Polymers imanba, tusaalooyin iyo codsiyada

In dabiiciga ah waxaa organometallic, organic iyo polymers imanba. Si waxaa ka mid ah waxyaabaha ka imanba ay yihiin lafdhabarta imanba iyo laamaha dhinaca ma aha xag shidaalka. By la xirrira polymers imanba Waxyaabo ugu dhiiran tahay kooxaha III-VI nidaamka wareegsan xubno kiimikada.

kala soocidda

polymers Organic iyo imanba ayaa si firfircoon uga baaritaan, ay go'aamiyeen qaababka cusub ay, si soocidda saxda ah ee qalabkan oo aan weli la shaqeeyo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa suurto gal ah in loo qoondeeyo kooxo gaar ah polymers.

Iyadoo ku xiran qaab-dhismeedka:

• toosan;
• guri,
• jahaysteen,
• shabakadaha polymer;
• saddex-geesood ah oo kale.

Iyada oo ku xidhan atamka silsilad weyn ee la xirrira polymer ah:

• nooca gomotsepnye (-M-) n - waxay ka kooban yihiin hal nooca atamka;
• ku qor hetero (-ML-) n - waxay ka kooban yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo atamka.

Iyada oo ku xidhan asal ahaan:

• dabiiciga ah;
• macmal ah.

Loogu daro walxaha polymer imanba oo ku jira xaalad adag yihiin macromolecules, sidoo kale waa in ay haystaan anisotropy gaar ah oo ay qaab-dhismeedka da'ayeen iyo guryaha u dhigma.

Features Key

More caansan waa polymers heterochain, taas oo ay jirto iskhilaafka atamka electropositive iyo electronegative, sida B iyo N, P iyo N, Si iyo O. Hel polymers hetero imanba (NP) adigoo isticmaalaya reactions polycondensation. oksoanionami Polycondensation degdegsiimada jawi acidic, iyo polycondensation biyo cabaan siifilisku - in cawaaqib xumadoodu. Polycondensation la fulin karo labadaba xal iyo cunnooyinka adkaha ah ee joogitaanka heerkulka sare.

Qaar badan oo ka polymers imanba hetero waxaa laga heli karaa oo keliya in ereygu-heerkulka sare ah, tusaale ahaan, si toos ah uga walxaha fudud. Aasaasidda carbides, kuwaas oo jirkooda polymeric dhacdaa dhexgalka ee oxides qaar ka mid ah la carbon, iyo sidoo kale ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen heerkulka sare.

Gomotsepnye silsilad dheer (la degree ah polymerization n> 100) foomka carbon iyo p-VI xubno group baaruud, selenium, tellurium.

polymers imanba: Tusaale ahaan iyo Codsiga

cayimayo ee NP waa formation of polymeric qalabka crystalline la joogto ah qaab-dhismeedka saddex geesood ah ee macromolecules. Joogitaanka lafaha adag silsilado kiimikada bixisaa xeryahooda sida engegnaantiinna badan.

hantida Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in ay isticmaalaan sida abrasives, polymers imanba. Isticmaalka qalabkan ayaa helay codsi ballaaran in industry.

The kiimikada iyo kaamerada IR iska caabin gaar ah sidoo kale waa hanti qiimo leh. Tusaale ahaan, ka fiiloyin xoojinta ka samaysan yihiin polymers organic deggan hawada heerkulka a of 150-220? C. Dhanka kale, fiber boron iyo taagayo ay tahay mid deggan si heerkul ah 650? C. Taasi waa sababta ay polymers imanba waxaa balanqaaday ee horumarka ah ee kiimikada cusub iyo qalabka kulaylka u adkaysta.

muhiimadda ay leedahay wax ku ool ah sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin NP, oo labaduba ku dhow in guryaha si organic iyo ilaalin lahaa hantida ay gaarka ah. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid phosphates, polyphosphazenes, silicates, polymeric oxides baaruud leh kooxo ka dhisan kala duwan.

polymers ee carbon

Hawl: "Ka sii tusaale polymers imanba" - laga helo buugaagta chemistry. Waxaa lagu talinayaa in ay fuliyaan iyadoo la tixraacayo ugu caansan NP - taagayo carbon. Ka dib oo dhan, waxaa ka mid ah qalabka oo leh sifooyin gaar ah: diamond, graphite, carbine.

