Taariikhda chemistry organic. The mawduuca iyo qiimaha Chemistry Organic

Dad yar ka fikir waxa doorka chemistry organic nolosha nin casriga ah. Laakiin waa weyn, way adag tahay in ay qiimayn dheeraad. In subaxdii, marka uu qofku soo tooso iyo tagaa si aad u maydho, oo si fiican u gelin fiidkii, markuu tago sariirta, wuxuu had iyo goor la socon wax soo saarka ee kimistari organic. Caday, dhar, warqad, la isku qurxiyo, alaabta guriga iyo guri qalabaynta, iyo qaar kaloo badan - waxan oo dhan ayaa ina siinaysaa waxa. Laakiin mar waxa aan ahaa kiiska, iyo kimistari organic in ay ogaadaan aad u yar.

Daaya aannu aragnee inuu talaabo sida fartaan talaabo taariikhda chemistry organic.

1. Muddada horumarka ilaa qarnigii XIV ah, loo yaqaan dabiiciga ah.

2. XV - qarnigii XVII - bilowga ah ee horumarinta ama alchemy iatrochemistry.

3. Century XVIII - XIX - Lagaga ee aragtida ah ee vitalism.

4. XIX - qarnigii XX - horumarinta degdegga ah, marxalad sayniska.

Bilow ama wajiga dabiiciga ah ee horumarinta chemistry organic

Wajigan waxa uu ka kooban yahay soo bixitaanka aad u of fikradda guud ee asal ahaan kiimikada. Iyo asal ahaan ka tagaan markii ay qadiimiga Rome iyo Masar, kuwaas oo dadka deegaanka aad u awood u barteen in ay ka dhigi formaldehyde walxaha midabaynta iyo dhar ka alaabta ceeriin dabiiciga ah - caleemaha iyo afkoda dhirta. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen indigo ah, siinta color moolka buluug, iyo alizorin xayd macno dhan midabo hadda nasoo iyo soo jiidasho of orange, iyo kuwo gaduud. Aan caadi ahayn deggan fudutahay ah oo dalal kala duwan oo waqti isku mid ah ayaa sidoo kale soo bartay sida loo helo khalka, si ay u sameeyaan jinni oo ka sucrose iyo walxaha noqde ku jiro ka soo jeedo geedka.

Waxaa la og yahay in cunto aad u caadi ah in codsiga ah ee xilligan taariikhiga ahaayeen dufanka xayawaanka, saliidaha cuntada iyo Beeyada loo isticmaalo by dabaakhyo iyo dhakhaatiirti. Iyo sidoo kale in nolosha maalin walba ee sunta kala duwan u xidh ahaayeen sida xiriirka hub ugu weyn ee vnutriusobnyh. walxaha Kuwan oo dhammu waa wax soo saarka ee kimistari organic.

Laakiin, nasiib daro, sida, fikirka ah "chemistry" kajirin, iyo daraasadda of walxaha gaar ah si loo caddeeyo hantida iyo Halabuurka ma dhicin. Sidaa darteed, mudadaas waxaa la odhan jiray lama filaan ah. All daahfurtay ahaayeen random, dabeecadda unfocused qiimaha adeegatada. Tani waxay sii waday ilaa qarnigii soo socda.

muddo iatrochemistry - horumarinta bilow rajo

Indeed, waxay ahayd in XVI ah - XVII qarniyo waxay bilaabeen inay soo baxaan Wakiilada si toos ah kiimikada sida sayniska. Iyada oo shuqulkii saynisyahano markii qaar ka mid ah la helay walxaha organic abuurtay qalab fudud oo muxaadaro iyo sublimation walxaha loo adeegsaday a weelal kiimiko gaar ah burburiyo walxaha si ay u kala soocan ee maaddooyinka wax soo saarka dabiiciga ah.

Diirada ugu weyn ee wakhtigaas ahaa daawada. waxay doonayaan in ay helaan daawooyinka lagama maarmaanka ah ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in warshadda istaagay saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah iyo waxyaabaha kale ee cayriin. Sayidka, Karl Scheele ayaa helay dhowr acids organic ka alaabta ceeriin cuntada:

• malic,
• liin,
• gallic;
• caano;
• oxalic.

