The saynisyahano ugu caansan iyo xisaabyahannada. Haweenka Xisaabta

Saxda ah Sciences ayaa muddo dheer la Mahadiyay dadka. Tusaale ahaan, xisaabyahan ah qadiimiga ah ee Giriiga Euclid ayaa sida kaalin muhiim ah aagga this in qaar ka mid ah natiijooyinka uu weli la bartay dugsiga. Furitaanka iska leh iyo dumarka labada nin, dadka ka yimid wadamada iyo wakiilada qarniyo kala duwan oo kala duwan. Waa maxay qaabka ugu muhiim u tahay? Ina keena aynu baaro si faahfaahsan.

Ada Lavleys

Ma aha doorka ugu danbeysay u ciyaaray by Ingiriisi ah. Haweenka Xisaabta laga yaabaa in aanay sida badan, laakiin ay ka qayb qaateen inta badan waa aasaaska ah. Tani waxay si toos ah oo la xiriira shaqada ee Ady Lavleys. Gabadha Abwaan caan ah Rabbiga Byron, ay dhalatay bishii December ee 1815. Tan iyo carruurnimada, ayay muujisay tayo waayo, xisaabta, si deg deg ah ku dhegganayd kasta mawduuc cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, talanti dhaqan ahaan haweenka ayaa sidoo kale kasoo muuqan Ada - waxaa si fiican u ciyaaray music iyo marwada aad u wanaagsan guud ahaan ahaa. Wada jir ah ula Charles Babbage, ayay ka shaqeeyeen horumarinta barnaamijka xisaabta ee kombiyuutarada. On daboolka of shuqullada total ahaayeen xarfaha keliya - xisaabta dumar wakhtigaas ahaa wax foolxun. Maanta, waxaa loo arkaa in ay la alifay waxay ahayd tallaabada ugu horraysa ee abuuridda Dadka oo ku qoran luqadaha barnaamijyada computer. Waxay ahayd Ada Lovelace iska leh fikradda ah wareegga, qaybinta kaararka, wax badan oo algorithms yaab iyo xisaabinta. Hadda, waxa ka shaqeeya heer oo kala duwan, mid istaahila in ka qalin-xirfadeed.

Emmi Neter

Kale oo tacliimeed Xusuuso istaahilo waxa uu ku dhashay qabiilka reer xisaabyahan ah Maksa Netera in Erlangen. Waqtiga ay la helo hablaha loo ogolaaday inay galaan jaamacadda, oo waxay si rasmi ah jirtey iyadoo tiro ka mid ah ardayda. Bartay la Paul Gordan, waxa uu sidoo kale ka caawiyay Emmy difaacay sida uu u sha on aragtida ah ee invariants. In 1915 Noether kaalin muhiim ah si uu shuqulka on aragtida guud ee relativity. xisaabaha Her ahaayeen faraxsanahay qudhiisu Albert Eynshteyn leh. xisaabyahan caanka Hilbert doonayo inuu professor ah kaaliyaha ee Jaamacadda Gottingen dhigi, laakiin Professor dabeecadaha looma oggola in ay helaan jagooyinka Emmy ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ayay inta badan macalin. In 1919, ayay weli suurtagashay in ay hesho meel u qalantay, iyo in 1922 noqday professor a tenured. Waxa uu abuuray jihada Noether ah algebra aan la taaban karin. saffarro Emmy bal xusuuso sidii la yaab leh caqli iyo soo jiidasho badan dumar. Sheekaysiga iyada la keentay khubaro, oo ay ku jiraan saynisyahano Ruush iyo xisaabyahannada. Shaqadeeda ayaa saameyn ku leh sayniska ilaa maantadan la joogo.

Nikolay Lobachevsky

First, saynisyahano iyo xisaabyahannada inta badan guul sida in ay qiimaha waa badan ee sayniska casriga ah. Tani waa run, waayo, Nikolai Lobachevsky. Laga soo bilaabo 1802 in 1807 uu bartay gymnasium ka dibna ku qoran jaamacadda Kazan ah, halkaas oo uu caan ku ahaa aqoonta aan caadi ahayn of physics iyo xisaabta, iyo in 1811 uu ka helay heerka Master iyo bilaabay si ay u diyaariyaan si ay u helaan horyaalka of professor. In 1826 th uu shaqada a on mabaadi'da joomateri, taasoo galisay ra'yiga meel qoray. In 1827 wuxuu noqday Raktarka jaamacadda. Muddo sanado ah, wuxuu abuuray taxane ah oo shuqullada on falanqaynta xisaabeed ee physics iyo makaanikada, daraasadda of algebra qabtay si heer kale. Intaa waxaa dheer, fikradaha uu saamayn xitaa on tahay Ruush - raad Lobachevskian arkay shuqulkii Malevich iyo Khlebnikov.

