RNA iyo DNA. RNA - waxa uu yahay waxan? RNA: Qaabkadhismeedka, shaqo, noocyada

jeer ee aan ku nool nahay waxa lagu calaamadiyaa isbeddel wayn, horumar weyn marka ay dadku aad u hesho jawaabaha su'aalaha cusub. Life si degdeg ah hore u socda, oo aan muddo dheer ka hor u muuqatay wax aan macquul aheyn, wuxuu bilaabaa in la fuliyo. Waxaa macquul ah in maanta ay u muuqataa dhagarta sheekooyin sayniska, sidoo kale, ugu dhakhsaha badan ay u bartaan doonaa muuqaalada dhabta ah.

Mid ka mid ah daahfurtay ugu muhiimsan ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii labaatanaad noqday acids RNA nucleic iyo DNA in dadka ka dhigi u dhaw in ay soo oogayaa qarsoon ee dabiiciga ah.

acids nucleic

Nucleic acid - yihiin xeryahooda organic isagoo ah guryaha kelli sare. Waxay ka kooban yahay hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen iyo fosfooraska.

Waxay helay in 1869 by F. Miescher, kuwaas oo baaritaan malax ah. Laakiin markaas uu helay ma lifaaq muhiimad gaar ah. Kaliya ka dib, markii acids kuwan waxaa laga helaa dhammaan unugyada xayawaanka iyo dhirta, fahamka ay door weyn.

Waxaa jira laba nooc oo acids nucleic: RNA iyo DNA (deoxyribonucleic iyo ribonucleic acid). Maqaalkani waxa uu diiradda saarayaa ribonucleic acid, laakiin sidoo kale eegto faham la wadaago oo ah waxa DNA ah.

Waa maxay deoxyribonucleic acid?

DNA - acid ah nucleic ka kooban laba qaybood, kuwaas oo ku xiran yihiin silsilado hydrogen sharciga complementarity saldhig nitrogenous. silsilado Long qaloocdo galay muquuninta ka mid ah mid ka mid markeeda ka kooban yahay ku dhawaad toban nucleotides. Dhexroor ee galool labanlaab laba milimitir, masaafada u dhexeysa nucleotides ah - nus nanometer ah. Dhererka hal Britain ayaa mararka qaarkood gaaro dhowr sentimitir. DNA dherer bu'da unugga aadanaha ee ku dhawaad laba mitir.

Dhamaan macluumaadka ku jira hidda-dhismeedka DNA. Waxay leedahay taranka DNA, taas oo macnaheedu yahay habka by kaas oo hal Britain uu soo saaray laba isku - shuraakada.

Sida horeba loo xusay, circuit wuxuu ka kooban yahay nucleotides ka kooban oo iyana ka mid ah saldhigyada nitrogenous (adenayn, gu'anayn, thaymiin, iyo saytosayn) oo ka hadhay acid phosphorous. All nucleotides saldhig nitrogenous kala duwan. lagala kulmo hydrogen ma dhici dhexeeya saldhigyadii, adenayn oo dhan, tusaale ahaan, ku xidhi karaa oo keliya thaymiin ama gu'anayn. Sayidka, nucleotides adenayn ee jirka sida ugu badan ee thymidylic, iyo tirada gu'anayn uyeelaysaan kuwo cytidylic (xeerarka Chargaff ee). Waxaa soo baxday in la gooyo mid silsilad isku xigxiga predetermines kale ah, iyo silsilad oo kale ah midba midka kale muraayad. nidaam noocan oo kale ah, kuna waari dhexdeeda ah nucleotides oo ka mid ah labada silsiladood oo qabanqaabiyaa habsami leh oo eegista xiran, waxaa lagu magacaabaa ah mabda'a complementarity. Ka sokow xeryahooda hydrogen, galool ah double iyo interfaces hydrophobic.

