Oil - macdanta. kayd shidaal. saliidda

Oil - mid ka mid ah macdanaha ugu muhiimsan ee adduunka ee (shidaalka hydrocarbon). Waa wax xumu soo saarka ee shidaalka iyo saliidaha iyo qalabka kale. Waayo, midabka madow sifo oo muhiimad weyn u leh dhaqaalaha saliidda caalamiga ah (minerals) naaneeso dahabka madow.

Guudmarka

walax ayaa sheegay in wada sameeyey la nooca Consort gaseous at qoto dheer ah oo (inta badan ka soo 1.2 ilaa 2 km).

Lacagta ugu badan ee shidaal waxaa u amro at qoto dheer ah 1 ilaa 3 km. walaxda noqdo qaro weyn Malta Near dusha dhulka ee, laami semisolid iyo qalabka kale (tus, sands daamur).

Sida laga soo xigtay distinctiveness ka soo jeedo iyo Halabuurka kiimikada saliidda, sawir oo la soo bandhigay maqaal ah, oo la mid ah gaasaska dabiiciga ah guban kara, sidoo kale ozokerite oo laami. Mararka qaarkood oo dhan oo ka mid ah shidaalka lafo lagu daro ka yar hal magac - petrolytes. Laakiinse iyagu waxay ka tirsan tahay koox ballaaran - caustobioliths. Waxay yihiin macdano guban dabiiciga ah biogenic.

Waxaa ka mid ahaa in kooxda iyo macdanta sida Peat, Shale, bituminous iyo dhuxulo brown, anthracite this. By awoodda si ay u milmaan in cabitaanno ah organic nooca (chloroform, disulfide carbon, isku dar khamri-benzene) saliidda, sida petrolytes kale iyo walxaha in soo saaro xogta qase ka Peat, dhuxul ama waxyaabaha la safeeyey waxa loo soo gudbinayaa sida shinida.

isticmaalka

Currently, 48% ka mid ah tamarta wada baabbi'iyey caalamka uu hoos u dhaco ee (macdanta) saliid. Waxaa xaqiiqo ah la xaqiijiyey.

Oil (minerals) - isha of kiimikooyin badan loo isticmaalaa in qaybaha kala duwan inta lagu jiro warshadaha shidaalka, saliidaha, fiiloyin polymeric, colorants, qase iyo qalabka kale.

koritaanka isticmaalka Oil ayaa keentay in qiimaha sare waxaa loogu talagalay, iyo in daal ka tartiib ah macdanta. Ayaa waxay dhalinaysaa su'aalo ku saabsan kala guurka ah si ay ilo tamareed oo kale.

Description Physical

Oil waa dareere ah oo bunni si brown madow (ku dhowaad madow) midabka. Mararka qaar waxaa jira tijaabooyinka, sumurud-cagaaran. miisaanka kelli Celceliska oo saliid ah waa ka 220 300 g / mol. Mararka qaarkood dhimaya this kala duwan ee kala duwan ee ka 450 si ay u 470 g / mol. Tusiyaha ay cufnaanta waxaa ka go'an in degaanka 0,65-1,05 (badanaa 0,82-0,95) g / cm³. Marka tan la eego, saliidda waxaa loo qaybiyaa dhawr nooc. kuwaas oo:

• Easy. Mugga - ka yar tahay 0,83 g / cm³.
• Celceliska. bandhigay cufnaanta ay dhacdo in this - in meesha laga 0,831 in 0,860 g / cm³.
• Culus. Mugga - in ka badan 0,860 g / cm³.

Qalabkan waxaa ku jira tiro badan oo ah walxo organic kala duwan. Sidaas darteed, saliid dabiici ah aan la gartaa ay dhibic karaya u gaar ah, oo ku saabsan heerka bilowga ah ee tusiyaha ee Consort oo dareere ah. Asal ahaan waa> 28 ° C, iyo mararka qaarkood ≥100 ° C (in ay dhacdo saliid culus).

