Tareen jet First ee USSR ah: taariikhda, astaamaha, sawiro

In the 70s hore 'ka hor inta All-Midowga Sayniska Research Institute of railcar (VNIIV) iyo Yakovlev Design Bureau hawsha abuuraya a tareenada gudaha korontada loo dhiibay, oo awood u leh xawaaraha 200 km / h. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka hor inta Socota leh hirgelinta mashruuca hami noocaas ah waqti, waa in si fiican wax ka barato oo dhan muuqaalada dhexgalka giraangiraha baabuur iyo biraha lagu jiro hawlgalka dhammaadkeedu xawaare sare oo caynkan ahu.

The tijaabada baabuur-gantaal

Ujeedada ka mid ah tijaabo oo tareen jet waxaa la abuuray, inay u badan sax ah, gaari-shaybaarka deyr kexeeyey on waxay matoorada diyaaradaha. design a noocan oo kale ah ma ogola oo keliya in la gaaro xawaaraha looga baahan yahay, laakiin khatarta hoos u dhabtii soo bandhigay by giraangiraha drive, halka qoqobada ka biraha iska riixo.

Fikradda ah ee abuuraya tareen la engine jet ah ma ahaa ee asalka ah, tan iyo markii 60 ku tijaabiyaan la mid ah ayaa lagu qabtey dalka Mareykanka oo waxaa si weyn loo daboolay jaraa'id dunida. waayo-aragnimo ee asxaabteena American waxaa loo isticmaalay by samaynta Soviet raacaan dhammaan shaqada shirka ee dukaamada ee Kalinin (hadda Tver) qaadee Works ah. Tani waa meesha ay USSR ugu horeysay tareen jet la aasaasay.

jet tareenka

Waxaa la og yahay in abuurka ah ee hore loo qorsheeyay si ay u dhisaan tareenka gaar ah in la kulmo shuruudaha looga baahan yahay loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah gaari-shaybaarka. Laakiin in koorsada shaqada bilaabay, waxaa la go'aamiyay in ay tagaan, waayo, hab sahlan in ay dhamaadka this, isticmaali joogto ah baabuurta korontada madaxa ER ah 22-macmalay by Riga qaadee Works. Dabcan, si uu ugu caddeeyo tareen jet tareenada ee, doonayay inay ka sameeyaan in design ah ee isbedel qaar ka mid ah, laakiin ay dhacdo in kasta oo ay ahayd wax badan ka jaban iyo si ka dhaqso badan abuuraya model cusub.

Qaadashada waayo-aragnimo ah ee ku takhasusay American, samaynta VNIIV iyo Yakovlev Design Bureau arko waxa ku haboon in la xoojiyo ka badan cab ah, laba matoorada diyaaradaha. Xaaladdan oo kale, sida in arrinta tareenka a hortooda ku wajahay dhibaato ah in ─ dhigaayo wax cusub ama isticmaal ah matoorada diyaar-dhigay isticmaalo in duulimaadyada casriga ah? wada hadal dheer ka dib waxaa ka doorteen in ay muuqashadii labaad.

matoorada New culsu oo nolosha

Of baarka heli karo si ay u abuuray ee tareenka on jet-powered oo dhan, waxaa laga soo xulay labada culsu oo diyaarad rakaab engine Yak-40 (uu sawir la soo bandhigay maqaal ah), oo loogu talagalay inay u adeegaan diyaaradaha maxaliga ah. Isagoo daalan khayraadka diyaarad ay, labada matoorada ku jiraan xaalad aad u fiican oo ay weli u adeegi karo dhulka. Isticmaalkoodu wuxuu ahaa xal u hooseeya oo macquul ah.

In case of tijaabo guul ay rakibo on tareen jet ah, waxaa lagu xallin karo hal mid aad muhiim u ah dhibaatada dhaqaalaha qaranka ee la xidhiidha isticmaalka joogtada ah ee ku qoran-off matoorada diyaarad ma ku haboon yihiin diyaaradaha, laakiin waa arrin ku haboon hawlgalka dhulka. Sida lagu qeexay kuwa sano L. I. Brezhnev: "dhaqaalaha waa in uu dhaqaale."

xal fudud oo macquul ah

In geeddi-socodka, abuuray tareen jet lahaa si ay u xaliyaan dhibaato aad u muhiim ah ─ sida loo siiyo tareen baabuur madaxa guryaha aerodynamic looga baahan yahay siday ula waxaa imtixaanka-xawaaraha sare. Dhibaatadu waxay ahayd in ay qaab, oo aan loogu tala galay in ay ka gudbaan hawada socota xoog leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii ay taasi ku, xal fudud oo hufan ayaa laga helay.

