Waa maxay allotropy? allotrope ee carbon, Chemistry

Sababaha kala duwan xeryahooda organic - awood u leh inay sameeyaan atamka carbon kala duwan silsilado iyo wareegyo waa isku xiran. Taasi waa arrin ku isomerism. Iyo sababta kala duwan ee fudud walxaha imanba? Waxaa muuqato in aad ka jawaabi kara su'aashan oo tixgelinaysa waxa allotropy. Waxaa la arrin dabiici ah tan dunida oo dhan ee canaasiirta kiimikada xidhxidhaan jiritaanka noocyada kala duwan ee xeryahooda fudud.

Waa maxay allotropy?

Ka jawaab su'aashan noqon kartaa sidaas. Tani waxay ifafaale waa jiritaanka element isla kiimikada ee foomka of dhowr walxaha fudud. Taasi waa, haddii unugyada 118 ee miiska wareegsan, taas micnaheedu ma aha in tiro la mid ah atamka ee dabiiciga ah. Mid kasta oo ka canaasiirta (ku dhowaad dhammaan) waxay leeyihiin hal ama in ka badan kala duwan, ama hab doorinta allotropic.

Waa maxay maaddooyin kala duwan oo kale ah? Sababaha ifafaale ee su'aasha asal ahaan waa laba:

• tiro kala duwan ee atamka ee Britain ee (Halabuurka allotropy);
• Qaab dhismeedka daaqaddii aan qummanaynu (foomka allotropy).

Inta badan fikradda waxa uu la xidhiidhaa polymorphism ereyga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiro wax farqi ah oo u dhaxeeya. Waa maxay allotropy? Tani waxay beddelid oo ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada walxaha fudud oo kala duwan, iyadoo aan loo eegin in ay tahay gobol ka mid ah xulkii. Iyadoo polymorphism - waxa uu yahay lagu dabaqi karo oo kaliya in ay adag walxaha crystalline.

Kala duwan beddelka allotropic xeryahooda sida caadiga muujinaysaa warqadaha Roman ka hor inta magaca. Alpha waxaa had iyo jeer kaalinta hore ee foomka, taas oo uu leeyahay heerkul ah barafku yar ee karaya. Dheeraad ah oo hoos ku alifbeetada iyo la kordhiyo waxqabadka, siday u kala horreeyaan.

Inkastoo element ah kiimikada ku salaysan walax fudud isla, beddelka guryaha si weyn u kala duwan ka soo midba midka kale, oo labadooduba jirka iyo kiimikada. Habka ugu fudud si ay u sameeyaan foomamka allotropic:

• non-birta (marka laga reebo halogens iyo gaasaska inert);
• semimetals.

Ugu yaraan Biraha allotropy bartay tan iyo markii ay u sameeyaan a beddelka sida diidan oo dhan ma aha. Total in ay taariikhda ay jiraan in ka badan 400 oo noocyada kala duwan ee walxaha fudud. The sifo dheeraad ah lagu qayilo ee element ah, tirada ugu weyn ee beddelka allotropic yaqaan in ay.

beddelka carbon

allotrope ee carbon - waa tusaalaha ugu badan oo weerarka muujinaysa arrin la is waydiinayo. Ka dib oo dhan, element this awood u sameynta dhowr nooc oo ah xeryahooda dhismeedka daaqaddii crystal kala duwan. In image this walax fudud horjeeda oo kala horjeeda sida in guryaha ay go'aano ka hadhay in la yaabanahay ee dabiiciga ah.

Sayidka, allotrope ah carbon ka mid ah beddelka socda.

1. Waa maxay allotrope ah carbon, la ogan karo iyo qaabka, taas oo aasaas ahaan waa kala duwan oo ka mid ah la soo dhaafay soo socda. graphite Tani. Aad walax jilicsan, taas oo kala daataa karaa si fudud iyo ka tago calaamad kala on warqada. Sidaa darteed, ay la isticmaalo for soo saaridda ee gacanka yihiin qalin fudud. Dhismaha foomkan - israac ee hexagonal. Connections u dhexeeya lakab waa daciif, si fudud ku bakhtiistay, wax cufnaanta hooseeyo. Graphite waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo soo saaro dheeman dardaro sida jilciyaha adag, waayo, soo saaridda of electrodes sida bacyaal filler, iyo in tigoodu nuclear.
2. Fullerenes - caddayn kale in ay jiraan allotropy. Chemistry xeryahooda, kuwaas oo ay la mid tahay in ka mid ah Consort leedahay beduliyum. Maxaa yeelay, qaab-dhismeedka waa polyhedra xiran convex, eg kubada cagta ah. Fullerenes lagu dabaqo sida Semiconductor ah ee farshaxanka ee wax soo saarka ee xeryahooda superconducting sida photoresist iyo kuwa kale.
3. tserafit Lonsdalite iyo - laba dheeraad ah ka beddelid crystalline allotropic ee carbon. Waxaa la ogaaday xad dhawaan. By guryaha aad u la mid ah diamond, ay ka maqan yihiin nijaasta noqon kartaa xitaa adag tahay dhowr jeer.
4. Dhuxul iyo danbas - allotropy walxaha qaab ma lahayn. Loo isticmaalaa sidii shidaalka, saliidaha, filtarrada iyo wixii la mid ah. Sida ay content ee dabiiciga ah ee ugu badan oo dhan badalitaan carbon.