Nafwaayay maalkii kala duwan gudahood tiro balaadhan oo (ka 1,98 in 265,9 mm² / s). Waxaa la go'aamiyey by kooban saliid jajab iyo heerkulka. The sare ee heerkulka iyo tirada jajabka iftiin, ku nafwaayay saliidda ee hoos ku. Sidoo kale, tani waxa sababa joogitaanka walxaha sida cusbi-asphaltene. Taasi waa dheeraad ah oo iyaga ka badan, sare u nafwaayay ee saliidda.

kulaylka gaar ah oo ah walaxda - 1.7-2.1 KJ / (kg ∙ K). Halbeegga kulaylka gaarka ah ee sari u yar yahay - ka 43,7 in 46.2 MJ / kg. joogto ah ayaa dielectric oo saliid ah - 2 ilaa 2.5, iyo conductivity - 2 ilaa 0.3 ∙ 10-10 ∙ 10-18 ∙ Ohm-1 cm-1.

Oil, taas oo soo bandhigay sawir ee maqaalka, waa hoorka ololi kara. Waxaa jebiyo at heerkul ah ka -35 in +120 ° C. Waxay ku xidhan tahay inta ay ka kooban jajab iyo content of gaasas kala diri.

The saliid (shidaal) ah ee xaaladaha caadiga ah ma baabbi'isaa biyaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa awood u sameynta emulsions deggan dheecaan. saliid L. in walxaha qaarkood. Tan waxaa loo sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo ah nooca dareeraha organic. In si ay u ka biyo iyo cusbo kala saliid waxaa lagu fuliyaa falalka qaarkood. Waxay aad muhiim u ah in geeddi-socodka waa. desalting iyo fuuqbaxa.

Description of Halabuurka kiimikada

In bixinta this topic qaado waa in ay tixgeliyaan oo dhan muuqaalada oo ah walaxda in su'aasha. Waxaa guud ah, saliidda shidaalka iyo darey aasaaska. Next, eegto mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah si faahfaahsan.

Halabuurka The guud

lafo dabiiciga ah saliid waa isku dar ah oo ku saabsan 1000 walxaha dabiiciga ah oo kala duwan. Tiirarka ugu muhiimsan yihiin kuwa soo socda:

• Consort Liquid. Waa 80-90% by miisaanka.
• xeryahooda organic Heteroatomic (4-5%). Kuwaas oo kala ah, heysatay by baaruud, ogsijiin iyo nitrogen.
• xeryahooda Organometallic (badanaa nickel iyo vanadium).
• The gaasas kala diri shidaalka sida (C1-C4, ka a meelood yar ilaa 4 boqolkiiba).
• Biyaha (ka bixisay fiidda oo 10%).
• cusbada macdanta. Badanaa chlorides. 0,1-4000 mg / l iyo sare.
• Solutions ee cusbada ee acids organic iyo nijaasta farsamo (Qurub dhoobada, nuuradda, ciid).

Halabuurka hydrocarbon

Asal ahaan saliid paraffinic leedahay (sida caadiga ah 30-35 dhif ah - 40-50% wadarta) iyo naphthenic (25-75%) xeryahooda. Ilaa xad yar xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum soo bandhigaan. Waxay mashquulin 10-20%, iyo ugu yaraan ah - 35%. Tani waxay saamayn ku tayada saliidda. Sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ah in walax ee xarunta su'aal isku qasan ama qaab-dhismeedka hybrid. Tusaale ahaan, udgoon iyo naphthene-paraffinic.

qaybaha Heteroatomic oo sharaxaad ka mid ah sideeda oo aasaaska ah ee saliidda

Wada jir ah ula Consort ee sheyga yihiin walxaha la atamka nijaasta daahiriya (mercaptans iyo monosulfides qaybsamaa, thiophane iyo thiophenes iyo xataa polycyclic oo la mid ah). Waxay si weyn u saameeya tayada saliidda.

Sidoo kale saliidda ku jira walxaha kooban nitrogen. Waxaa asal ahaan homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. Waxay yihiin inta badan ee ku harta iyo jajab culus.

Walxaha ku jira oxygenates saliidda (naphthenic acid, resinous-asphaltene, phenols iyo waxyaabaha kale). Sida caadiga ah ay ku jiraan jajab ah nooca sare.