On daraasadda of dhirta iyo qoondaynta ka mid ah kuwan acids saynisyahan qaatay 16 sano (1769 in 1785). Tani waxa ay ahayd bilowgii horumarinta, aasaaska chemistry organic, taas oo si toos ah waa sida laan ka mid ah kiimikada ayaa loo aqoonsaday oo ka dib loo magacaabay (qarnigii XVIII hore) dhigeen.

Isla muddadaas GF Dhexe iftiimiyay kiristaalo Rueil of uric acid ka HOL. farmashiye kale succinic acid waxaa laga helay kuul, tartaric acid. In la isticmaalo caadi ah waxaa ka mid ah hab ka mid ah muxaadaro qalalan ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka qalabka, by kaas oo la helay acetic acid, ether preservative, khamriga qoryo.

Sayidka bilaabay horumarinta degdegga ah ee warshadaha kiimikada organic mustaqbalka.

Xilkeedii Vitalis, ama "xoog nolosha"

XVIII - qarnigii XIX for chemistry organic waa mid aad u laba-laab, oo gacanta ku hal, waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah daahfurtay in ay leeyihiin qiimaha wayn. Oo dhinaca kale ah, waqti dheer, koritaanka iyo raasamaal ee aqoonta iyo sax fikrado la xiriira dhaxalsiiyeen aragtida ah xukuma ee vitalism.

Aragtida sidaan ah waxaa asal iyo qeexan ugu weyn ee Jens Jakobs Berzelius, kuwaas oo waqti isku mid ah isaga qudhiisu wuu siiyey, iyo qeexidda chemistry organic (sanadka dhabta ah aan la garanayn, ama 1807 ama 1808). Sida laga soo xigtay qodobada aragtida this, walxaha organic la abuuri karaa oo kaliya ee ku nool noolaha (dhirta iyo xoolaha, oo ay ku jiraan aadanuhu), sida xayawaankii kaliya waxay leeyihiin "xoog nolosha" gaar ah oo kuu ogolaanaya in walxahan waxay soo saaray. Inkasta oo walxaha imanba heli organic gabi ahaanba macquul aheyn, tan iyo markii ay yihiin waxyaabaha walax, aan guban, oo aan xilkeedii Vitalis.

Isla saynisyahano soocidda ugu horreeya oo dhan loo yaqaan waqtiga xeryahooda ee imanba (non-nool, dhammaan walxaha sida biyo iyo cusbo) iyo organic (live, kuwa sida saliid saytuun ah iyo sonkor) ayaa soo jeediyay. Sidoo kale Berzelius ugu horeysay si gaar ah loogu talagalay in chemistry organic sida. Determination ahaa: qayb ka mid ah chemistry in daraasaad walxaha laga dheefayo noolaha.

Muddadan, saynisyahano si fudud u dhaqan diinta xeryahooda organic galay imanba, tus, by sari. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa macquul ah ee reconversion wax aan wali la ogayn.

Masiirka u lahaa, in ay ahayd arday Jens Berzelius Fridrih Veler ka qayb qaatay bilowgii burburkii aragti ah ee uu macalinka.

saynisyahan Jarmal shaqeeya on xeryahooda cyanide iyo in mid ka mid ah tijaabo ku sameeyay si ay u helaan kiristaalo maamushaa la mid ah in ay uric acid. Sidaas darteed, waxbarasho dheeraad ah oo dhammaystiran wuxuu ogaaday runtii u suurtagashay in ay arrinta organic ka imanba hesho, iyada oo aan wax xilkeedii Vitalis. Macna ma laha inta ka walaacsan Berzelius, lagu qasbay inuu qirto xaqiiqda dafiri karin. Sidaas waxa uu ahaa dhabar jab ugu horeeyay ee aragtida vitalistic. Taariikhda chemistry organic bilaabay in ay helaan dardar.