Oo labada silsiladood oo ay leeyihiin jiho oo kala duwan, in loo qabanqaabiyaa jiho ka soo hor jeedda. Sidaa darteed treh 'audio soo horjeeda-dhamaadka waa pyati'-terminus of silsilad kale.

Dibadda Britain DNA ekaan jaranjarada muquuninta ah, taas oo ah laf-sonkor-phosphate ee la cuskado, tallaabooyinka iyo - saldhig nitrogen kaabaha.

Waa maxay RNA?

RNA - acid ah nucleic la monomers yeedhay ribonucleotides.

By kiimikaad waxaa aad la mid ah DNA tan iyo labada polymers waa nucleotides matalaya fosfolirovanny N-glycoside xagjirka ah oo la dhisay on pentose ah (sonkorta shan-carbon), eb carbon shanaad group phosphate iyo saldhig nitrogen at eb ah carbon ugu horeeyay a.

Waxay ka dhigan tahay mid ka mid silsilad polynucleotide (marka laga reebo fayrusyada), kaas oo wax badan ka gaaban tahay in ee DNA.

Mid ka mid ah monomer of RNA - waa haraadiga walxaha soo socda:

• saldhig nitrogen;
• monosaccharide shan-carbon;
• phosphorous acid.

RNAs waa pyrimidine (saytosayn oo uracil) iyo purine ah (adenayn, gu'anayn) saldhiga. Ribose waa nucleotide a RNA monosaccharide.

The kala duwan ee RNA iyo DNA

acids Nucleic kala duwan yihiin midba midka kale by sifooyinka soo socda:

• lacagta waxaa ka mid ah in gacanta ay ku xidhan tahay qalabka gobolka, da'da iyo xubnaha jir;
• DNA ku jira carbohydrate deoxyribose, iyo RNA - ribose;
• saldhig nitrogenous in DNA - thaymiin, halka RNA - uracil;
• fasalada qabtaan hawlaha kala duwan, laakiin waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo furta DNA ah;
• DNA waxay ka kooban tahay galool a double, iyo RNA - ka hal silsilad;
• waayo, iyada xeerarka Chargaff uncharacteristic, ku simaha ee DNA;
• RNA saldhig dheer yar;
• silsilad aad bay u kala duwan yihiin oo dherer ah.

History of daraasadda

RNA Cell markii ugu horaysay la helay by biochemist ka Germany, Robert Altman daraasadda of unugyada khamiir. In dhexe ee qarnigii labaatanaad waxa ay muujiyeen kaalinta DNA ee genetics. Markaas oo keliya ayaa ku tilmaamay iyo noocyada RNA, hawlaha, iyo wixii la mid ah. 80-90% by miisaanka ee gacanta ku dhacaa, a p-RNA, wada la xirrira la protein iyo ribosome ka qayb biosynthesis protein.

In si demoqaraadiyad ah ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay ayaa markii ugu horeysay soo jeediyay in ay jiraan nooc ka mid ah in xanbaarsan yahay macluumaad hidaha for Avv borotiinka. Ka dib markii cilmi ogaadeen in uu jiro macluumaad sida acids ribonucleic matalaya koobi kaabaha ah hiddo. Waxaa loo yaqaan RNAs Rasuul.

In kelmadaha macluumaadka diiwaan ay ku lug waxa loogu yeero gaadiidka acid.

Hababka Later lagu soosaaray ogaado xigxiga nucleotide iyo qaab-dhismeedka RNA waxa lagu xiraa in acid meesha bannaan ee. Sidaas darteed, waxaa la ogaaday in qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan ribozymes dhegi kara silsilad poliribonukleotidnye. Sidaas darteed, waxaan bilaabay in ay aaminsan yihiin in waqti marka nolosha bilaabay on meeraha, iyo ku simaha RNA aan DNA iyo borotiinka. Oo dhammuna wuxuu transformations sameeyaa iyada ka qaybqaadashada.