Total saliid laga helay in ka badan 50 walxood. Oo ay la socdaan walxaha ku xusan ay joogaan in V ee wax soo saarka (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), cl (ka raad 2 ∙ 10-2%) iyo wixii la mid ah. content oo ka mid ah nijaasta ahaa ee alaabta ceeriin iyo xeryahooda ee beeraha oo dhan suurto gal kala duwan xadka ballaaran. Sidaas darteed, la hadal oo ku saabsan celcelis ahaan ka kooban saliid kiimiko waxaa keeneysa la kaliya.

Sida hubaasha waxa lagu tilmaamay by kooban oo hydrocarbon ah?

Marka tan la eego, waxaa jira shuruudo gaar ah. Share on views fasalka shidaalka saliid. Waa in aan ka badnayn 50%. Haddii mid ka mid ah fasalada oo hydrocarbon ah ma aha wax ka yar 25%, saliidda soo kabsaday noocyada isku qasan - naphthene-methane, methane-naphthenic, naphthene-udgoon, beduliyum, naphthenic, iyo udgoon methano-leedahay beduliyum-methane. qayb koowaad waxay ka kooban yihiin in ka badan 25%, iyo tan labaad - ka badan 50% ka weyn.

saliidda cayriin aan codsatay. Waayo, wax soo saarka farsamo qiimo leh (badanaa shidaalka baabuurta, alaabta ceeriin ee warshadaha kiimikada, qase) waxaa la farsameeyo.

Hababka cilmi-saarka

Tayada maalkii qiimeeyo si ay u doortaan qorsheyaasha buuxa ugu aaminka ah ee ay processing. Tan waxaa loo sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo habab adag: kiimikada, jirka, iyo gaar ah.

sifooyinka guud ee saliidda - nafwaayay, cufnaanta, ku shub dhibic iyo xuduudaheedu kale physico-kiimikada, iyo sidoo kale Halabuurka kala diri gaaska iyo content cusbi boqolkiiba, wax la shito iyo resinous-asphaltene xeryahooda.

mabda'a ugu weyn ee daraasadda si tartiib ah oo saliid ah ku yimaado hoos si isku farsamooyinka kala go'ida ka mid ah qaybaha qaarkood la fududeynta joogta ah oo ka kooban jajabyada qaar ka mid ah. Waxay ka dibna la falanqeeyay oo dhan cayn kasta oo hababka jirka iyo kiimikada. Hababka ugu caansan ee go'aaminta halabuurka ah jajabka saliid hoose jira noocyo kala duwan oo muxaadaro (muxaadaro) iyo sixitaan.

Sida laga soo xigtay natiijooyinka doorashada si cidhiidhi ah (u dhow karkaraya 10-20 ° C) oo ballaadhan (50-100 ° C) jajabka, waxaa la dhisay qalooca (TIC) ee heerkulka daartu dhabta ah oo ah walaxda. Ka dibna qaadeen in la dhiso iman kara ee xubno ka content shaqsi, alaabta batroolka iyo qaybaha ay (kerosinogazoylevyh, baatrool, distillates saliid, naaftada iyo saliida shidaalka iyo ciddaasi), oo sideeda oo hydrocarbon, iyo sidoo kale kiimikada badeecadda kale iyo sifooyinka jirka.

muxaadaro waxaa fuliyay in hay'adaha muxaadaro caadiga ah. Waxaa loo qalabeeyey column fractionating ah. Xaaladdan oo kale awoodda pogonorazdelitelnaya u dhiganta 20-22 xabbadood taarikada afka baarkiisa.

Jajabka waxaa loo aqoonsaday iyada oo sababtu tahay muxaadaro, ka dibna kala qaybood. Markaas, iyadoo la isticmaalayo habab kala duwan ku qaadeen si loo ogaado in ay ka kooban yihiin iyo guryaha dhigay. Sida laga soo xigtay hababka ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada ee ka kooban saliidda iyo jajabyada kala saaro kooxda, shaqsi, koox ka mid ah qaab iyo aasaaska falanqayn.