Dhowr daahfurtay, vitalism jajabiyey

guul Wohler ayaa u waxyoonay farmashiye ee qarnigii XVIII ka, sidaa darteed bilaabay baaritaanka baahsan oo tijaabo si ay u helaan arrinta organic giisa. syntheses noocan oo kale ah in ay yihiin xaaladaha halista ah iyo ugu muhiimsan ayaa dhowr.

1. 1845 G. - Adolf Kolbe kaas oo ahaa arday Wohler, maamushaa fudud inorganics C, H _2, O ₂ Avv total multistage si aad u hesho acid acetic, taas oo ah wax lagu organic.
2. 1812, Konstantinom Kirhgofom fulin Avv glucose ka noqde iyo acid.
3. 1820 Anri Brakonno acid protein denatured ka dibna loola dhaqmo si acid nitric oo ey ka acids amino 20 horeysay ku dhexsameeysmo jirka ka dib helay - glycine.
4. 1809 Michel Chevreul bartay kooban dufanka, isku dayayaan in ay iyaga kala qaybaha dastuurka. Sidaas darteed, in uu helay acids dufanka leh iyo glycerol. 1854, Zhan Bertlo sii socod Chevrel glycerol iyo hadalo kulul la stearic acid. Result - baruurta, dhab ahaan soo celin dhismeedka xeryahooda dabiiciga ah. Later, wuxuu u suurtagashay in ay hesho oo dufanka kale iyo saliidda, oo waxay ahaayeen wax yar ka duwan in qaab-dhismeedka kelli ka analogues dabiiciga ah. Taas waxaa la muujiyey suurtagalnimada helo xeryahooda cusub organic muhiimad weyn ee shaybaarka.
5. J. Berthelot dhexsameeysmo methane ka tayadda hydrogen (H ₂ S) iyo disulfide carbon (CS _2).
6. 1842. Zinin ahaa awoodaan in synthesize aniline ka dheeh nitrobenzene. Later uu suurtagashay in ay hesho qaar ka mid ah formaldehyde aniline.
7. A. Bayer abuuraa ay shaybaar u gaar ah, kaas oo uu ahaa Avv firfircoon oo guul formaldehyde organic, dabiiciga ah oo la mid ah: alizarin, indigoid, antrohinonovye, xanthene.
8. 1846 Avv saynisyahano nitroglycerin Sobrero. Waxa uu sidoo kale horumariyo noocyada aragtida ah, kaas oo sheegay in walxaha la midka ah in ay qaar ka mid ah ka imanba iyo in loo diyaar garoobo laga yaabaa in iyadoo la bedelayo atamka hydrogen in qaab-dhismeedka.
9. 1861 A. M. Butlerov macaaneeye dhexsameeysmo jirka ah ee formalin. Waxay la diyaariyey by qodobada aragti ah ee qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada xeryahooda organic la xiriira maalinta la joogo.

Dhammaan natiijooyinka kuwaas oo loo aqoonsaday mawduuca chemistry organic - carbon iyo xeryahooda ay. daahfurtay in dheeraad ah ayaa diiradda lagu saaray qaababka of falgalka kiimikada ee kimistari organic, in la dhiso nooca isdhexgalka elektarooniga ah, iyo dhismaha ku xeryahooda ah.

qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XIX iyo XX ah - waqti of daahfurtay kiimikada caalamka

Taariikhda chemistry organic muddo uu maray oo dhan isbeddel weyn. Shaqo saynisyahano badan ee hababka of geedi socodka gudaha ee u taagoo, dareen diidmo iyo nidaamyo ayaa iminka natiijooyin wax badan dhala. Sidaas daraaddeed, in 1857, Friedrich Kekule horumariyo aragtida ah ee valence. Waxa kale oo iska leh mudnaanta weyn - helitaanka qaab-dhismeedka ka mid ah u taagoo oo ka mid ah shidaalka leedahay beduliyum benzene. Isla mar isku A. M. Butlerov diyaariyey aragtida ah ee meel-dhismeedka xeryahooda kaas oo tilmaamay in tetravalence carbon iyo ifafaale ee jiritaanka isomers, iyo isomers.

