamka sida waa tritium ⁽³ H ama T) - kharash ah ee bambooyinka hydrogen. Plutonium-239 ayaa ah bar-nolosha dheer ee 24.100 sano, sidaas dal leh hubka nukliyeerka isticmaala element this, sida caadiga ah, waxay leeyihiin waxaa ka badan lagama maarmaan. Marka la barbardhigo ²³⁹ PU ah, badhkiis nolosha tritium ku saabsan tahay 12 sano. Sidaas darteed, si ay u ilaaliyaan alaabada loo baahan yahay, taas isotope radioactive ah hydrogen waa in la sameeyaa si joogto ah. In the US, River Savannah ee (South Carolina), tusaale ahaan, waxa uu leeyahay dhowr tigoodu biyaha culus, taas oo soo saari tritium.

awood sabayn

Created by tigoodu nuclear, oo awood u siinaya korontada iyo uumi kululaynta tirtiray meelaha go'doonka ah. In Russia, tusaale ahaan, waxaan ka helay isticmaalka nidaamka awood yar, si gaar ah loo qorsheeyey inay tixgeliyaan in degsiimooyinka Arctic. In Shiinaha, ee warshad 10-megawatt HTR-10 sahay islawayni iyo machadka cilmi koronto, taas oo uu ku yaal. Horumarinta tigoodu yar si toos ah gacanta kula awoodaha la mid ah waxaa lagu fuliyay Sweden iyo Canada. In muddo ah ka soo 1960kii si 1972, ciidamada Mareykanka ee loo isticmaalo tigoodu biyo is haysta si ay u siiyaan saldhigyada fog ee Greenland iyo Jacaylku. Waxay la bedelay Quwadda shidaalka-saliidda.

sahaminta bannaan

Intaa waxaa dheer, tigoodu ah ayaa loogu talagalay xoog iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa in meel bannaan oo. In muddo ah ka soo 1967kii si 1988, Midowga Soofiyeeti aasaasay a rakiban yar nuclear ku satalayt "Yooxanaa erayga Kosmos" si ay ugu deeqdo qalabka iyo telemetry, laakiin xeerkan ayaa noqday bartilmaameed u ah dhaleeceyn. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah satalayt kuwaas oo soo galay dhulka jawiga, keenaya wasakhda shucaaca meelaha durugsan ee Kanada. Maraykanka ayaa bilaabay hal satellite oo keliya curinta nuclear-1965. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mashaariicda ay isticmaalka in ergooyinka meel mool dheer, cilmi baaris la duuliyo meerayaasha kale ama on a saldhiga Labiyo joogto ah markasta la soo saara. Tani waa inuu noqon doono nuclear-nuclear gaas-qaboojiyey ama dareere-bir ah, mabaadi'da jirka ah, taas oo bixiso kulka ugu sareeya loo baahan yahay si loo yareeyo xajmiga hiitarka. Sidoo kale, meel bannaan oo nuclear-qalabka ay u noqon sida is haysta sida ugu macquulsan si loo yareeyo xaddiga wax loo isticmaalo ama gaashaan ka, iyo in la yareeyo miisaanka lagu jiro bandhigista iyo meel duulimaadka. awoodda Shiidaalka xaqiijin doonaan hawlgalka ee nuclear-ka muddada duulimaadka meesha bannaan ee.