Anri Puankare

In horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad, saynisyahano iyo xisaabyahannada badan shaqeeyeen aragtida of relativity. Mid ka mid ah kuwaas oo ahaa Anri Puankare. Isaga oo Niyadda aan Wajiguu u dul times Soofiyeeti, sidaas saynisyahano Ruush ayaa loo isticmaalaa inuu aragti keliya in shuqullada gaar ah - iyaga oo aan waxa ay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn in ay si dhab ah u galaan daraasadda xisaabta, fisigiska ama xiddigaha. Back goor dambe oo qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Anri Puankare horumariyo aragtida ah ee Dynamics System iyo topology. Waqti ka, uu shaqo noqday saldhig u tahay daraasadda of dhibcood bifurcation iyo dhibaatooyinka dabiiciga ah, geeddi socodka dadka iyo dhaqaalaha. Waxa xiiso leh, Poincaré qudhiisu qiray xadka aqoonta sayniska geynta iyo xataa Nagi buug falsafada. Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu daabacay maqaal ah in markii ugu horaysay la isticmaalo by mabda'a of relativity - toban sano ka hor Einstein.

Sofia Kovalevskaya

Dhowr saynisyahano haweenka Ruush berrinkii xisaabta bandhigay sheekada. Sofia Kovalevskaya ku dhashay January 1850. Waxay ahayd ma aha oo kaliya xisaabyahan ah, laakiin sidoo kale publicist iyo marwada koowaad, kuwaas oo noqday xubin ka mid ah oo u dhiganta of Academy Petersburg ee Sciences. Qubarada iyo xisaabyahannada ayaa waxaa la doortay iyada oo aan diidmo. Laga soo bilaabo 1869 oo ay ka baratay ee Heidelberg iyo sanadkii 1874kii iyagoo soo bandhigay bulshada sayniska th saddex shuqullada, taas oo keentay in jaamacadda ee Göttingen iyada abaal horyaalka ee Doctor of Philosophy. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in Russia waxa uu awoodi waayay inuu boos ka helin jaamacadda. In 1888, uu ku qoray warqad on wareeg jidhka adag, taas oo uu ku guuleystay Academy Swedish ee Sciences. Waxaa sidoo kale ku hawlan shaqada suugaanta - waa qoraaga novel ah "Nihilist" iyo jilidda riwaayadaha ah "Halganka loogu jiro Happiness", iyo sidoo kale qoraal taxane-taariikheed qoys "Xusuusaha of Childhood", qoraal ah oo ku saabsan nolosha goor dambe oo qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad.

Evarist Galua

saynisyahano Faransiis iyo xisaabyahannada arinta daahfurtay in sameeyey badan oo muhiim ah oo duurka ku ah algebra iyo joomatari. Mid ka mid ah khubarada horseedka noqday Evarist Galua, kii u dhashay bishii October 1811, ka baxsan ugu horeysay ee Paris. Sidaas darteed of diyaarinta dadaala galeen Lyceum ee Louis Weyn. Horeba 1828, uu daabacay uu shaqada ugu horeeyay, taas oo daboolay mawduuca jajab wareegsan sii. In 1830 wuxuu la dhigay School Normal ah, laakiin ka dib hal sano ah waxaa laga eryo anshax xumo. saynisyahan A tayo bilaabay inuu hawlo kacaan, oo markii horeba ku jiray 1832, wakhtigii uu ku dhamaaday. Waxa uu ka tagay a ku jiri doona waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee aljabra casriga ah iyo joomatariga, iyo sidoo kale kala soocidda ee irrationalities - cilmiga this ayaa loo magacaabay in sharaf of Galois.

Per Ferma

Qaar ka mid ah xisaabyahannada fiican tagay calaamad muhiim ah, in shuqulladeedu ay yihiin ilaa hadda bartay. Fermat ee Aragtida soo dhaafay ayaa muddo dheer ku hadhay furin, xirtey up maskaxda fiican. Markaasaa waxaa taas ay jirto xaqiiqda ah in Pierre shaqeeyay qarnigii toddoba. Waxa uu ku dhashay August 1601., in qunsulka qoyska ganacsiga. Intaa waxaa dheer in ay cilmiga saxda ah, Farm ogaa luqadaha - Latin, Greek, Isbaanish, Talyaani, iyo caanka ku ahaa sida taariikhyahan weyn ee Qarniyadii hore. xirfad A uu sameeyey oo doortay sharciga. In Orleans, in uu helay shahaadada bachelor ee, ka dib waxa uu u wareegay kooxda Toulouse, halkaas oo uu ka noqday taliye ee Baarlamaanka. naftiisa oo dhan, ayuu qoray treatises xisaabta, taas oo noqotay saldhigga geometry gorfaynta. Laakiin oo dhan darsaday iyaga by sameeyey waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa oo kaliya uu dhintay ka dib - ka hor inta uusan wax shuqul ah aan la daabacay. Shuqullada ugu weyn waxaa u huray in falanqaynta xisaabta, hab xisaabinta aagga, qiimaha ugu sareeya iyo hooseeya, gooladaha iyo parabolas.