Haddii aan la beddelo design ee gaariga caadiga ah, ka abuuray mashruuca loo isticmaalo pads gaar ah, oo daboolaya madaxa, iyo badhidiisa, iyo qayb ka mid undercarriage waxaa ka mid ah. Waxa ay size iyo qaabka lagu xisaabiyaa in MSU ku salaysan xogta shaybaarka helay iyadoo ay sabab u tijaabo, taas oo si gaar ah uga Yeelay Suurka on nooca baabuurka ee tunnel dabaysha ah.

sanka aan wadno, iyo saqafka kulaylka u adkaysta

Ka dib markii injineerada tijaabiyey sidaas 15 daydo tijaabo ah, waxay awoodi karaan si aad u hesho foomka fiicnayn, taas oo gaari madaxa jet ee tareenka noqday more fududeeyey ahaayeen. Sidaas darteed, sanka aan wadno waa wax ka badan saxan Jaha ee qaybta hore iyo in la abuuro shuruudaha hoos oo machinists hore u eegay muraayad ah double ─ ku fairing oo cab.

hawl kale oo muhiim ahaayeen tallaabooyin si looga hortago kulayl dheeraad ah oo saqafka sabab u ah gaadhista gaasas kulul u qulquli, baxsanaya matoorada diyaaradaha. Ujeedada this, on top of gaariga ay xoojiyeen sheets steel kulaylka u adkaysta, kuwaas oo hoos lakabka qalabada ah.

Design of hagaajinta gaariga

Intaa waxaa dheer, tareen jet Soviet, ama halkii, gaariga tijaabo ayaa la cabudhiyay oo dhan cayn kasta oo ah qalabka, waxay fursad ma aha oo kaliya si aad u samayso cabbirka loo baahan yahay inta lagu jiro tijaabo ah, laakiin sidoo kale si loo xaqiijiyo badbaadada ee ay dhaqdhaqaaq xawaare sare sida. Waxaa si dhib leh u noqon lahaa buunbuunin haddii la yiraahdo in aan horumar ku haboon ma jiro mid ka mid ah qaybaha gaariga ka tegey, maxaa yeelay, xaalado adag u sameeyaan dalabyada gaar ah si ay nidaamka oo dhan, oo ay ku jiraan ugu horreyn jiifku iyo joojiyaha.

kaabayaasha oo dhan oo ka mid ah ─ jet ugu dhaqsaha badan - tareenka ayaa la bedelay ay sabab u tahay dhowr ah oo sababaha farsamo. Waxaa ugu Filan in aan idhaahdo, haddii hoos jira xaalad caadi ah motor ku kaxeeya giraangirihiina, u bixisid in ayna miiqdaan iyo, dhisidda on jid tareen, kor, ka dibna isticmaalka riixdaan jet, giraangiraha iyo biraha kaalin ee xubno Hanuuniye haysta baabuur gudahood waddo loo dejiyay.

Jejebiyey oo dhibaato oscillation lateral

Marka la eego in, sida ay xisaabaha samaynta, Caruurtooda lahaa in ay gaaraan xawaare ah 360 km / h, u qalmaa nidaamka kala jejebiyey fiiro gaar ah oo awood u leh joojinta tareen soo orday, haddii loo baahdo. Sababtan awgeed, lagu daydo cusub oo disk iyo xadiidka magnetic biriiga Waxaa la soo saaray.

Sida ee oscillations lateral of qaadee in ciday ku kici markii baabuur-wadidda on tareenka, in ay rajaynayaan in ay ku damiyaan sababtoo ah jet gaaska ka imaanaya engine jet ah. In dhaqanka, xisaabinta kuwanu waxay ahaayeen si buuxda cudur daar.