Aayadaha Markovnikov iyo A. M. Zaytsev dhexgalin daraasadda of hababka reaction ee arrinta organic iyo dejinayaan set oo ah xeerarka in sharaxo qaababka iyo Xaqiijisay. In 1873 - 1875 sano. I. Wislicenus, Van't Hoff iyo Le Beel baran qorshaha aan ollogga ah ee atamka ee u taagoo, Muujin jiritaanka rikoodh-isomers, oo waa awoowayaasha sayniska oo dhan - stereochemistry. Dad badan oo kala duwan oo ku lug leh abuuridda beerta chemistry organic, taas oo aan maanta heysano. Sidaa darteed, chemistry organic, saynisyahano waa xusid mudan.

dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX iyo XX ah - waqti baadhitaan caalami ah ee wershedaha dawooyinka ee, warshadaha rinjiga, chemistry galmada. Tixgeli furitaanka, si loo hubiyo in qiimaha ugu badan ee kimistari organic.

1. 1881 Conrad M. iyo M. Gudtseyt suuxinta ku dhexsameeysmo jirka, veronal iyo salicylic acid.
2. 1883kii L. Knorr helay antipyrine.
3. 1884 F. Stoll helay pyramidon.
4. 1869 Hyatt oo walaalo ah ku guuleystay fiber nin-dhigay horeysay.
5. 1884 D. Eastman dhexsameeysmo film celluloid.
6. 1890 helay fiber cuprammonium L. Depassi.
7. 1891 Charles Cross iyo asxaabtii uu helay Rayon.
8. 1897 F. Miescher iyo Buchner aasaasay aragtida ah ee lagu qayilo noolaha (halsano cell-free la helay iyo falgalka sida biocatalysts ah).
9. 1897 F. Miescher helay acids nucleic.
10. bilowgii qarnigii XX - chemistry cusub ee xeryahooda organometallic.
11. 1917 Lewis furay nooca elektaroonik ah silsilado kiimikada taagoo.
12. 1931 Hückel - aasaasaha hababka galmada ee kiimikada.
13. Of 1931-1933. Laymus Pauling xaq aragti resonance ah, iyo ka dib uu co-workers Muujin nuxurka isbeddellada falgalka kiimikada.
14. 1936 nylon ku dhexsameeysmo jirka.
15. Of 1930-1940. AE Arbuzov siinayaa kor u qaada horumarka Organophosphorus xeryahooda kuwaas oo aasaas u ah wax soo saarka ee balaastigga, daawooyinka, iyo cayayaanka.
16. 1960 Academician Nesmeyanov ardayda abuuray cunto ugu horeysay dardaro ee shaybaarka.
17. 1963 Du Vinho qaadato insulin, taas oo ah tallaabo weyn weeraryahanka daawada.
18. 1968 Indian HG Quraanka suurtagashay in ay hesho hiddo fudud in ka caawiyay in deciphering code hidaha.

Sayidka, muhiimadda ay leedahay chemistry organic in nolosha dadka si fudud oo waaaweyn. Balaastigga, polymers, Dunta, rinjiga iyo varnishes, caag, caag, qalabka PVC, polypropylene iyo polyetylen, iyo walxaha kale oo badan oo casri ah, oo aan taas oo maanta si fudud ma aha nolosha suurto gal ah, Jidka adag in ay daahfurka. Boqolaal culumadu ka dhigay sano oo shaqo adag ah, sidaas darteed waxaa jiray taariikhda guud ee horumarinta chemistry organic.

nidaamka casriga ah ee xeryahooda organic

Markuu sameeyey waddada weyn oo ay adag tahay in horumarinta chemistry organic, iyo hadda ma weli taagan. Waxaa jira in ka badan 10 Mill. Connections, iyo tiro taas waxaa sii kordhaya sanad walba. Sidaa darteed, waxaa jira qaab-dhismeedka heshiis nidaamsan ah oo walxaha in ay ina siinaysaa chemistry organic. Qoondaynta xeryahooda organic la soo bandhigay shaxda.

