Seigniorage - waxa uu yahay waxan? Terms of lacag badeecadaha

In 1290, Philip IV lahaa dagaallada ka France. Money maalgelin kuma filna. Roomaanka qadaadiicda cusub oo dhan si ay sicir bararka weyn keentay. Si loo xaqiijiyo in ay joogaan oo dahab ah meeshii khasnaddu tiil, boqorka dhacay boqortooyada Lombards ah, ka qaaday lacagtii oo Yuhuud ah iyo kala wareegid hantida Templars ah. Waxaas oo dhan waxaa lagu sameeyey si looga fogaado bixinta seigniorage - abaalgud bireed ee lacagta birta ah.

wadnaha

Seigniorage - waa dakhliga ka soo jeeda ee ahaa helitaanka lacagta gobolka. Xukuumadda xakamayn kartaa xaddiga lacagta ee wareegga. Waa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee siyaasadda credit ee dalka.

In qarniyadii dhexe waxa ay ku hawlan, reexaanta coinage. sayidkiisu dhulgoosadka biraha helay ka macaamiisha ah. Inta badan oo ka mid ah alaabta ceeriin ee loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee lacagta birta ah, iyo inta kale ee u adeegay sidii lacagta adeegga. seigniorage IMF - waa dakhli, oo waxaa loo kala qaybiyay brassazhem (reexaanta) iyo Qaranimo (sayidkaygiiyow dhulgoosadka).

formation

Qiimaha ma ku kala duwan yihiin Roomaanka ee lacagta birta ah ee madaahibta kala duwan, Laakiinse dhagaxii miisaanka oo ku fadhin. Sidaa darteed, in dalalka qaar ka mid ah lacagta lagu gar gooyn doonaa taas oo ku xidhan qiimaha magacaaban, ama boqolkiiba oo ka mid ah miisaanka iyo mugga ee hal shilin. Ina keena aynu baaro si dhow waxa seigniorage ah (MIT).

Ereygan waxa loo tarjumay ka Laatiin macnaheedu yahay "sayidkiinna", ama "oday." waxaa la xisaabiyaa siyaabo kala duwan marka la eego ganacsiga iyo lacag fiatnyh. In wakhtiga lacagta adeegga Philip IV ee waa faraqa u dhexeeya qiimaha lacagta birta ah iyo lacag ah, taasoo loo adeegsaday ay soo saaridda.

seigniorage Modern - faraqa u dhexeeya qiimaha arrinta iyo qiimaha magacaaban oo ka mid ah daabacaada lacag cusub.

A yar oo taariikh

Garsoore Judge soo saartay xukun, sida laga soo xigtay oo Bangiga Dhexe ee Italy waa in ay kala duwan yihiin in kharashka daabacaadda lacagta in ay ku noqdaan muwaadiniinta dalka. Waayo, 8 sano deynta ah ee hawlaha Wasaaradda Maaliyadda ee Bangiga Dhexe ee sanadka 2003 lacag dhan 5 milyan oo euro. Laakiin wakhtigan dacwadda u dhaqaaqay awoodda sharci ee baanka dhexe ee yurubiyanka. Iyada oo taageero ka ADUSBEF haya sheegashada in baananka Association of Macaamiisha, qareennada Bangiga Dhexe ee racfaan go'aanka hore, waxa ugu yeeray aan macquul ahayn.

Tusaale ahaan Tani waa mid aad u muhiim ah. Seigniorage kacay in muddada dhulgoosadka, laakiin ka shaqeeya ilaa maantadan la joogo. Markaasaa maanta, waayo arrinta faa'iidada raso gobolka. Dhibaatada waxa ay tahay in arrinta lacagta aan ku xaddidnayn. Marka ay tirada badan yahay xaddiga badeecada la heli karo, waxaa jira kaca qiimaha.

Seigniorage iyo canshuurta sicir bararka

Si loo kordhiyo helitaanka lacagta waxay noqon kartaa, arrinta raso, siinta lacag qabtay deposit iyo iibsashada bonds dowladda. In jawi dhaqaale xasilloon, arrinta raso abuuraa canshuurta sicir bararka. Emission yaraynaysaa qiimaha tirada hantida maaliyadeed. heerka sarrifka nidaaminaya dowladda. xarunta hawada ee wejiga of Bangiga Dhexe helo oo dhan faa'iidada u kordhisay helitaanka lacagta. canshuurta Sicir waxaa lagu magacaabaa la qariyey, sababta oo ah arrinta saameeyaa dadka aan samayn index dakhligooda oo xajiya qaab kayd ee bangiga.