The ugu horeysay ee muddo la sugayay

Ugu dambeyntii, kulli shuqulkii diyaarinta la dhameeyo, iyo in May 1971 on tareenka qaybta Golutvin ─ Ozery tareenka magaalada hareeraheeda ugu horeysay Soviet la matoorada diyaaradaha maray imtixaanka. Oo wakhtigaas, oo wuxuu lahaa oo dherer ah oo 28 m iyo 59,4 m miisaan u gaar ah. Si taas waa in lagu daraa miisaanka 4 metrik ─ laba matoorada diyaaradaha, iyo 7.2 shito m ─ duulista, shaqeeyey ay shidaalka.

Inta lagu guda jiro ugu horeeyay ee soo booqan waxaa lagu go'an xawaaraha 180 km / h ─ sare oo ku filan mar, laakiin waxa ilaa hadda waa ka xisaabiyaa 360 km / h. Sababta natiijada saboolka ah sida jiro qaladaad farsamo, iyo in tiro badan oo ah qaybaha qalooca of track ah oo ku saabsan taas oo, sababo cad, waxay lahaayeen in ay hoos u dhigi.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, muuqaalka kore ee tareenka jet gudaha ugu horeeyay, waxaa la xusay in saxaafadda sida ay dhacdo muhiim ah. article soo socda soo bandhigaysaa daboolka of majaladda caan ah "Technology Dhalinyarada", kuwaas oo loo sooco oo uu article xamaasad leh.

baadhitaano dheeraad ah

Si aad u baabi'iyo caqabadaha iman kara, imtixaanada soo socda qaadeen in muddada 1971─1975 sano., Lagu fuliyey on qaybta toosan ee jirridda track Dnieper tareenka u dhexeeya xarumaha iyo Novomoskovsk Dneprodzerzhinsk. Waxay ahayd halkaas in February 1972 tareen turbojet ka Midowga Soofiyeeti dhigay rikoorka dunida ee xawaaraha ku saabsan track tareenka 1520 mm, gaadhaya 250 km / h. Maanta, kuwanu waa wax cusub, laakiin sannadihii kuwa, natiijo la mid ahaa guusha u fiican.

Noocan oo kale ah natiijo fiican wuxuu na siinayaa rajo in sannadaha soo socda, dalka bilaabi doonaan wax soo saarka mass of tareenada-xawaaraha sare, ku shaqeeya by riixdaan jet. Injineerada ku lug abuurka ugu horeeyay ee si guul leh gudbay imtixaanka tusaalaha, waxay ahaayeen diyaar u ah inay bilaabaan horumarinta-xawaaraha sare ee Halabuurka trohvagonnogo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, riyooyinkooda iyo ayaa loo dhoofiyay in ay noqoto mid dhab ah.

Jidka, ku haboonayn in tareenada-xawaaraha sare

Sababaha matoorada turbojet la riixdaan ee aan ka mid ahaa ee wax soo saarka ballaaran ee wax yar. iyaga ka mid ah, doorka muhiimka ah ka ciyaaray by tiiro iyo socodka nidaamka dhaqaale ee Soviet. Laakiin ka gooni, waxaa jiray aad u muhiim ah arrimo Ujeedada ka hortagay abuurnimo this.

Carqalada ugu weyn ee u muuqday tareenka Soviet dhisay iyada oo la raacayo shuruudaha farsamo ee sannado badan ka hor. Fatuuq ee dhaf oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa la qorsheeyey by samaynta gaar ah iyada oo la raacayo shuruudaha qaab dhismeedka iyo dhul qaybta ugu sida ay u noqotay yaraynta xawaaraha loo baahan yahay in ay 80 km / h ama ka hooseeya. Si rido hawlgalka tareenada-xawaaraha sare ee ay leeyihiin lahaa si loo dhiso habab cusub oo u baahan maal la taaban karo, ama loo yareeyo dhaf ah oo ku saabsan jir ah, waxa uu qiray in hawlqabad la'aan. None ah talooyinka loo aqoonsaday rajo in USSR.

