Oxides, cusbada, saldhigyada, acids. Guryaha oxides, saldhigyada, acids, cusbada

sayniska kiimikada Modern waa kala duwan ee beeraha, iyo mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah, marka lagu daro nidaamka shaqada ee afka baarkiisa, waa muhiim wax ku ool weyn, wax ku ool ah. Wax alla wixii aad taaban, wax kasta oo ku wareegsan - alaabta wax soo saarka kiimikada. Qaybaha ugu muhiimsan - waa chemistry ah imanba iyo organic. Ka fikir waxa fasalada ugu weyn ee xeryahooda loo yaqaan imanba, iyo wixii guryaha ay leeyihiin.

Qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee xeryahooda ka imanba

Si aad kuwa aqbalay in ay soo socda:

1. Oxides.
2. Salt.
3. Base.
4. Acid.

Mid kasta oo ka fasalada uu ka wakiil yahay noocyo kala duwan oo badan oo ah xeryahooda ka imanba iyo qiime ah shiidaa in kasta oo qaab-dhismeedka howlaha dhaqaalaha iyo warshadaha ee nin. Dhammaan guryaha waaweyn ee caan ku ah waxyaalahan, isagoo ee dabiiciga ah iyo is bartay Dabcan chemistry dugsiga waa khasab in fasalada 8-11.

Waxaa jira miis guud ee oxides, cusbada, saldhigyada, acids, kuwaas oo tusaale u ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah walxaha iyo state of xulkii, isagoo ee dabiiciga ah. A sidoo kale muujiyay dhexgalka ee ku tilmaamay guryaha kiimikada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan ka fiirsan doonaa mid kasta oo ka mid ah fasalada si gooni gooni ah iyo si faahfaahsan.

Koox ka mid ah xeryahooda - oxides

Oxides - a class xeryahooda ka imanba ka kooban laba arrimoodba (binary), mid ka mid ah kuwaas oo had iyo jeer waa O (oxygen) ka qayilo gobolka hoose -2, oo taagan meesha labaad ee xarunta formula taaban karo. Tusaale: N ₂ O _5, Cao iyo wixii la mid ah.

oxides waxaa lagu tilmaamay sida soo socota.

I. Nesoleobrazuyuschie - ma aha oo awood u sameynta cusbada.

II. Salt-sameynta - yihiin awood u sameynta cusbada (la saldhigyadii, xeryahooda amphoteric kasta oo acids kale).

1. Acid - marka biyo la dhex geliyaa si ay u sameeyaan acids. Nonmetals inta badan la aasaasay ama biraha la CO sare (qayilo).
2. Key - foomka saldhig at biyaha galo. element biraha la aasaasay.
3. Amphoteric - muujinaya acid-saldhig dabiiciga ah double, wixii la goostay by xaaladaha falcelinta. Waxa asaasay biraha kala guurka.
4. Mixed - inta badan tixraac cusbada iyo xubno ka sameeyay dhowr dalalka lagu qayilo.

xabagta sare - waa xabagta ah, kuna waari dhexdeeda xubinta sameynta waa in gobolka lagu qayilo ugu badnaan. TUSAALE: Te ^_+6. Waayo, tellurium qayilo ugu sarraysa ee gobolka +6, waxay ka dhigan tahay Teo ₃ - xabagta sare ee element this. Nidaamka wareegsan xubno koox kasta saxiixay formula taaban karo guud muujinaya xabagta sare ee dhammaan canaasiirta ee kooxda, laakiin kaliya koox hoosaadka ugu weyn. Tusaale ahaan, koox ee hore ee canaasiirta (Biraha alkali) waa formula foomka R ₂ O, taas oo muujinaysaa in dhammaan qaybaha of koox hoosaadka ugu weyn ee kooxda ku yeelan doono formula sida waa xabagta sare. TUSAALE: RB ₂ O, CS ₂ O iyo wixii la mid ah.

waxaan ka heli hydroxide dhiganta At xabagta sare kala diri ee biyaha (alkali, acid ama hydroxide amphoteric).

Astaamaha oxides

Oxides jiri karaan in gobolka mid ka mid ah xulkii at xaaladaha caadiga ah. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid ah waa in crystalline ama budada foomka adag (Cao, SiO ₂₎ qaar ka mid ah CO (oxides acid) laga helo foomka oo dareere ah (Mn ₂ O ₇₎ iyo gaaska (NO, NO _2). Tan waxa u sabab dhismeedka daaqaddii baraf. Sidaa awgeed, farqiga u dhibcood karkaraya iyo dhibcood barafku in ka mid ah wakiilo ka duwan -272 ⁰ C inay 70-80 ⁰ C (oo mararka qaarkood ka sareeya) way kala duwan yihiin. milmi The biyo kala duwan.

