Technology balaastigga, noocyada, wax soo saarka iyo isticmaalka

qalabka Polymeric - a kiimiko ah kelli sare oo ka kooban monomers badan malomolekulyarnyh (units) dhisme la mid ah. Inta badan polymers ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saaridda oo ka mid ah qaybaha monomer soo socda: ethylene, chloride vinylalkohol, vinildenhlorid, copolymer vinylalkohol, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, HOL, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. In this article waxaan ka hadli doonaa si faahfaahsan waxa qalabka polymeric, iyo sidoo kale ay kiimikada iyo guryaha jireed, qoondaynta iyo noocyada.

noocyada polymers

feature A ah u taagoo ee wax this waa weyn miisaanka kelli, taas oo u dhiganta qiimaha soo socda: M> 5 * 103. Xeryahooda la heer hoose ee u dhimaya nabadgelyada this (M = 500-5000), loo yaqaan oligomers. At xeryahooda miisaanka low-kelli ka yar yahay 500. The noocyada soo socda ka mid ah maaddooyinka polymeric: dardaro oo dabiici ah. dambe uu had iyo gooraale caag dabiiciga ah, Miikaa, oo suufkayga, asbestos, cellulose, iyo t. D. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka polymers dardaro aasaasiga ah mashquulin qof boos kaas oo la helay by habka of Avv kiimikada xeryahooda ee heerka kelli hooseeyo. Iyadoo ku xiran habka ay u soo saarta qalabka sare-kelli, waa polymers distinguished in ay yihiin ama ay polycondensation, ama dareen intaas dheer.

polymerization

Tani waxa urur hoos qaybaha miisaanka kelli in miisaanka kelli sare in la siiyo silsilado dheer. tiro ka mid ah heerka polymerization - waa tiro ka mid ah "mer" ee u taagoo ee ka kooban. Inta badan, qalabka polymeric ku jira ka kumanaan in ay tobanaan kun oo unugyo. By polymerization ah, xeryahooda soo socda ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa: polyetylen, polypropylene, chloride polyvinyl, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, iyo kuwa kale.

polycondensation

Tani waxa jawaab tallaabo, taas oo ah xarunta ama tiro badan oo ah monomers la mid ah, ama labo ka mid ah kooxaha kala duwan (A iyo B) ee polycondensors (macromolecule) la formation isku mar ka mid ah kuwan by-products: khamriga methyl, carbon dioxide, chloride hydrogen, ammonia, biyaha iyo al et. Isticmaalka silicones polycondensation helay, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides iyo qalabka kale ee polymeric.

polyaddition

Under habka this fahmaan formation of polymers in dareen diidmo oo intaa dheer kala duwan ee qaybaha monomeric kuwaas oo ka kooban xadka ururka Waxyeelo, ka monomers kooxaha roodhida (wareegyada firfircoon ama bond double). Marka la barbardhigo polycondensation ah, dareen-celin polyaddition qaadataa meel aan dheecaan ah by-products. Shaqada ugu muhiimsan waxa ka mid ah technology this aaminsan Asagoo arigtadaa ka Beeyada epoxy iyo soo dhaweynta polyurethanes.

dirka polymers

In ka kooban, oo dhan qalabka polymer kala qaybsan yihiin imanba, organic iyo organometallic. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah (galaas silicate, Miikaa, asbestos, dhoobada, iwm) Ha ka kooban carbon qaaradda. Waxay yihiin saleysan xabagta aluminium, magnesium, Silicon iyo wixii la mid. Polymers D. Organic ka kooban fasalka ugu ballaaran, ay ka kooban carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, baaruud, ogsijiin iyo halogeen. qalabka polymeric Organometallic - yihiin xeryahooda kuwaas oo ka kooban silsilado waaweyn ee kale oo aan ahayn kuwa ku xusan, iyo atamka Silicon, aluminium, titanium iyo xubno kale oo lagu dari karaa xag organic. dabiiciga ah ee isu-gaynta sida ma dhacdo. Waa polymers keliya dardaro. wakiilada caadiga ah ee kooxdan yihiin xeryahooda ku salaysan silicone, oo silsilad weyn ee lagu dhisay ka oxygen iyo Silicon atamka.

Si aad u hesho polymers la hantida la doonayo waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in farshaxanka ma aha walax "daahir ah", iyo isu-gaynta kuwii la qaybaha organic ama ka imanba. Tusaale wanaagsan yahay qalabka dhismaha polymer, bir-balaastigga, Maro adag, polymer la taaban karo.

Dhismaha polymers ah

peculiarity ee guryaha qalabkan ay sabab u tahay qaab-dhismeedka ay, markeeda, waxaa loo qaybiyaa noocyada soo socda: toosan-jahaysteen, toosan, kooxaha kelli da'ayeen la qaababka joomateri waaweyn oo aad u gaarka ah iyo jaranjarada. Ina keena aynu si kooban u baari mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah.

qalabka Polymeric qaab toosan-jahaysteen badan u taagoo laf-dhabar u leeyihiin laamaha kooxda. polymers noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah polypropylene iyo polyisobutylene.