Dhibaatooyinka midiidinka tareen Waxyeelo

Si guul ah ku maray baaritaan lagu aqoonsaday Dhanka kale tiro ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka la xiriira kaabayaasha xadiidka. Xaaladdan oo kale waxaan ka hadleynaa dhufto ee saldhigga u furan in ay ku qalabeysan yahay dalalka oo dhan oo aan saldhigyada laga reebo. Tareen whizzing iyaga la soo dhaafay xawaare ah 250 km / h, waa inay awoodaan si ay u abuuraan ruxruxo cirka ah in xaaqi doonaa in bilig bilig ah isha ah dadka oo dhan on boosteejo ah. Iyadoo la raacayo, si loo hubiyo in ammaan ku filan ayaa loo baahan yahay ee casriyeynta baahsan, kaas oo sidoo kale u baahan doonaa lacag u weyn.

Waxaa ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ahaa waxaas oo kale u muuqda yar, sida quruurux in daboolo dhammaan tareenada ee USSR. Tabobaro ku riixdaan jet ah, baabuur wadista ee la soo dhaafay saldhigyada iyo isgoysyada tareenada, sameeyay agagaarka socodka aerodynamic hawada ciday sara tiro aad u badan oo ah wax badan, waxaa galay Qurub ganaax la mid ah firirka qaraxa. Mid ka mid gabagabo ─ loo isticmaalo xeryahooda sida lahaa in la concreted oo dhan kuwan raadkaygay.

Jooji tijaabo ah

Daraasado ayaa muujiyey in 70 sano ka badan ee tareenka ogol yahay Midowga Soofiyeeti si ay u horumariyaan xawaare sare ee 140 km / h. Kaliya meelo qaar ka mid ah waa loo laablaabi, ayaa laga yaabaa in ay 200 km / h oo aan sii kordhaya khatarta. Sayidka, xawaaraha sii kordheysa ee stock rogid ayaa aqoonsan wakhtigaas shaqayn karto, maxaa yeelay, ciday u baahan maal-weyn.

Ilaa hadda sida xawaaraha ah baabuur-shaybaarka, dhamaadka tijaabo ee 1975 uu u soo diray inuu magaalada ka mid ah warshad Kalinin. Iyada oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka helay Dabcan shaqada la fuliyay, waxaa naloo dhigay in isbadal leh qaabka la xiriira in ay horumar cusub warshad sida RT 200 tareenka iyo tareenka ER 200.

The da 'weyn murugo

Si uu ku rumoobo howlgalka, oo ninna ma ka dibna la doonayo, ka gaari-diyaarad muddo toban sanadood ah ku jiray sidings kala duwan warshad, abuurmeena, oo sakhiray in ay boob. Ugu dambeyntii, in bartamihii 80s-kids ganacsiga ka ah Guddiga YCL maxaliga ah la iman fikradda si ay u moodada ah gelin sannadahaas, qolka video, iyadoo la isticmaalayo, taas aawadeed jidhka ah oo wax fiiriyey mid aan caadi aheyn Jaha la motor ah.

Waxa uu sheegay in ─ sameeyey. baabuur tagay lagu jiiday ka sump si dabaqa Warshadda, iyo qaabayn waafaqsan uu shaqo cusub. All walxahaas jir laaday ka baxay isagii, oo ku saabsan goobaha la xoreeyay aasaasay qalabka muuqaalka iyo kuraasta ay daawanayeen. In cab hore oo balbalada xiga diyaarin bar. On top of dhan saaro miridhku dibadda iyo rinji uu qolka video jet Codka buluug iyo caddaan.

Waxaa u muuqan lahaa, halkan iyo nolol cusub bilaabaan, laakiin marka la eego ganacsiga Komsomol cuduradaas dhibaato nasiib ─ in ay ku heshiiyaan la qawlaysatada maxaliga ah ee lacagta la aqbali karo ee Hargaysa ay ka dakhliga ku guuldareystay. Oo isna si uu gaarigiisa qaba dhamaadka dhintay, halkaas oo uu ku qaatay 20 sano oo kale, ugu danbeyn noqday Hoosada a on giraangiraha soo laabtay.

Waxaan xusuustay waxa ku saabsan oo keliya sanadkii 2008, marka loo diyaarinayo in ay u dabaal-guuradii 110th ee warshadda. Its fududeeyey oo la aasaasay oo mar keliya la sharciyada aerodynamics of cut sanka, nadiifiyaa, rinji iyo sida loo isticmaalo si ay u abuuraan derbi xusuus, rakibay dhow galo warshada. Her sawirka dhameystiraya article.