1. oxides biraha aasaasiga ah, oo loo yaqaan xumadoodu, dhulka xumadoodu, iyo kulli acid kale oo aan ahayn - L xabagta Silicon (IV).
2. Beelaya - oxides amphoteric, oo dhan aasaasiga ah ee kale iyo SiO _2.

Maxaa oxides fal?

Oxides, cusbada, saldhigyada, acids muujiyaan guryaha la mid ah. guryaha guud ee dhowaad dhammaan oxides (marka laga reebo nesoleobrazuyuschih) - kartida this sabab u ah isdhexgalka gaar ah si ay u sameeyaan cusbada kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, koox kasta ee oxides sifooyinka ay kiimikada gaar ah caadiga ah oo muujineysa guryaha.

The guryaha oo ka mid ah kooxaha kala duwan oxides

oxides aasaasiga ah - LUGO	oxides acidic - CO	Dual (amphoteric) xabagta - ao	oxides The ma sameeyaan cusbada
1. Dareen biyo, formation of alkalis (oxides biraha dhulka alkali iyo cawaaqib xumadoodu) Fr 2 O + biyo = 2FrOH 2. Dareen-celinta la acid ah: formation of cusbada iyo biyaha acid + Me + n O = H 2 O + cusbo 3. Reaction la CO, formation of cusbada iyo biyaha xabagta lithium + xabagta nitrogen (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. Dareen-celinta waxay keentay in xubno ka bedeli CO Me + n O + C + Me CO 0 =	1. biyo Reagent: formation acid (SiO 2 marka laga reebo) CO + biyo = acid 2. Dareen iyo saldhigyadooda, CO 2 + 2CsOH = CS 2 CO 3 + H 2 O 3. Xasaasiyada la oxides aasaasiga ah: formation cusbo P 2 O 5 + 3MnO = Mn 3 (PO 3) 2 4. Dareen OVR: CO 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Muujiyaan guryaha dual falgalaan oo ku saleysan habka acid-saldhigga (la acids, alkalis, oxides aasaasiga ah iyo oxides acid). Tan iyo biyaha ma taabato. 1. Iyada oo acid ah: formation of cusbada iyo biyaha Ao + acid = milix + H 2 O 2. saldhigyadii (alkali): formation of hydroxo Al 2 O 3 + LiOH + biyo = Li [Al (OH) 4] 3. Reaction la oxides acidic: Diyaarinta cusbada Feo + SO 2 = 3 FeSO 4. Reaction la GA: formation of cusbada isuga MnO + RB 2 O = RB 2 cusbo double MnO 2 5. Ficil isuga la alkalis iyo carbonates biraha alkali sida cusbada formation Al 2 O 3 + 2LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 O	Foomka mana acids mana alkalis. Muujiyaan guryaha gaarka ah si ciriiri ah.

xabagta kasta oo la sameeyay sida biraha iyo bacayn, kala diri ee biyaha sare, siinaysaa acid xoog leh ama alkali.

acids organic iyo imanba

In codka classical (ku salaysan jagooyinka ED - dissociation electrolytic - Svante Arrhenius acid) - xarunta this ee dhexdhexaad ah aqueous in beri H ah ⁺ siifilisku iyo anions acid harta An ^-. Maanta, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si taxadar leh bartay acid iyo xaaladaha ammooniya, sidaas darteed waxaa jira aragtiyo badan oo kala duwan sida ay u hydroxides.

oxides formula taaban karo, saldhigyada, acids, cusbada ku daray oo keliya oo ka mid ah xubno ka calaamadaha iyo jirrabo muujinaysaa tiradoodu walaxda. Tusaale ahaan, acids imanba ninba H caanaha ^{+ n-} hadhay ^acid. walxaha Organic leeyihiin khariidaynta af oo kala duwan. Ka sokow taaban karo, iyaga waxaa loo qori karaa caanaha dhismaha buuxa iyo waxaysidoo, kaas oo ka tarjumaya doonaa ma aha oo kaliya ka kooban oo tiro ka mid ah u taagoo ah, laakiin amarka of heshiis ah atamka, xiriirka ay midba midka kale iyo koox weyn ee functional for acids carboxylic -COOH.

