Acids Nucleic - taladeeda haya macluumaad hidde

acid Nucleic (xuduntii - core) - xeryahooda organic, kuwaas oo la xidhiidha jiritaanka oo dhan habka aasaasiga ah ee arrinta ku nool. biopolymers Kuwan waxaa marka hore loo aqoonsaday by F. Miescher (1968) la nuclei leukocyte. Wax yar ka dib, ee acids nucleic la ogaaday in dhammaan unugyada dadka, xoolaha iyo dhirta, microbes iyo fiiruska. Sidaas darteed, waxaa la cadeeyay in xeryahooda noolaha ku jira oo dhan unugyada noolaha, waa sidayaal ugu weyn ee macluumaadka la iska dhaxlo, ay ku lug biosynthesis ee borotiinada ee u shaqeeyo ah.

bandhigga acid Nucleic

acids Nucleic waa nucleoproteins kooxaha bedalay. badeecada dhamaadka ay hydrolysis - purine iyo pyrimidine saldhigyada, pentose iyo phosphoric acid. Halabuurka kiimikada kala deoxyribonucleic (DNA) iyo acid ribonucleic (RNA). Dhismaha DNA waxaa ka mid monosaccharide - deoxyribose, in RNA - ribose. xeryahooda kuwani ku kala duwan ka soo kasta saldhigyadii kale nitrogenous, ee qaab dhismeedka of taagoo, deegaamaynta gacanta, iyo sidoo kale hawlaha.

Xeryahooda Britain ayaa ka kooban purine ama saldhig pyrimidine iyo pentose ah (ribose, deoxyribose), loo yaqaan nuklozidami. Title nuleozida goostay xarunta nitrogenous oo ay ku jiraan in ay qaab-dhismeedka. Tusaale ahaan, nucleoside ah oo ay ku jiraan adenayn yeedhay adenosine, gu'anayn - guanosine, saytosayn - cytidine, uracil - uridine, thaymiin - thymidine. Iyada oo ku xidhan carbohydrates in ay kor u taagoo kala rubonukleozidy iyo deoxyribonucleosides.

Ka sokow saldhig nitrogenous aasaasiga ah, acid nucleic   ku jira more   iyo kuwa lagu magacaabo saldhig yar ee taxanaha purine iyo pyrimidine (1-methyladenine, dihydrouracil, 1-methylguanine, 3 methyluracil, pseudouridine et al.).

Nucleotides waa esters phosphate of nucleosides. Britain ayaa waxay ka kooban tahay purine a nucleotide ama saldhigyada pyrimidine, pentose (ribose ama deoxyribose) oo ka hadhay acid phosphoric in xidhana in la eb ee pentoses shanaad ama saddexaad Carbo.

Qaab dhismeedka acid Nucleic iyo shaqada.

The nucleotides shaqsi way isku wada dheggan qaab qaybsamaa this, sadex, tetra-, penta-, hexa, hepta iyo polynucleotides, i.e. acids nucleic. acids Nucleic ka kooban yihiin boqolaal ama kumanaan kun oo nucleotides qofka way isku wada dheggan by group hydroxyl ah, oo ku yaalla meel u dhow la eb 3'-th pentose Carbo ka mid ah nucleotide la acid phosphoric haraaga ah in waxa uu ku yaalaa meel u dhaw 5 th eb pentose Carbo of nucleotide soo socda.

DNA yihiin waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah hidde nool oo dhan hababka noolaha. In noolaha marka laga reebo bakteeriyada iyo fayraska, waxaa ku kooban ee bu'da unugga. Qaddar yar oo acid ah waa mid isku urursan ee mitochondria iyo chloroplasts.

acids Ribonucleic loo aqoonsaday in ku dhawaad jajab unug kasta. Qadarka ugu weyn ee RNA waa mid isku urursan ee qaybaha ribonucleoprotein - ribosomes. Waa in la sheegay in inta badan RNAs ku jira cytoplasm ah, oo kaliya 10-15% waa qayb ka mid ah xabbad yaruna.

RNA ku salaysan deegaamaynta gacanta, shaqada noolaha, miisaanka kelli loo qaybiyaa sadex qaybood: ribosomal, gaadiidka iyo furta.

RNA Ribosomal kooban ee dhagaxyada ah cytoplasmic ribosomes meesha ay adag ku xidhay in borotiinka. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa miisaanka sare kelli. Gaadiidka RNA waxaa laga helaa inta badan unugyada hyaloplasm, dheecaanka nuclear ee mitochondria iyo chloroplasts. Waxay leeyihiin a miisaanka kelli hooseeyo (40 kun. Daltons). Shaqadooda ugu weyni waa gaadiidka ee acids amino shaqeysiin ka adag amino acid - amp enzyme goobta of Avv borotiinka, ie, si ribosomes ah. Daraasad caafimaad oo ay muujiyeen in amino acid kasta wuxuu leeyahay tRNA gaar ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxaa jira in ka badan 60 nooc oo RNA kala iibsiga.

Rasuulka RNA (RNA Rasuul). Britain mRNA kasta inta lagu guda jiro ereygu in xuduntii warbixin ka heshay DNA oo u kala iibsiga si ay u ribosomes ah meesha ay ku dhaqan la biosynthesis protein.