Carbyne - kiimikaysan abuuray, si liidata bartay polymer qumman oo leh qiyam unsurpassed xoog, liito, iyo waxbarashada qaar ka mid ah oo ka xoogbadan, graphene. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, carbine - walax dahsoon. dhammaan saynisyahano ma aqbali jiritaankeeda sida wax madax bannaan.

Waxa ay u muuqataa sida budada madow bir-crystalline ah. Waxa uu ku semiconducting. carbyne Conductivity si weyn u kordhiyaa hoos tallaabo iftiinka. Eebe ma lumin guryaha xataa marka heerkulku ilaa 5000? C, taas oo wax badan ka badan qalabka kale ujeedada sida. wax Diyaar 60 V. Korshak, AM Sladkov, VI Kasatochkin iyo YP Kudryavtsev alxamaad by qayilo horseed. Qaybta ugu adkaa ee ahaa in ay go'aan ka bonds foomka u dhexeeya atamka carbon ah. Ka dibna, walax la helay oo keliya bonds double dhexeeya atamka carbon ee Institute of xeryahooda organometallic Akad. Xarunta sheeko la odhan polikumulen.

Graphite - ka wax of polymer xigsiin khuseysaa oo keliya in diyaarada. layers Its aan ku biiray by bonds kiimikada iyo isdhexgalka intermolecular taagta daran, sidaas darteed waxaa sameeyaa kulaylka iyo hadda oo aan iftiin gudbiyaan. Graphite iyo taagayo ay - polymers wax caadi ah ka imanba. Tusaalooyinka isticmaalka: ka qalin si warshadaha nukliyeerka. graphite oksidheeyeyaal ah, waxaa laga heli karaa intermediates qayilo.

Diamond - hantida waa aasaas kala duwan. Diamond waa (saddex-geesood ah) polymer ka da'ayeen. All atamka carbon ee addoonsi midba midka kale by bonds covalent xoog leh. Maxaa yeelay, polymer waa mid aad u waara. Diamond waa nonconductive iyo kulayl, qaab hufan.

polymers boron

Haddii lagu weydiiyo inaad ku saabsan waxa polymers imanba aad ku caan baxdo, si xor ah in ay ka jawaabaan - polymers boron (-BR-). Tani waa fasalka si cadaalad ballaaran oo NP, si ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha iyo sayniska.

Boron carbide - waxa ay u muuqataa formula sax (B12C3) n. Its cell unit - rhombohedral. The qaab jir ahaa laba iyo toban atamka boron waxaa covalently lala. In dhexe waxaa ka mid ah - koox toosan saddex atamka carbon covalently addoonsi. Natiijadu waxay tahay dhismaha ah oo aad u adag.

Borides - kiristaalo ay loo sameeyay sida carbide kor ku tilmaamay. Inta badan waxay yihiin adkaysi HfB2, oo wuu dhalaaliyaa kaliya heerkulka a of 3250 ° C. The xasiloonida kiimikada weyn xusay TaB2 - kama codsan wax acid ama isku dhanba.