In dhammaan inorganics acids kala qaybsan yihiin laba kooxood:

• anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCL oo kale;
• oxygen (acids oxo) - HClO ₃ iyo halka ay jiraan oxygen oo dhan.

Sidoo kale acids imanba tilmaamay by xasiloonida (nagi ama deggan - oo dhan marka laga reebo carbonic iyo sulphurous, kacsan ama deganayn - dhuxusha iyo sulphurous). By ciidamada ee acids xoogga badanu waxay noqon karaan: sulfuric, Hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, iyo kuwa kale, iyo sidoo kale kuwa itaalka yar, tayadda hydrogen, ka hypochlorous iyo kuwa kale.

Waa sida kala duwan ee bixisaa chemistry organic ma. The acids kuwaas oo organic ee dabiiciga ah, waa acids carboxylic. Ay feature caadi ah - joogitaanka kooxda functional COOH. Tusaale ahaan, HCOOH (formic), _CH3 COOH (acetic acid), C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COOH (acid stearic) iyo kuwo kale.

Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah acids, kaas oo diiradda si gaar ah taxaddar marka aad ka fiirsaneysa mowduucan koorsada chemistry dugsiga.

1. Salt.
2. Nitric.
3. Phosphoric.
4. Hydrobromic.
5. Dhuxul.
6. Hydroiodic.
7. Sulfuric.
8. acid acetic ama ethane.
9. Butane ama saliid.
10. Benzosyrene.

10 acids Kuwanu waa walxaha kiimikada aasaasiga ah oo u dhiganta fasalka koorsada dugsiga, iyo in guud, warshadaha iyo syntheses.

Guryaha ee acids imanba

The guryaha ugu waaweyn ee jirka waa in loo saarin ugu horrayn waxa weeyi xaalad kala duwan ee xulkii. Indeed, waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah acids isagoo qaab kiristaalo ama boolbare (boric, phosphoric) xaaladaha caadiga ah. Inta badan acids imanba si fiican u yaqaan waa dheecaan ka duwan. Karkaraya iyo barafka heerkulka ayaa sidoo kale ku kala duwan yihiin.

Acid keeni kartaa gubasho daran, tan iyo markii ay leeyihiin ciidanka wax baabbi'isa unugyada organic iyo maqaarka. Waayo, ogaanshaha ee acids isticmaalo Tilmaamayaasha:

• orange methyl (ee deegaanka caadiga ah - orange in acid - cas)
• Buxo (in dhex-dhexaad ah - buluug in acid - cas) ama kuwa kale.

The kiimikaad ee ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid awood u leh inay la macaamilaan labada xeryahooda fudud oo adag.

guryaha The kiimikada ee acids imanba

Maxaa la dhaqmaan	Tusaale falcelinta
1. Iyada oo Biraha fudud-walax. Shardi: biraha waa in hydrogen taagan EHRNM, si biraha, hydrogen ka dib markii taagan, ma awoodaan in ay Leexin ka acid ah. reaction waxaa had iyo jeer la sameeyay qaab gaas hydrogen iyo cusbo.	HCL + AL = aluminium chloride + H 2
2. saldhigyada. Natiijada falcelinta tihiin cusbadii iyo biyo. Dareen-celinta noocan oo kale ah ee acids xoog leh alkalis waxaa lagu magacaabaa dareen diidmo dhexdhexaadnimada.	acid kasta (xoog) = + cusbo saldhig L oo biyo ah
3. hydroxides amphoteric. Subtotal: cusbo iyo biyo.	2 + 2HNO hydroxide beryllium = Aad (NO 2) 2 (cusbo celcelis) + 2 saac 2 O
4. Iyadoo oxides aasaasiga ah. Subtotal: biyo, cusbo.	2HCL + Feo = chloride birta (II) + H 2 O
5. oxides amphoteric. Total saamayn: cusbo iyo biyo.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 O
6. cusbada sameeyay acids taagta daran. Total saamayn: milix iyo acid daciif ah.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = magnesium + H 2 O + CO 2

Marka la Biraha lalana la mid ah fal aan dhan acids. Kiimikooyinka (fasalka 9) ee dugsiga ku lug leh waxbarasho aad u gacmeed of reactions sida, si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyo heer sida loo arkaa hantida gaarka ah ee nitric ku urursan iyo sulfuric acid, by reaction la Biraha ah.