Markii kooxda la go'aamiyo si gooni gooni ah la falanqeeyo content ee naphthenic, paraffinic, iyo shidaalka isku qasan leedahay beduliyum.

Marka falanqaynta group qaab jajabyada saliidda shidaalka ka kooban waxaa lagu qeexaa sida content celceliska naphthenic, xabakta iyo dhismayaasha kale xilliile ah, iyo sidoo kale xubno ka ah silsilado paraffinic. Xaaladdan oo kale, hal tallaabo - xisaabinta xaddiga qaraabo ah shidaalka ee naphthene, gaaska la shito, iyo goobaha.

Xidhana Halabuurka hydrocarbon qastiyey jajab batroolka iyo gaaska. Marka falanqaynta aasaaska ah ee Halabuurka saliidda muujiyay lacagta (boqolkiiba) C, O, S, H, N iyo nafaqeeyayaalka yar.

Habka ugu weyn ee kala xabakta ka naphthenic iyo paraffinic iyo isa-soociddiisa ku arenes waa monocyclic iyo poly- chromatography dareere adsorption. Sida caadiga ah absorber kiiskan u adeegtaa sida element gaar ah - sorbent double.

Halabuurka The oo saliid ah hydrocarbon isku soo multicomponent band ballaaran oo cidhiidhi ah sida caadiga ah decrypted by isku-dar ah chromatography (dareere ama waji gaaska), adsorption ama hababka kale ee isa-soociddiisa waxbarashada hababka spectrometric spectral iyo mass.

Sida dunida ka jira badnaanta habka fasax dheeraad ah sida horumarinta saliidda, waxa uu noqonayaa mid falanqaynta muhiim ah oo faahfaahsan (gaar ahaan-daartu sare iyo haraaga ah wax soo saarka - ciddaasi iyo saliidda shidaalka culus).

Ugu weyn ee shidaalka ee Russia

On dhulka ka mid ah kayd Ruush ah walaxda uu leeyahay qadar weyn. Oil (minerals) - maal qaranka Russia. Waa mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee loo dhoofiyo. Saaridda iyo processing saliid ah - il, dakhliga canshuurta muhiim ah in miisaaniyadda Ruush.

Horumarinta oo saliid ah la miisaamayo ganacsiga waxaa bilaabay qarnigii XIX goor dambe. Waqtigan xaadirka ah in Russia waxaa jira meelo badan oo saliid ah oo shaqeeya. Waxay ku yaalaan ee gobollada kala duwan ee dalka.

magaca deposit	furitaanka Taariikhda	recoverable stock	goobaha saliidda soo saara
weyn	2013	300 million tons	gobolka jaaket
Samotlor	1965	2.7 bilyan oo tan	Khanty-Mansiysk
Romashkinskoye	1948	2.3 billion tons	Republic of Tatarstan
umuliya	1982	2.7 billion. T	Khanty-Mansiysk
Arlanskoe	1966	500 million tons	Republic of Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	2 bilyan oo metrik	Khanty-Mansiysk
Vankor	1988	490 million tons	Krasnoyarsk Territory
Fedorovskoe	1971	1.5 bilyan oo metrik	Khanty-Mansiysk
Ruush	1968	410 million tons	Yamalo-Nenets Banaan Okrug
mamontovskoye	1965	1 bilyan oo metrik	Khanty-Mansiysk
Tuymazinskoe	1937	300 million tons	Republic of Bashkortostan

saliid Shale ee Maraykanka

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, suuqa shidaalka shidaalka ayaa u xuub bedelay. helitaanka gaaska Shale iyo horumarinta technology-soo-saarka ay waqti gaaban keenay Maraykanka soo galay tiro badan oo macdan qodayaasha oo ah walaxda. Tani waxay ifafaale ayaa lagu tilmaamay by khubaro sida "kacaanka Shale". Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dunida waxaa soo food ugu yaraan dhacdo grand. Waxaan ka hadleynaa horumarka ballaaran ee kayd Shale saliid. Markii hore khubaro saadaaliyay dhamaadka dhaw ee Zaman saliidda, laakiin hadda waxa uu socon karaa muddo aan la cayimin. Sayidka noqday hadal ku tacaluqda on tamarta kale.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, macluumaad ku saabsan dhinacyada dhaqaale ee horumarinta kayd Shale saliidda waa mid aad u diidani. Sida laga soo xigtay wargeyska "Si kastaba ha ahaatee", soo saaraan saliid Shale oo dalka Mareykanka ah (Texas) ku qiimihiisu yahay $ 15 per 1 foosto. Waa wax macquul ah in cheapening dheeraad ah ee geedi socodka laba jeer.