diamond

Ugu adkaa oo dhan walxaha loo yaqaan taariikhda, lagu qiyaasay 10 dhibcood on baaxadda Mohs ah. Foomka crystalline ee carbon, kaas oo qaab-dhismeedka waa foomka hay'adaha network tetrahedral si fiican u xiran.

Diamond waa inay awoodaan inay kala firdhiyaan iftiin aad u wanaagsan, waxa loo isticmaali karaa sida dahabka (dheeman). Sababtoo ah halka ay darantahay ingeega, xad-dhaaf ah, waxaa loo isticmaalaa jarida iyo alxanka, qoditaanka, qiraan, oo ku shiidi. Maanta bilaabay wax soo saarka ee dheeman macmal ah loo isticmaalo warshadaha.

noocyada kale

Sidoo kale, waxaa jira noocyo dhowr ah oo element this:

• nanotubes;
• nanofoam;
• Astrolite;
• nanofibers;
• madxafka;
• graphite;
• carbine;
• nanobuds.

noocyada badan tahay, laakiin putative jiritaanka xeryahooda carbon fudud: chaoit, carbon iyo dicarbon biraha.

allotropy oxygen

Tani foomamka laba walax fudud bacayn:

• gaaska oxygen (at xaaladaha caadiga ah), formula ee taas O _2;
• gaaska Allena, oo sideeda oo taaban karo kuwaas oo laga fekerayo O _3.

Waa wax iska cad in halkan ay tahay sababta ugu weyn ee jiritaanka beddelka - Britain ayaa ah. oxygen Normal - ku saleysan nolosha oo dhan xayawaan (marka laga reebo bakteeriyada anaerobic). Isagu waa qaybgale firfircoon beddelkeeda gaaska, ilaha tamarta ee dhammaan geedi socodka nolosha. KIIMIKADA - oxidant, ku dheehan hannaanka a of falcelinta waa la fuliyay.

Allena waxaa la aasaasay ee dabiiciga ah ama oxygen qalabka shaybaarka gaar ah ozonizers hawada by dheecaan xoog koronto. In xaaladaha dabiiciga ah - waa hillaac. At uruureen hoose ee raad waxa ay leedahay cusub a urta wacan yahay (ka dib markii duufaanka mar walba dareemayay in hawada). Waxaa aad u xoog badan oxidant, bleach, kiimikaad ahaan firfircoon.

fosfooraska-habeynta

oxygen Allotropy ay la mid tahay in of fosfooraska, iyo. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay oo ku saabsan 11 beddelka kala duwan tirada atamka kala duwan ee Britain, oo sidaas daraaddeed, bond kiimikada ah iyo guryaha. Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo deggan, iyo inta kale, in nooca ficil ahaan ma dhici karto, iyo qalalaya.

1. fosfooraska White. Waxaa Formula F _4. walax A eg shito jilicsan cad ama midabka wax yar ka hurdi. Waa ay fududahay in dhalaali, bedalayo gaas sun ah.
2. fosfooraska Red - koollada ah, taas oo uu leeyahay ur xun. Formula - P _n. Qaab dhismeedka polymer Tani.
3. fosfooraska Black - dufan leh in miisaankiisu yahay taabashada, taas oo madow ee midabka iyo gebi ahaanba L. biyo.

beddelid biraha

Waa maxay Biraha allotropy, waxaa laga heli karaa tusaale ahaan birta. Waxaa jira qaab:

• Alfa,
• beta;
• gamma;
• qaabka li'idiisa.

Mid kasta oo ka duwan qaabka hore ee daaqaddii crystal iyo, sida, guryaha. Tusaale ahaan, qaab Alfa - ferromagnetichna iyo beta -paramagnetik.

Guud ahaan, dhammaan biraha loo yaqaan ka beddelid allotropic si ay u sameeyaan guud ahaan 27 xubno ka kiimikada.

allotropy daasadda

Interesting in foomka Alfa-ka - budo cirro, taas oo jirta oo keliya marka heerkulku hooseeyo. foomka Beta-, ayaa dhanka kale, biraha, silvery-cad, jilicsan iyo ductile. Waxaa jira at qaab heerkulka sare - ilaa 161 ° ^C. foomka Mid ka mid ah waxaa diyaar diinta kale ee vivo, haddii dhibic degree.