Dhismaha taagoo acid ribonucleic

Ku dhowaad dhammaan of RNA ah - silsilad hal polynucleotides in ay yihiin, markeeda, waxay ka kooban yihiin monoribonukleotidov - purine iyo saldhigyadii pyrimidine.

Nucleotides waa xarfaha hore loogu yeero saldhig:

• adenayn (A), A,
• gu'anayn (G), G,
• saytosayn (C), C,
• uracil (U), W.

Waxay ku xiran yihiin midba midka kale bonds saddex iyo pyatifosfodiefirnymi.

Tirada Inta badan oo kala duwan oo nucleotides (ka tobanaan dhowr in tobanaan kun) waxaa ka mid ah in qaab-dhismeedka RNA ah. Waxay sameeyaan kara qaabka sare, oo ka kooban muhiimad of qaybood dvutsepochnyh gaaban, taas oo la sameeyey saldhigyadii kaabaha.

Qaab dhismeedka Britain ribnukleinovoy acid

Sida hore u soo sheegnay, Britain uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka hal-ku xayiran. Qaab dhismeedka sare RNA helo iyo qaabka ay sabab u tahay xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya nucleotide ah. polymer A kuwaas oo monomer waa nucleotide ka kooban hadhay sonkorta ee acid fosfooraska, iyo nitrogen saldhig ah. Dibadda Britain sida mid ka mid ah qaybood DNA ah. Nucleotides adenayn iyo gu'anayn, waa qayb ka mid ah RNA waa purine. Saytosayn oo uracil yihiin saldhigyada pyrimidine.

habka Avv The

Si Britain RNA ku dhexsameeysmo jirka, furta oo waa Britain DNA ah. Inta badan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka dambe marka taagoo cusub deoxyribonucleic acid aasaasay on furta ribonucleic. Waxay tani dhacdaa marka taranka ee noocyada qaar ka mid ah fayrasyada.

The eed biosynthesis ayaa sidoo kale u adeegaan taagoo kale ee ribonucleic acid. Its qoraal dhaca bu'da unugga, ku lug leh ensaymes badan, laakiin ugu weyn ee kaas oo ah polymerase RNA ah.

noocyada

Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca RNA, hawlaha ay sidoo kale way kala duwan yihiin. Waxaa jira dhawr nooc:

• Macluumaadka iyo RNA;
• rRNA ribosomal;
• tRNA gaadiidka;
• yar;
• ribozymes;
• viral.

Information ribonucleic acid

taagoo noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan furta. Waxay ka samaysan gacanta ee ku saabsan laba boqolkiiba wadarta guud. In unugyada eukaryotic, ay ku dhexsameeysmo xuduntii for Arrays DNA, ka dibna marayay galay cytoplasm iyo ku qabanaya in ribosomes. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, ay u noqdaan kuwo arrimo for Avv borotiinka: waxay ku biiray by RNA kala iibsiga, kuwaas oo acids amino. Sayidka habka diinta macluumaadka kaas oo la ogaaday in qaab gaar ah protein ah. In qaar ka mid ah RNA viral sidoo kale koromosoomyada ah.

Yacquub iyo Mano waa bilaabayaasha noocan ah. Oo aan lahayn qaab-dhismeedka a adag, u yeela wareeg ah loop qalooca. Aan shaqayn, iyo RNA waa la laabayaa waxaana soo galay kubad, iyo si ka shaqeeya meel.

mRNA xanbaarsan yahay macluumaad ku saabsan isku xigxiga ee acids amino in protein ah in uu ku dhexsameeysmo jirka. Mid kasta oo acid amino waa encoded meel gaar ah iyaga oo gargaar ka codes hidde, kuwaas oo ku waani:

• Triplet - afar mononucleotides suurto gal ah in la dhiso a afar iyo lixdan codons (code genetic);
• neperekreschivaemost - macluumaad la barwaaqaysan ee hal jiho,
• sii - Mabda 'ka shaqeeya hoos yimaado xaqiiqada ah in mid ka mid-RNA - mid ka mid ah protein,
• caalamiyeen - tan ama taas nooca amino acid waa la encoded in noolaha oo dhan si isku mid ah;
• degeneracy - labaatan acids amino lagu yaqaan iyo codon - kow iyo lixdan, in uu yahay, waxay encoded by tiro ka mid ah codes hidaha.