Qalabka la qaab toosan leeyihiin zagzaagga dheer ama qaloocdo galay silsilad galool ah. macromolecules ay ugu horayn lagu gartaa aaminin ee dalka ee ka mid ah qaybta dhismaha ama koox cutub oo silsilad kiimikada. Polymers qaab toosan lagu gartaa joogitaanka macromolecules aad u dheer oo leh farqi la taaban karo ee dabiiciga ah ee bonds weheliyaan silsilad iyo iyaga u dhexeeya. Waxaan ula jeedaa bonds intermolecular iyo kiimikada. Macromolecules wax sida waa mid aad u dabacsan. Oo hantida this waxaa aasaas u ah silsilado polymer ah, taas oo horseedaysa sifooyinka tayo cusub: barti sare, iyo sidoo kale maqnaanshaha brittleness ee gobolka bogsiiyey.

Oo haatan waxaan ka baranaynaa in qalabka polymeric sida la dhisme da'ayeen. Waxyaabahani waxay sameeyaan by isku si kasta macromolecules kale bonds kiimikada xoog jihada transverse. Natiijadu waxay tahay qaab-dhismeedka saafiga ah, taas oo uu leeyahay non-uniform qaab Roobka ollogga ah. Polymers noocan ah waxay leeyihiin iska caabin kulayl sare iyo rigidity badan toosan. Walxahan waa aasaas u ah qalab badan oo dhismaha non-macdan ah.

Taagoo qalabka polymer qaab sallaan ka kooban labo ka mid ah silsilado oo ku xiran yihiin by bond kiimikada. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid polymers silicone in waxaa lagu gartaa rigidity kordhay, caabiga kulaylka, weliba, iyagu ma ay ula falgalaan qase organic.

Halabuurka The wajiga of polymers ah

Walxahan waa nidaamyo ka kooban yihiin gobollada amorphous iyo crystalline. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah waxay ka caawisaa si loo yareeyo qallafsanaan, ka dhigaysa polymer laastikada in uu yahay awood deformations badan oo nooca a karo. Wejiga crystalline ka geysta in la kordhiyo xoog, qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed, modulus laastikada, iyo xuduudaheedu kale, iyadoo la yaraynayo maalkii dabacsanaan kelli. ratio ee mugga goobaha oo dhan ayay u mugga guud waxaa lagu magacaabaa heerka uu crystallization, kuna waari dhexdeeda heerka ugu badnaan (80%) waa polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, polyethylenes cufnaanta sare. heerka A hoose heerka uu crystallization leeyihiin polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes ee mugga yar yahay.

Iyada oo ku xidhan dhaqanka qalabka polymeric dul kulaylinta, waxay loo qaybin karaa thermosetting iyo thermoplastic.

polymers thermosetting

Kuwani waxay alaabta aasaasiga ah ay leeyihiin qaab toosan. Marka kululeeyo, waxay jilcisaa, laakiin isbedelka qaab-dhismeedka ee da'ayeen iyo wax la beddelay adag ah iyadoo ay sabab u baxsiga ee falgalka kiimikada. In mustaqbalka, tayada this la hayo. On this mabda'a polymeric qalabka kooban. Ay kululaynta xiga ma jilciso wax ka, iyo kaliya u keenaysaa in ay nabaad. Ready thermosetting dar ma milaan ama dhalaali, sidaa daraadeed waxa aan la aqbali karin, waayo, warshadaynta. By noocan ah wax ka mid ah silicones epoxy, phenol-formaldehyde iyo Beeyada kale.

polymers thermoplastic

Waxyaabahan marka kulul, marka hore u jilciso, ka dibna wuu dhalaali iyo adkaynayaa qaboojinta xiga. polymers Thermoplastic markii processing sida ma mari isbedel kiimikada. Taas ayaa ka dhigaysa geedi socodka gebi ahaanba karo. Walxaha noocan ah waa qaab-dhismeedka toosan toosan ama jahaysteen of macromolecules, ka mid ah taas oo ay jiraan ciidamo yar, iyo gabi ahaanba ma jiraan wax bonds kiimikada. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid polyetylen, polyamide, polystyrene, iyo kuwa kale. Technology ee qalabka polymeric sida thermoplastic waxay bixisaa si ay u soo saaridda by wax taaj oo kale duray foomamka wax taaj oo kale biyo-qaboojinta, extrusion, wax taaj oo kale dhabar jab, iyo habab kale.

kiimikaad

polymers ayaa laga yaabaa in loo yaqaan ee shuruudaha soo socda: adke hoor, amorphous, wajiga crystalline, iyo sare leh laastikada, socodka viscous iyo galaas lahayo ku. Isticmaalka baahsan ee qalabka polymeric ay sabab u tahay in ay iska caabin sare warbaahinta kala duwan xoqe, sida acids ku urursan iyo alkalis. Iyagu ma ay u nugul daxalka electrochemical. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, iyada oo sii kordhaya wax miisaanka kelli waa hoos u dhac milmi in qase organic. Oo polymers isagoo qaab-dhismeedka da'ayeen, guud ahaan mana dayacna ku yidhi dheecaanka.

