Synecology barashada hababka dabiiciga ah

Ecology la cilmi barasho dhir, cilmi barasho xayawaan iyo anatomy marka la barbar dhigo waa edbinta yar noolaha in baxay bartamihii qarnigii 19-ka. Fiiriyo xiriirka ka mid ah waxyaabaha ku nool iyo bulshooyinka ay la mid kasta oo kale oo deegaanka jirka. Mid ka mid ah qaybaha ay - synecology - baarayaa ecology iyo noolaha ay ku nool yihiin qayb ka mid ah biogeocenosis: dhirta, cayayaanka, likaha, xoolaha la kaashanaya midba midka kale. Science laftiisa uu leeyahay asalka ay ka shaqaynayeen culimada sida L. Dollo, O. Abel, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

In this article, waxaan ku baran doonaa fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee qaybta ecology iyo aad u ogaato qaabka iyo shaqaynaya nidaamka dhawrista.

Biogeocoenoses qaybaha sida biosphere ah

Si wadajir ah shakhsiyaadka ka soo noocyada kala duwan - dadka - ku nool takooran. Waxay ka mideysan yihiin gelin bulshooyinka weyn - biocenoses. Waxaa intaa dheer, ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka gudahood deegaanka ah siiyey kici jiray cayn kasta oo xiriirka, sida allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, tartan, xidhiidh trofotsenoticheskie ah. Synecology maaddada xiriirka ka dhexeeya noolaha ku jira lafaguro, iyo baadhayaa cayimayo ee interspecies xiriirka ah ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka hoosaadyo in ay sameeyaan bulsho firfircoon.

Maxaa loola jeedaa nidaamka dhawrista

Waxaa hadda sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in sayniska dalaada ma aha oo kaliya muddada "biogeocoenosis" ah, laakiin sidoo kale wax sida "deegaanka", soo bandhigay by Arthur Tansley sida. Labada erayada waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo nidaamka dabiiciga ah iyo qaybaha ay: dadka fitosoobschestv iyo xoolaha in synecology cilmiga ku salaysan fikrada interconnectedness ee noolaha oo dhan ay deegaanka. Waa in la ogaadaa in u dhexeeya labada eego waa in aan la dhigantaa. Ereyga "biogeocoenose" siiyey V. Sukachyov, xambaarsan yahay micnaha weyn, xagga kaxeynayo dabiiciga ah wareegga ah ee arrinta iyo tamarta socodka ka dhaca iyaga oo ku. Laakiin fikradda ah "ecosystem" waa mid baahsan, gaar ahaan suugaanta ku sayniska iyo caanka ah, ay sabab u tahay aerodynamics ay waxaa hadda loo isticmaalaa in sifaha kala duwan oo kaxeynayo noolaha, labada dabiiciga ah iyo kuwa aan dabiici ahayn.

Aragtida biogeocoenose V. N. Sukacheva

views saynisyahanka la sameeyey sarkhaansan bayoolajiga Ruush caan Dokuchaev, ku hawlan sayniska ciidda, iyo Vernadsky - aasaasihii oo ka mid ah aragtida of biosphere ah. Ayadoo la mideeyo aqoonta geochemistry, ee Forest, geobotany V. Sukachev ayaa abuuray anshaxa cusub - biogeocenology. Waxay, iyo sidoo kale synecology - qaybta ecology, maaddada xiriirka ka mid ah noolaha gudahood biome a, ka fiirsaneysa inay astaamaha xiriirka interspecific iyo dadka ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka ka tirsan ee phytoplankton iyo zoocenoses. Iyada oo ku saleysan fikrado ah ee cilmiga ah, oo dhan layers of biosphere buuxa ee nolosha, taas oo ay jiraan geedi socodka of interconversion dabdhaliyayaasha iyo tamarta. Waxay u adeegaan sida aasaaska silsiladda cuntada.

Waxaa ka mid ah soo saarayaasha - noolaha autotrophic, gaar ahaan dhirta. consuments raacay koowaad, labaad, saddexaad si ay, kuwaas oo heterotrophs.

link The final ee silsilado cuntada waa utilizers dhintay organic arrinta - decomposers. Waxaa ka mid ah bakteeriyada ciidda, saprotrophs fangaska sidoo kale cayayaan qaar ka mid ah. Dhamaan arrimood ee dabiiciga ah walax, waxaa ka mid ahaa in la lafaguro sida ciidda, biyaha, jawiga, ayaa lagu magacaabay biotope.