class The xeryahooda	muuqaalada dhismaha	formula guud
Consort (oo ka kooban kaliya carbon iyo hydrogen atamka)	kahaayeen (kaliya li'idiisa qabanaya.); roodhida (li'idiisa iyo isgaarsiinta pi.); acyclic; xilliile ah.	Alkanes C n H 2n + 2; Alkenes, cycloalkanes 2n C n H; Alkynes, alkadienes, C n H 2n-2; Arena C 6 H 2n-6.
Walxaha ka kooban atamka hetero kala duwan ee kooxda ugu weyn	halogens; OH group (alcohols iyo phenols); isutagga Rør (ethers).	R-Hal; R-OH, Rør.
xeryahooda carbonyl	aldehydes; ketones; quinones.	RC (H) = O
Xeryahooda ku jiraan group carboxyl a	acid carboxylic; esters.	R-COOH; R-COOR.
Xeryahooda ku jiraan baaruud, nitrogen ama fosfooraska in Britain ay	waxay noqon kartaa tiro xilliile ah ama acyclic	-
xeryahooda organometallic	Carbon si toos ah addoonsi in element kale, laakiin ma hydrogen	C-E
xeryahooda organometallic	Carbon addoonsi in biraha	Iyadoo-Me
xeryahooda heterocyclic	In wareegga dhismeedka ku salaysan xubnaha heteroatoms ah	-
walxaha dabiiciga ah	taagoo polymer Large uu ka samaysan yahay xeryahooda dabiiciga ah	borotiinada, acids nucleic, acids amino, wada jir iyo d sida..
polymers	Muqaadaraadka isagoo miisaanka sare kelli, kaas oo ku salaysan yihiin cutubyo monomeric	n (-RRR-)

Daraasaddu waxay of kala duwan oo dhan walxaha iyo jawaab, taas oo ay galaan, iyo waa mawduuca chemistry organic maanta.

Noocyada bonds kiimikada walxaha organic

Waayo, wax kasta oo xeryahooda lagu gartaa isdhexgalka elektronnostaticheskie taagoo gudahood, kuwaas oo muujiyay sida ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen organics covalent bonds covalent kala horjeeda iyo kuwa aan kala horjeeda. The xeryahooda organometallic sameyn karaan dhexgalka Madbacada qaranka daciif ah.

Covalent isgaarsiinta nonpolar dhacaan inta u dhexaysa ka-C C by ficil oo dhan u taagoo organic. Covalent isdhexgalka kala horjeeda dabeecad for atamka kala duwan-bacayn in Britain ay. Tusaale ahaan, C-Hal, CH, CO, CN, CP, CS. Tani waa oo dhan ay sabab u tahay kiimikada ah organic, kaas oo jira formation of xeryahooda.

Isbadalka ee xeryahooda ka mid ah organics qaaciidooyinka

The qaaciidooyinka ugu badan ee tirada xubnaha xarunta lagu magacaabo taaban karo. qaaciidooyinka noocan oo kale ah ka jirin, waayo, mid kasta oo ah walaxda imanba. Laakiin markuu u yimid in ay ay barbaro galeen ilaa qaaciidooyinka in chemistry organic, saynisyahano ku lahaa in ay la kulmaan dhibaatooyin dhowr ah. Waa midda koowaade, miisaanka badan oo iyaga ka mid ah, boqolaal, ama xataa kumanyaal. Way adag tahay si loo ogaado caanaha taaban, waayo, sida walax wayn. Sidaa darteed, waqti waxaa jiray Xaajis of chemistry organic sida falanqaynta organic. Aasaasayaasha Its tixgeliyo cilmi Liebig, Wohler, Gay-Lussac iyo Berzelius. Waxay, si wadajir ah ula shuqullada A. M. Butlerova, aqoonsaday jiritaanka isomers - xeryahooda in ay leeyihiin Halabuurka la mid ah oo tayo iyo tiroba, laakiin ku kala duwan yihiin qaab-dhismeedka iyo sifooyinka Britain ee. Taasi waa sababta dhismeedka xeryahooda organic ayaa maanta muujiyay ma taaban karo iyo dhismaha dhammaystiran ama waxaysidoo formula dhismaha.

dhismayaasha Kuwani - feature sifo oo kala ah kaas oo ah kiimikada ah organic. qaaciidooyinka qoran yihiin isticmaalaya kusiga, waa bond kiimikada. tus, butane aruurshey formula dhismaha yeelan doontaa foomka CH ₃ - CH ₂ - CH ₂ - CH _3. formula dhismaha Full muujinaya oo dhan iyo dhaaraheedii kiimikada ku sugan Britain ayaa ka.