guryaha jirka

polymers intooda badan waa insulators, marka lagu daro, waxay yihiin qalab aan magnetic. Dhammaan qalabka dhismaha loo isticmaalo oo kaliya in ay leeyihiin (oo ku saabsan labaatan jeer ka badan in ka mid ah biraha weyn) conductivity ugu hooseeya kaamerada iyo awoodda kulaylka ugu badan, iyo yaraanshaha kaamerada. Sababta luminta cidhiidhi kiniisadaha kala duwan quwad marka heerkulku hooseeyo waa wax-u caag vitrification ah, iyo sidoo kale farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya horgalaha ah ballaarinta biraha iyo caag ee gobolka vitrified.

guryaha farsamo

qalabka Polymeric leeyihiin tiro balaadhan oo ah guryaha si farsamaysan kuwaas oo si weyn ugu tiirsan oo ay qaab-dhismeedka. ka meel Marka taa laga reebo, saameyn weyn ku ah guryaha farsamo mid ah waxyaabaha la leeyihiin waxaa laga yaabaa kala duwan ee arrimaha dibadda. Waxaa ka mid ah :. Heerkulka, soo noqnoqoshada, duration, ama heerka of loading, nooca gobolka carabka ku adkeeyay, cadaadis, nooca deegaanka, daaweynta kulaylka, iwm peculiarity ee guryaha farsamo ee qalabka polymeric xooggoodu waa xad sare ee qallafsanaan aad u hooseeya (marka loo eego Biraha).

polymers waxay u adag loo qaybin karaa, taas oo u dhiganta modulus ee barti E = 1.10 GPA (fiber, filim, caag ah), iyo waxyaabaha elastomeric jilicsan, modulus barti waa E = 1-10 MPA (caag). Iyo hab of burburinta labadaba way kala duwan yihiin.

Waayo, qalabka polymeric lagu gartaa anisotropy a fahmayaan of guryaha, iyo sidoo kale hoos u of xoog, horumarinta duurku soo bixiyo loading daba dheeraaday. Isla mar ahaantaana waxay leeyihiin iska caabin ah oo si caddaalad ah sare si ay daal. In la barbardhigo Biraha, iyagu waa tiirsanaanta more xoog guryaha farsamo on heerkulka. Mid ka mid ah sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee qalabka polymeric waa deformability ah (ductility). Sida laga soo xigtay dhimaya this in tiro balaadhan oo ah heerkulka ansixiyay si ay u qiimeeyaan guryaha aasaasiga ah hawl iyo farsamada ay.

qalabka Polymeric waayo, dhulka

Haddaba, mid muuqashadii codsiga la taaban karo ee polymers, bixinta oo dhan kala duwan ee suurtogalka ah ee qalabkan. Waxyaabahani helay codsiga ballaaran ee dhismaha iyo dayactirka iyo shaqada dhammeeyey, gaar ahaan in daahan ee dabaqyada. caan weyn waxaa sabab u ah sifooyinka of walxaha ee su'aasha waayo, iyagu waa adkaysi u abrasion, maloteploprovodny, waxay leeyihiin nuugista biyo yar, xoog ku filan oo adag, hantiyi tayada sare ee rinjiga. Soo saaridda qalabka polymeric loo qaybin karaa saddex kooxood: linoleum (roll), waxyaabaha sheet iyo screed qalab isku dhiska. Haddaba aynu si kooban u eegno mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah.

Linoleum soo saaray noocyada kala duwan ee buuxiyo iyo polymers. Ay ka kooban ayaa sidoo kale ka mid noqon kara plasticizers, qalabka processing, iyo pigments. Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca wax polymer, kala saaro caag (Gliphtal), chloride polyvinyl, caag, kolloksilinovye iyo blaastiigga kale. Waxaa intaa dheer, waxay qaab ahaan u qaybsan raad lahayn oo la sound-, qalabada aasaaska unilamellar iyo multilamellar, la siman, dusha jiingado iyo fleecy iyo hal iyo multi-midab.

qalabka ka dusiyeen sameeyey ku salaysan qaybaha polymeric, waxay leeyihiin iska caabin abrasion aad u yar, iska caabin ah kiimikada iyo cimri dherer. Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca wax cayriin, noocan ah wax soo saarka polymer kala qaybsan yihiin coumarone kumaronopolivinilhloridnye, PVC, caag, fenolitovye, marmarka shinida, iyo sidoo kale guddiga walxaha iyo fiberboard.

Qalabka for screeds ah kuwa ugu haboon oo nadiif ah si ay u isticmaalaan, waxay leeyihiin xoog sare. isku Kuwani waxa loo qaybin karaa Polymer-, la taaban karo polymer iyo copolymer polyvinyl.