Boron nitride - inta badan loo yaqaan Rusheyn kartaa cad for egyihiin. la mid ah Tani waa run ahaantii maqaar saar oo kaliya. Qaab ahaan, waxa ay la mid tahay graphite. waxay heli by kulaylinta ama xabagta boron jawi ammonia ah.

borazon

Elbor, Borazon, Kibora, kingsongit, CUBONE - polymers imanba ultrahard. Tusaalooyinka codsiga: saarka giraangiraha shiidi doona, qalabka sugi lahaayeen, processing biraha. Waxaa kiimikaad waa walxaha inert ku salaysan boron. Engegnaantiinna aawadeed u dhow diamond qalabka kale. Gaar ahaan, borazon tago xagashada on diamond ah, tan dambe ayaa sidoo kale ka dhigeysa in xagashada on kiristaalo borazon.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, NP waxay leeyihiin dhowr faa'iidooyin badan dheeman dabiiciga ah: waxay leeyihiin iska caabin ah kaamerada weyn (hor istaagi heerkulka ilaa 2000 ° C, dheemanka loo Dullaysane heerar kala duwan 700-800 ° C) iyo caabiga sare si ay ugu rarataan culaysyo farsamo (ma ay joogin debcaan). Borazon helay at 1350 ° C iyo cadaadis ah 62000 Wentorf atmospheres Robert 1957 sano. qalabka la mid ah Leningrad saynisyahano ayaa helay 1963.

polymers baaruud imanba

Homopolymer - baaruud beddelid uu leeyahay Britain toosan. walaxda aan xasillooneyn hoos isbedbedelka cimilada ku dhacaa wareegyada octahedral. Waxa asaasay in ay dhacdo demin baaruud la shubay.

beddelid polymer baaruud dioxide. Aad mid ah asbestos, qaab buunshada ku.

polymers selenium

selenium Gray - polymer la macromolecules toosan muquuninta gundhig ee isku midka ah. The godad atamka selenium waxaa covalently lala iyo la xidhiidha macromolecules bonds kelli. Xitaa selenium shubay ama kala diri ma cawisa galay atamka hal.

selenium Red ama amorphous, sidoo kale, silsilad polymer ah, laakiin qaab-dhismeedka malouporyadochennoy. In bareeg heerkulka 70-90 ka? C keensataa guryaha rubbery, marayay in barti caag ka badan u ekaan polymers organic.

Carbide, selenium, ama rhinestone. Thermally iyo kiimikaad ahaan xasilloon, crystal da'ayeen filan adag. Oo Semiconductor piezoelectric. Giisa u helay inta lagu guda jiro dareen-celinta ciid quartz iyo carbon foorno koronto at heerkul ah oo ku saabsan 2000 ° C.

polymers kale selenium:

• selenium Monoclinic - dheeraad ah oo amar ku bixiyay in ka badan cas amorphous, laakiin ka liita cawl.
• Sayliniyam dioxide, ama (SiO2) n - ka dhigan polymer saddex geesood ah crosslinked.
• Asbestos - polymer dhismeedka fiber xabagta selenium.

polymers fosfooraska

Waxaa jira hab doorinta badan ee fosfooraska, waa cadaan, casaan, madow, brown, iyo guduud. Red - dhismeedka crystalline wanaagsan NP. Waxaa la helay kulaylinta fosfooraska cad oo aan heli hawada heerkulka of 2500? C. fosfooraska Black P. Bridgman hoos xaaladaha soo socda helay: cadaadis of 200,000 atmospheres at heerkul ah 200 ° C.

xeryahooda fosfooraska leh nitrogen iyo chlorine - Fosfornitridhloridy. The guryaha qalabkan kala duwan la sii kordhaya mass. Oo waxay hoos ay milmi in walxaha organic. Marka miisaankiisu kelli ah polymer gaaro dhowr kun oo unugyo, aasaasay walax rubbery. Tani waa caag carbon-free kaliya ku filan kulaylka u adkaysta. Waxaa la wada baabbi'iyey oo keliya marka heerkulku kor 350 ° C.

gunaanad

polymers imanba in intooda badan - ee arrinta oo leh sifooyin gaar ah. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in wax soo saarka, dhismaha, si ay u horumariyaan waxyaabo cusub iyo xitaa kacaan. Sida daraasadda of sifooyinka NP-yaqaan oo cusub, oo ay baaxadda ayaa waxaa loo kordhiyay.