Hydroxides: alkali, iyo saldhigyadii amphoteric beelaya

Oxides, cusbada, saldhigyada, acids - oo dhan ee fasallada walax waxay leeyihiin nooca caadi ah kiimikada ee qaab-dhismeedka daaqaddii crystal la sharaxay, iyo saameynta ay labada dhinac ka mid ah atamka ee u taagoo ee. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii ay suurto gal ahayd in la siiyo qeexid aad u gaarka ah ee xabagta ah, ka dibna ay acid iyo saldhig loo sameeyo adag.

Sida acids, saldhigyada on aragtida ah ee ED yihiin walxaha awood u burbureen in xal aqueous la siifilisku bir i ^{n +} iyo anions gidroksogrupp OH ^-.

Qaybiyey category salka sida soo socota:

• (Tilmaamayaasha xoog saldhig beddelo color) L ama alkali. Waxaan biraha la aasaasay, kooxaha II. Tusaale: Koh, NaOH, LiOH (i.e. qoran yihiin oo kaliya xubno ka ugu weyn ee group);
• Liidata L. ama beelaya (xoog dhexdhexaad ah, ma beddeli midabka ah ee tilmaamayaasha). Tusaale: hydroxide magnesium, birta (II), (III), iyo kuwa kale.
• Kelli (salka ku itaal yar dhexdhexaad ah aqueous reversibly beri galay udhigo Britain). Tusaale: N ₂ H _4, amines, ammonia.
• hydroxides Amphoteric (guryaha saldhig-acid dual soo bandhigid). Tusaale: hydroxide aluminium, beryllium, zinc iyo wixii la mid ah.

Koox kasta soo bandhigay bartay in koorsada dugsiga ee kiimikada ee "Sababaha". Chemistry Class 8-9 ku lug leedahay waxbarasho faahfaahsan xeryahooda yar L. iyo alkalies.

Muuqaaladan ugu weyn ee caan ku salaysan

All xeryahooda alkali iyo L. helay ee dabiiciga ah ee gobolka crystalline adag. Heerkulka barafku ka mid ah sida caadiga ah u hooseeya, oo si liidata L. hydroxides cawisa marka kulul. Midabka sababo kala duwan. Haddii kiristaalo cad alkali oo ka mid ah saldhigyada liidata L. iyo kelli laga yaabaa in mid ah midabo aad u kala duwan. milmi The xeryahooda ugu of class this lagu arki karaa miiska, taas oo caanaha oxides, saldhigyada, acids, cusbada, ay milmi lagu muujiyay.

Alkalis bedeli kartaa midabka ah ee tilmaamayaasha sida soo socota: phenolphthalein - casaanka, orange methyl - huruud ah. Tan waxaa loo hubiyaa by gidroksogrupp joogaan lacag la'aan ah xal. Sidaas awgeed waa saldhigga liidata L. reactions sida ma siin.

kiimikaad ee koox kasta saldhigyadii kala duwan.

kiimikaad
alkalis	saldhig yar L.	hydroxides amphoteric
I. jawaabay CO (total -hydrochloric oo biyo ah): 2LiOH + SO 3 = Li 2 SO 4 + biyaha II. Jawaabay acid ah (cusbo iyo biyo ah): reaction dhexdhexaadnimada caadiga ah (eeg acids) III. Falgalaan ao si ay u sameeyaan cusbo iyo biyo hydroxo: 2NaOH + Me + n O = Na 2 Me + n O 2 + H 2 O, ama Na 2 [Me + n (OH) 4] IV. Falgalaan hydroxides amphoteric si ay u sameeyaan cusbada gidroksokompleksnyh: The la mid ah sida la AD ah, laakiin aan biyo lahayn V. jawaabay cusbada L si ay u sameeyaan hydroxides beelaya iyo cusbada: 3CsOH + chloride birta (III) = Fe (OH) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Falgalaan zinc iyo aluminium in xal aqueous si ay u sameeyaan cusbada iyo hydrogen, 2RbOH + 2Al + biyo = complexed la hydroxide ra'iyi 2Rb [Al (OH) 4] + 3H 2	I. Markii degradability kulul: = Xabagta hydroxide beelaya + biyaha II. Xasaasiyada la acid ah (total: cusbo iyo biyo ah): Fe (OH) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + biyaha III. Falgalaan CO: + N (OH) i n + G = CO + H 2 O	I. Waxay fal la acids si ay u sameeyaan cusbada iyo biyaha: Hydroxide, copper (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + biyaha II. Waxaa sameynayso la alkalis: total - Salt iyo biyaha (xaalad: isuga) Amayno (OH) 2 + 2CsOH = G + 2 saac 2 O III. Uga falceliyaan hydroxides xoog leh, natiijada - cusbo, haddii falcelinta dhacdaa in xal aqueous: Cr (OH) 3 + 3RbOH = RB 3 [Cr (OH) 6]

Tani waa inta badan guryaha kiimikada ee salka bandhigay in. saldhigyadii Chemistry waa mid fudud oo Adeeca sharciyada guud xeryahooda ka imanba.