Dawladdu waxay helo caasimada dheeraad ah, sii kordhaya heerka sicir bararka. First ogaaday Americans iyo abuuray xarun warshadu hawada hal - Rep. Ka dib markii wadadii uu aasaaso monoboli ahaa Depression Great. Maanta waxa ka shaqeeya mashruuca oo ay xukuumaddu ku lacag suuqa ka helo.

Faa'iido ka lacag fiatnyh

Haddii lacagta ka samaysan yihiin wax haysta qiimaha ka mid ah premium share waa faraqa u dhexeeya qiimaha iyo qiimaha magacaaban raso (warqad ama electronic). Tusaale ahaan, haddii kharashka boqol biilasha dollar waa 4 cents, seigniorage uu noqon doono 9996 cents. Oo waa hal faa'iido. Haddii aan ka fiirsan, waayo, sannad kasta oo ka mid ah 10-kii sano ee nolosha biil by celcelis 4 isbeddelkaas maray, dakhliga ka helay aad u weyn.

Emission ee aan lacagta caddaanka ah bixinaya off ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba. Sidaa darteed, culimada qaar ku doodayaan in seigniorage elektarooniga waa qodob muhiim ah ee raasamaal Xoolo qarnigii XXI ah.

Faa'iido ka arrinta qoraal kordhiyaa, haddii lacagta dibadda loo isticmaalo. Tusaale ahaan, Maraykanka helo seigniorage ka badan dal kasta oo kale oo adduunka ah. Dollar loo isticmaalo ganacsiga caalamiga ah, raasamaal ee kaydka. Xaaladdan oo kale, seigniorage - waa dakhli ka soo hantida dheeraad ah in la helay laga yaabaa in ay sabab u tahay dalka of kaydka shisheeye ay ka yar maalgelinta ee non-degan oo dhan kharashka maamulka.

Macluumaad ku saabsan inta seigniorage waa qarsoodi gobolka. Oo iyadu ma la siidaayay. Seigniorage ee Russia u dhaxeysa 15% of GDP. In Netherlands waa 0,66%, USA - 3%, halka Italy iyo Greece - in ka badan 10%.

Seigniorage - waa dakhli oo keliya ma aha, laakiin sidoo kale khasaare ah oo warshadu hawada. Qiimaha wax soo saarka ee lacagta birta ah ee heshaan yar waxaa inta badan ma daboolo ay qiimaha par. Sidaa darteed, bangiyada badan dhexe ha soo saari, ama waxaa timaada in aad u yar.

Halkee ma seignorage ah?

Share premium ma aha in gacmaha gaarka ah, wuxuu u diray Bankiga Dhexe. In Maraykanka, dakhliga ka soo arrinta waxaa loo wareejiyey xisaabaadka Reserve Federaalka, inkastoo gobolka adeegsigiisa xeer. Qayb ka mid ah faa'iido ah (6%) la faray in bixinta saami, iyo inta kale waxaa lagu tiriyaa in ay dakhliga miisaaniyadda. In la barbardhigo, maal-gaarka ah BOJ heli 4% of premium saamiga. Seigniorage in Russia waxaa loo kala qaybiyaa laba qaybood. Half aado gobolka, iyo qaybta labaad ee hawlaha maalgeliyey Bank of Russia.

In Russia, kaliya racfaan ka soo saartay 15 milyan oo rabadh iyo 50 milyan oo lacagta birta ah. Taasi waa, xataa qiyaasaha ugu muxaafidka ah ee dakhliga ka soo hawada si weyn. Seigniorage sidoo kale dhici karaan oo sabab u ah degaya oo ka mid ah ka noqday oo aan la isticmaalin daabacaada lacag ururiya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Eurostat ayaa mamnuucday dalalka da u soo dirto share premium si loo yareeyo yarida miisaaniyadda. Laakiin dalalka kula jiraan sicir barar, on lid ku ah, seigniorage waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida ilo dakhli.

gunaanad

Emission lacag - waa hawl faa'iido. Sidaa darteed, waxay xaq u monoboli in ay soo saaraan raso yahay oo kaliya gobolka. Tan iyo hirgelinta fikrad this ayaa Bangiga Dhexe, ka dibna uu qoray natiijada dhaqaale oo ka tirsan howlgalka in line sheet dheelitirka ay. Laakiin in Russia helo kala bar lacagta miisaaniyadda gobolka.