Karl Gauss

dhammaan saynisyahano ma, xisaabyahannada, iyo helitaanka si xusuus leh ee taariikhda aadanaha, sida Gauss. Hogaamiyaha dalka Jarmalka waxa uu ku dhashay April 1777. Xataa in carruurnimada wuxuu tusay tayadiisa la yaab leh in xisaabta, iyo qarnigii hore sagaal ahaa aqoonyahan la aqoonsan yahay iyo xubin ka mid ah oo u dhiganta dhawr tacliinta sare ee Sciences. Waxaan abuuray shaqada aasaasi ah u huray in aragtida ah ee tirada iyo aljabra sare. tabarruc ugu weyn ee - in hawsha dhismaha heptadecagon, ku salaysan waxa on, Gauss bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan isku geynta ah koombiyuutarka falagiisuu ee meeraha dhowr indhaynta. Shaqada aasaasiga ah "Aragtida reer mooshinka ee jidhadhka" noqday aasaas u ah xiddigaha casriga ah. Magaciisa waxaa la siiyey aagga on map of Moon ah.

Karl Weierstrass

xisaabyahan Jarmal Tani dhashay Ostenfeld. Bartay ee Kuliyadda Sharciga, laakiin sano oo tababar ah ka doorteen in ay ka barato maaddooyinka xisaabta. In 1840 wuxuu warqadihii ku qoray warqad ah oo ku saabsan hawlaha elliptic. Waxa uu ogan uu helay kacaan. caqiido adag Weierstrass ahaa ku salaysan falanqaynta xisaabta. 1842. shaqada macalinka, iyo in uu waqtiga firaaqada ah samaynaya cilmi-baaris. 1854th ayaa daabacay maqaal ku saabsan hawlaha Abelian, oo helay horyaalka ee Doctor of Kenigsberskogo Jaamacadda. Taasoo keentay saynisyahano daabacnay niinasaa ku saabsan. In dunida 1856 m waxaan ku arkay maqaal kale oo cajiib ah, ka dibna Weierstrass ka aqbalo ah borofisar ka tirsan jaamacadda Berlin, oo waxay ka dhigtay xubin ka mid ah Academy of Sciences. Tayada cajiib ah muxaadarooyin waxay isagii ka dhigteen caan adduunka oo dhan. Waxa uu soo bandhigay aragti ah ee tirada dhabta ah, xallin dhibaatooyin badan oo farsamo iyo joomatari. In 1897, uu ka dhibaatooyin hargabka dhintay. Waxaa la magacaabay ka dib markii bohol dayaxa iyo casriga Berlin Xisaabeed Institute. Weierstrass weli loo yaqaan mid ka mid ah macalimiinta ugu hibada leh ee taariikhda Germany iyo adduunka oo dhan.

Zhan Batist Fure

Magaca cilmiga ah si fiican u yaqaan dunida oo dhan. Fourier ahaa professor ah hôtelière Paris ee Polytechnique. Oo wakhtigii Napoleon uu ka qayb-galay ololaha military, iyo ka dib waxaa loo doortay horjooguhu ah Isere, halkaas oo uu ku hawlan aragti kacaan of physics - bilaabay inuu ka baran kulaylka. Laga soo bilaabo 1816, wuxuu ahaa xubin ka mid ah Academy Paris ee Sciences oo la daabacay shuqulkiisa. Waxaa naga go'an tahay in aragtida ah gorfaynta kulaylka. Ilaa dhimashadiisii May 1830 ayaa sidoo kale lagu daabacay on conductivity kaamerada ah, xisaabinta xididdada isleegyada aljabra iyo hababka Isaaka Nyutona. Intaa waxaa dheer, ayuu horumariyo hab ka mid ah wakiil ka ah hawlaha sida taxane trigonometric. Haddaba waxaa loo yaqaan magaca ah Fourier. saynisyahan waxa uu ahaa awoodaan si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka hawlaha by yahay muhiim - farsamo this waxaa sidoo kale si weyn loo isticmaalaa in sayniska casriga ah. Fourier ahaa si ay u caddeeyaan in kasta oo aan loo aabo yeelin line matali karaa by hadal hal analytic awoodaan. In 1823 wuxuu helay natiijada thermoelectric hantida superposition ah. Name Zhana Batista Fourier waxa uu la xidhiidhaa noocyo kala duwan oo aragtiyo iyo daahfurtay in ay muhiim u yihiin xisaabta kasta oo casri ah ama physics.