Class cusbada imanba. Qoondaynta, guryaha jirka

Iyada oo ku saleysan booska ED ah, cusbada imanba laga yaabaa in lagu soo sheegnay xeryahooda in xal aqueous in beri siifilisku biraha Me ^{+ n} anions iyo anions ^{n- An.} Sidaas daraaddeed waad qiyaasi kartaa Cusbada leh. Determination of Chemical ma bixisaa hal, laakiin tani waa ugu sax ah.

Xaaladdan oo kale, siday u kala nooca kiimikada, oo dhan cusbada kala qaybsan yihiin:

• Acidic (isagoo siifilisku ka kooban hydrogen). TUSAALE: NaHSO _4.
  
• Muhiimka ah (waa la heli karaa oo qayb ka ah gidroksogrupp). TUSAALE: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Celceliska (ka kooban oo kaliya ee waxbarashada bir ah oo ka hadhay ah acid). TUSAALE: NaCL, CaSO _4.
• Dual (waxaa ka mid ah laba waxbarashada biraha kala duwan). TUSAALE: NaAl (SO _{4) 3.}
• Complex (hydroxo, kaxeynayo aqua iyo kuwo kale). Tusaale: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

Formula cusbada muujinayso nooca kiimikada, iyo sidoo kale hadal ku saabsan ka kooban oo tayo iyo tiroba ee Britain ayaa ku.

Oxides, cusbada, saldhigyada, acids awood u leeyihiin kala duwan si ay milmi, oo waxaa laga daawan karaa in miiska kala.

Haddii aan ka hadlo gobolka xulkii ee cusbada, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u dhawraan oo ay daalka. Ay ka jiraan kaliya ee adag, crystalline ama budo ah. kala duwan Midabka waa wax kala duwan. The xal of cusbada adag sida caadiga ah waxay leeyihiin midabo dhalaalaya kahaayeen.

dhexgalka Chemical fasalka cusbada dhexdhexaad ah

Leeyihiin kiimikaad isku mid saldhigga, cusbada acid. Oxides, sida aynu hore u wada hadleen, waa yara kala duwan iyaga ka on factor this.

All la cayimi karo 4 noocyada aasaasiga ah ee isdhexgalka for cusbada dhexdhexaad ah.

I. Falgallada la acids (laakiinse xoog eego ED) si ay u sameeyaan cusbo kale iyo acid daciif ah:

KCNS + HCL = KCL + HCNS

II. Xasaasiyada la hydroxides leh muuqaalka kore ee cusbada L iyo saldhigyadii beelaya:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{cusbo L. 4} + CU (OH) _{2 saldhig beelaya}

III. Dhexgalka cusbo kale L si ay u sameeyaan ah cusbada beelaya iyo L:

PbCL ₂ + ₂ Na S = PBS + 2NaCL

IV. Xasaasiyada la biraha, soo food saartay in EHRNM ka tagay manidu cusbo ah. Xaaladdan oo kale biraha soo socda waa in aan ka fal at xaaladaha caadiga ah ee ficil biyo:

Mg + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Kuwani waa noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee isdhexgalka in mid caan ku ah cusbada caadiga ah. Formula cusbada adag, hadal aasaasiga ah, acidic iyo double naftooda ku saabsan guryaha kiimikada cayimayo muujiyey.

oxides Formula, saldhigyada, acids, cusbada dabeecada kiimikada ee dhammaan wakiillada oo ka mid ah fasalada xeryahooda ka imanba, oo weliba, fikrad ka bixiyaan mid ah waxyaabaha horyaalka iyo hantida jirka. Sidaa darteed, ay si qoraal ah waa in fiiro gaar ah. kala duwan A weyn xeryahooda guud ahaan na waxay bixisaa sayniska la yaab leh - chemistry. Oxides, acids, cusbada - waa qayb ka mid kaliya ee kala duwanaanshaha weyn.