Hababka Research synecological

Oo wakhtigii hore ee sayniska, saynisyahano helay xogta tijaabo ah iyadoo la kaashanayo cilmi - guutadii. Bartamihii qarnigii 20-, hababka sida u noqday xukuma sida hab tijaabo wareega-taagan lagula soconayo ee, radiotreking. Qarnigii 21aad, waxa ay noqotay isticmaalka firfircoon raad iyadoo la kaashanayo satalayt Earth macmal ah dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka xoolaha. Tusaale ahaan, oo qanjaafiluu leeyahay naasalayda badan oo xoolo, ku tilmaamay radiochipami. Marka la eego xaqiiqada ah in synecology - qaybta ecology this, maaddada xiriirka ka dhexeeya tiro badan oo ah noolaha kasta oo kale, cilmi isticmaalay falanqaynta xisaabeed iyo cybernetics. Arintaan waxaa loo isticmaalaa ah matalaada iyo saadaasha ah qaybaha in ay kor u ah hababka dabiiciga ah.

Taasi baarayaa phytosociology ah functional

Geedaha waa ka qaybgalayaasha ugu muhiimsan ee hannaanka nolosha. Sidaas darteed of photosynthesis, ay bixiyaan oo dhan cunto kale xayawaan, siinta reserve a tamarta gaar ah. Synecology baarayaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya qaybaha iyo dadka phytocenosis of noolaha heterotrophic, cayayaanka, qudaar iyo carnivores.

Halabuurka The floristic bulshooyinka dhirta ugu biotsenozov arrin adag oo loo yaqaan noocyada qaninimada. organisms Plant in la lafaguro wakiil oo ah qaab heer, taas oo muhiim u ah noocyo kala duwan oo niches dhawrista. kala duwanaanta dadban ee dhirta loo yaqaan humaag iyo, in la barbardhigo Yeeelid ah, wax yar ku xiran tahay dhererka badallo. Laakiin waxaa si toos ah waxaa sabab u ah noocyada xiriirka, sida allelopathy iyo tartanka. bulshooyinka Plant beddelo dhaqdhaqaaqa ay sabab u garaaca kirkeydiyanka iyo wareegida, sida xaalufinta, geokataklizmy, dababka kaynta.

Sababaha dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka ee dadka xayawaanka

saynisyahano yaqaan sida S. Severtsov, N. V. Turkin, C. L. Elton, bartay isbedelada tirada shakhsiyaadka bulshada intraspecific. Oo Charles Hewitt asal ereyga "hirarka nolosha". Waxay dhacaan kaxeynayo dabiiciga ah iyo geedi socodka trofotsenoticheskimi yihiin tilmaamayaasha ee ka iman kara biotic ee hannaanka deegaameed. Study of dhaqdhaqaaqa tiro ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka waa muhiim wax ku ool weyn u ah tallaabooyin anti-faafa in xakameeyo kirkeydiyanka ee jiirka afgembi, faafidda cudurada arintaasi, sida cudurku iyo tulariimiya. Synecology kaloo baadhitaan saamaynta aadamiga ee zoocenoses xaaladda, in hoos u gaar ah oo dadka ka mid ah noocyada dhif ah oo khatar ku jirta, ay hoos u dhacday tirada bulshooyinka xoolaha ganacsi qiimo leh.

Noocyada xiriirka ee noolaha ee biomes ah

Xusuustaa synecology in - ecology in maaddada xiriirka ka dhexeeya shakhsiyaadka ee dhirta iyo ugaarta. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid mutualism, tartan, allelopathy. Tusaale ahaan, in phytocenology muddo dheer ka war xaqiiqda incompatibility qaar ka mid ah dhirta oo la midba midka kale: walnut madow shanqarta sun for pome iyo midhaha geedo dhagax walax hakiyo korriimadooda iyo fruiting, iyo sidoo kale waddooyinka dhimashada dhirta.

Mutualism - nooc ka mid ah wada noolaanshaha dadka ee noocyada kala duwan, kaas oo noolaha dheegato ay labada dhinac (carsaanyo biday iyo badda anemone ah, flagellates ku nool xiidmaha cayayaan iyo caawin iyaga ku jejebin hoos cellulose).

sarrifka Energy in biosphere ah

Biogeocoenoses dhismaha qolof ah oo nool oo dhulka, diinta waxaa lagu fuliyaa sida dabdhaliyayaasha ah iyo tamarta, oo waa nidaamka furan. Hababka dabiiciga ah u baahan yahay qulqulaya ah ee tamarta iftiinka. Phototrophs ay isticmaalka loogu talagalay ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee walxaha organic, ay u taagoo of ATP iyo ₂ NADFhN. Synecology - saynis ah in daraasad iyo isbeddelka labada dhinac ee dabdhaliyayaasha iyo tamarta.

Waxay leeyihiin view of a Ahraamta dhawrista iyo sahaydu ay. Dynamics tamar ka hooseeya heerka trophic in Adeeca sare shuruucda guud ee physics, weliba, farqiga u dhexeeya heerar tamarta ee ku guuleysan kara ku xiga ka dhigan tahay in 10-20%, halka tamarta haray waa ayuuna sida kulaylka. In warqad this aynu eegno qaybta of ecology - synecology, oo wuxuu helay hababka ay cilmi-baarista, iyo muhiimadda ay leedahay nolosha-taageero biosphere ah.