Ribosomal acid ribonucleic

taagoo noocan oo kale ah ka koobnaan tirada ugu badan ee RNAs gacanta, kuwaas oo, iyo siddeetan in sagaashan boqolkiiba wadarta guud. Waxay biiriyo borotiinada iyo ribosomes loo sameeyay - this organelles fulinta Avv borotiinka.

Ribosomes ka kooban yahay shan iyo lixdan boqolkiiba oo ka mid ah p-RNA iyo shan iyo soddon boqolkiiba protein ah. silsilad polynucleotide Tani waxay si fudud u sara kacaba ay la socdaan protein ah.

ribosome wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaybo acid amino iyo peptide. Waxay ku yaalaan meelaha la xiriiraya.

Ribosomes guuraan si xor ah in unugyada si synthesize borotiinada meelaha ku habboon. Iyagu ma ay yihiin kuwo aad u gaar ah iyo ma aha oo kaliya ka akhrisan kartaa warbixin ka mRNA, laakiin sidoo kale si ay u sameeyaan shax iyaga la.

Gaadiidka ribonucleic acid

tRNA ugu bartay. Waxay sameeyaan ilaa toban boqolkiiba RNA gacanta. Noocyadaas xidho RNA in amino acids by enzyme gaar ah, iyo waxa loo dhiibaa ribosomes ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, acids amino ah waxaa loo qaadaa by taagoo gaadiidka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay dhacdo in encode amino acid codons kala duwan. Markaasaan iyagii u gudbiyaan waxaa jira dhowr RNA kala iibsiga.

Waxaa soo galay kubad, marka firfircoon, shaqaynaya oo uu leeyahay qaab cloverleaf ah.

Waxay kala duwanaayeen meelahan soo socda:

• stem aqbalana isagoo ACC xigxiga nucleotide ah;
• qayb adeegaya for lifaaqa in ribosome ah;
• anticodon habaynteeda acid amino ah, kaas oo ku lifaaqan tRNA this.

foomka Yar ribonucleic acid

Recently, noocyada RNA ayaa kaabaya fasalka cusub, waxa loogu yeero RNAs yar. Waxay u badan tahay inay noqon xakamaysada a universal oo awood ama gab hiddo-horumarinta SNMna, iyo sidoo kale maamulaa geedi socodka gudaha unugyada.

Ribozymes sidoo kale dhawaan shaaca ka qaaday, ay si firfircoon ay ku lug leeyihiin, markii si cajiib leh RNAs, isagoo Hannaan.

noocyada Viral ee acids

Fayrasku waxa uu ka kooban karaa acid ribonucleic ama deoxyribonucleic. Sidaa darteed, la taagoo kala waxaa lagu magacaabaa RNA-ka kooban. Marka lagu mudaa gacanta fayraska dhacdaa qoraal dambe - oo ku salaysan acid ribonucleic, DNA cusub oo ku dheggan gacanta, hubinta jiritaanka iyo taranka fayraska. Xaaladdan oo kale, formation of RNA dhamaystiraya helay. Fayrusyada borotiinada maarmin iyo dhalmo tagaa oo aan DNA, laakiin kaliya oo ku saleysan macluumaadka ku jira RNA fayraska.

taranka

Si loo horumariyo fahamka guud ee loo baahan yahay si ay u eegaan habka taranka, taas oo ay jiraan laba taagoo isku mid ah nucleic acid. Sidaas bilaabmaa qaybsamidda unugga.