Sidoo kale waxaa jira hab lagu diiwaangeliyo qaaciidooyinka kelli xeryahooda organic. Wuxuu la mid ah sida taaban karo ka imanba muuqataa. Waayo, butane, tusaale ahaan, waxa uu noqon doonaa: C ₄ H _10. Taasi waa, caanaha kelli siinayaa fikrad oo kaliya oo ku saabsan ka kooban oo tayo iyo tiroba ee xarunta. sifaha Dhismayaasha bond ee Britain, si ay u loo isticmaali karaa in la saadaaliyo mustaqbalka dhaqanka iyo kiimikaad oo ah walaxda. Kuwani waa muuqaalada in uu leeyahay chemistry organic. Qaaciidooyinka yihiin nooc kasta oo qoraal ah, mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waa run.

Noocyada reactions ee kimistari organic

Waxaa jira kala soocidda gaar ah oo nooca reactions chemistry organic dhaca. Iyo qaar ka mid ah, kuwaas oo kala saaro, sababo kala duwan. Tixgeli kuwa ugu muhiimsan.

Farsamo ee falgalka kiimikada ee hababka formation breaking iyo bond:

• ama homolytic xagjirka ah;
• heterolytic ama Madbacada qaranka.

Falcelinta ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee transformations:

• silsilad xagjirka ah;
• bedelay aliphatic nucleophilic;
• bedelay leedahay beduliyum nucleophilic;
• reaction reebay;
• Intaa waxaa dheer electrophilic;
• uumiga;
• cyclization;
• bedelay electrophilic;
• reaction rearrangement.

By habka ficil baxsad (bilow) iyo amarka ogeed of falcelinta waxaa sidoo kale mararka qaarkood kala saaraa. Kuwanu waa muuqaalada aasaasiga ah ee dareen diidmo ah taas oo uu leeyahay chemistry organic. Fikradda oo qeexaya faahfaahinta koorso kasta cadaanyo kiimikada ah, ayaa la furay bartamihii qarnigii XX ah, iyo xaqiijiyay oo kaabaya weli la helay kasta oo cusub iyo Avv.

Waa in la ogaadaa in dareen diidmo guud chemistry organic wadi xaaladaha adag ee ka badan ee kimistari imanba. Tan waxa u sabab xasilinta weyn oo u taagoo organic sabab u formation gudahood iyo isku xirka xoog intermolecular. Sidaa darteed, ku dhowaad ma reaction waa dhamaystiran oo aan kor heerkulka, cadaadiska ama codsiga of Hannaan ah.

Qeexidda casriga ah ee Chemistry Organic

Guud ahaan, horumarinta chemistry organic socday hab degdeg ah muddo dhowr qarniyo. Waxay isku ururtay tiro aad u badan oo ku saabsan walxaha, dhismayaasha iyo reactions, taas oo ay ku biiri kartaa. malaayiin ku dhexsameeysmo jirka ee muhiimka ah iyo qalabka loo baahan yahay si fudud ceeriin loo isticmaalo ee beeraha kala duwan ee sayniska, technology iyo warshadaha. Fikradda ah chemistry organic maanta loo arko sida wax grand oo ballaadhan, oo tiro badan oo adag, kala duwan oo la taaban karo.

Isla mar, qeexidda ugu horeysay of this qaybta weyn oo kimistari ahaa waxa siiyey Berzelius: waa chemistry in daraasaad walxaha ka soo noolaha go'doonsan. Tan iyo markaas, waqti badan ayaa ka gudbay, arinta daahfurtay in sameeyey badan, iyo ogaaday iyo shaacin tiro badan oo ah hababka geeddi vnutrihimicheskih. Sidaas darteed, maanta waxaa jira fikrad ka duwan waxa chemistry ah organic. Determination waxaa la siiyaa: chemistry carbon iyo xeryahooda, iyo hababka Avv ay.