Hogaamiyaha dunida ka mid ah wax soo saarka ee "classical" saliidda - Saudi Arabia - ayaa rajada wanaagsan in industry Shale saliidda, qiimaha halkii foosto halkan waa kaliya $ 7. Russia saaraysa lumo. In Russia, 1 foosto oo saliid ah Shale ku kici lahaa saabsan $ 20.

Sida laga soo xigtay daabacaadda kor ku xusan, Shale saliid laga been abuurtay dhammaan gobollada dunida. wadanka kastaa wuxuu leeyahay kaydka weyn saliidda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kalsoonida macluumaadka kor ku xusan yahay ayaa su'aal ka, tan iyo macluumaadka ku saabsan qiimaha gaarka ah ee wax soo saarka Shale saliidda weli.

Oo ah falanqeeye H. Birg soo celiyey xogta. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, qiimaha halkii foosto ee saliidda Shale waa 70-90 dollar.

Sida laga soo xigtay Dmitry ku Borisov Bank of Moscow oo ah falanqeeye, kharashka wax soo saarka saliidda ee Mexico iyo Gacanka Guinea gaaro $ 80. Tani waa si qallafsan loo siman yahay qiimaha suuqa ee hadda.

H. Birg ayaa sidoo kale sheegtay in kayd saliid ah (Shale saliid) waxaa si siman u qaybiyeen guud ahaan caalamka. -Meelood laba in ka badan ee mugga guud waa mid isku urursan ee dalka Mareykanka. Russia xisaabay in boqolkiiba 7.

Waayo, wax soo saarka ee sheyga hoos tixgelinta u leeyihiin in ay ka arrinsashada Muga weyn oo dhagax weyn. Samaynta nidaamka sida Shale saliid, habka loo fulinayo mustaqbalkiisa. Tani waxay dhibaato ugu geystaa dabiiciga ah.

Sida laga soo xigtay Birge, adayga habraaca noocan oo kale ah, sida saaridda saliidda Shale, waxaa magdhow baahsanaanta ah oo ah walaxda on Earth.

Haddii aynu ka fikirno in Shale technology saliid-soo-saarka waxay u iman doontaa heer ku filan, sicirka saliidda caalamiga ah si fudud u dumi karaan. Laakiin ilaa iyo inta aan lahayn isbedel weyn ee ku yaala goobahan aan arkay.

Iyadoo technology jira oo saliid ah Shale noqon kartaa faa'iido kiis gaar ah - oo keliya marka qiimaha saliidda waa $ 150 halkii foosto ama wax ka sareeya.

Russia, sida ay Birge, wax-u kacaan Shale ma awoodi doonaan in ay dhaawici. Xaqiiqada ah in dalka ay ka faa'iideysan labada xaaladood. qarsoodi ah waa mid fudud: qiimaha saliidda sare keeno faa'iido weyn iyo horumar degdeg ah ee wax soo saarka Shale kordhin doonaa dhoofinta by horumarinta beeraha ku habboon.

D. Borisov arrintan la xiriira ma aha sidaas rajo. horumarinta wax soo saarka saliidda Shale, sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, ballan burburkii a qiimaha saliidda suuqa iyo dhibicda af badan oo dakhli dhoofinta Ruush. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in muddo gaaban, waa in aan ka cabsan, maxaa yeelay, horumarinta Shale weli tahay dhibaato.

gunaanad

khayraadka dabiiciga ah - saliidda, gaaska iyo walxaha la xiriira - waa hantida of gobol kasta, taas oo ay miino. Tani waxaa laga arki karaa by reading article ah, kor ku xusan.