Waxay ku lug leedahay DNA polymerase, polymerase RNA DNA-tiirsane ah oo ligase DNA.

habka taranka wuxuu saameynayaa qodobbadan soo socda:

• despiralization - waa DNA waalidka unwinding a isku xig xiga xiiso Britain oo dhan;
• bonds hydrogen waa jajaban yihiin, kuna waari dhexdeeda Silsiladdana lagu kala oo u muuqda fargeeto replicative;
• dNTPs sixitaanka xoreeyay si silsilad saldhig waalidka;
• cholesterol of pyrophosphate ka dNTPs taagoo iyo formation fosfornodiefirnyh xiriirka on account of tamarta;
• respiralizatsiya.

Ka dib markii formation of Britain ayaa kala qaybsan hoosaad xuduntii, cytoplasm iyo nasasho. Sayidka, labada unugyada gabadhii loo sameeyay, si buuxda u helno dhammaan warbixinnada hidaha.

Intaa waxaa dheer, qaabka encoded hoose ee borotiinada kuwaas oo ku dhexsameeysmo gacanta. DNA ee geedi socodka this qaadataa qayb aan toos ahayn, halkii si toos ah, oo ka kooban in xaqiiqda ah in ay dhacdo ugu Avv DNA ku lug leh dhismaha borotiinada, RNA ah. Nidaamkan waxaa loo yaqaan qoraal.

qoraal

Avv The oo dhan ee u taagoo dhacdaa inta lagu jiro qoraal, ie leexiyo macluumaad hidde ka DNA ah operon gaar ah. Geedi socodka waa isku mid qaar ka mid ah dhinacyada ay uga faa'ideysan, halka qaar kalena ay si weyn u kala duwan ka.

Egyihiin ka mid ah qaybaha soo socda:

• waa bilaabay inuu xumaanta hurgumada leh ee DNA;
• dillaac silsilado hydrogen dhexeeya wareeggeedii saldhig,
• waa kaabaha inay la qabsadaan NTF ah;
• formation of bonds hydrogen.

Khilaaf ka taranka:

• marka qayb spliced of qoraal DNA, transcriptional ku haboon, halka Oo Qaliin untwisting taranka Britain oo dhan;
• la qabsadaan marka ay soo guuriyeen NTF ku jira ribose iyo uracil halkii thaymiin;
• Macluumaadka waxaa qoran off oo keliya kala duwan oo loo dejiyay,
• ka dib markii formation of bonds hydrogen iyo silsilad Britain ee uu ku dhexsameeysmo jabay, iyo bogagga silsilad la DNA ah.

Waayo, hawlgalka caadiga ah ee qaab dhismeedka hoose ee RNA waa inay ku jiraan exons kaliya culsu oo la goobaha DNA.

Waxaan hadda bilowday geedi socodka of koriinkedu of RNA sameeyay. qaybaha Silent waa la baabbi'iyey, tolaa iyo foomka wargelin silsilad polynucleotide ah. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, nooc kasta oo uu leeyahay Isbadal sifo.

mRNA The dhacdaa ku biiro dhamaadka bilowga ah. By dhamaadka qaybtii biiray poliadenilat.

tRNA The modified saldhigga, la xirrira ah noocyada yar.

Marka p-RNA iyo saldhigyadii aalkolada oo kala duwan.

Difaaco dhaawac iyo hagaajiyo gaadiidka borotiinada galay cytoplasm ah. RNA ee gobolka baaluq ku xiran yihiin iyaga la.

Macnaha deoxyribonucleic iyo ribonucleic acids

acids Nucleic yihiin muhiimad weyn ee u shaqeeyo. Waxay ku kaydsan, gaadiid si cytoplasm iyo Dhaxli macluumaad unugyada gabadhii on borotiinada ku dhexsameeysmo gacanta kasta. Waxay la joogo in noolaha oo dhan waa, xasiloonida ee acids, kuwaas oo lagama maarmaan u tahay hawlaha caadiga ah ee labada cell iyo u shaqeeyo oo dhan. Isbeddel kasta oo ay qaab-dhismeedka horseedi doono isbedel gacanta.