Waa maxay doorka cytoplasm ee biosynthesis protein? Description oo ka mid ah geeddi-socodka iyo hawlaha

cell ee u shaqeeyo kasta oo ka dhigan mid ka mid ah kiimikooyinka warshad soo saara waaweyn. Halkan, reactions dhici on biosynthesis ee subaga, acids nucleic, carbohydrates iyo, dabcan, borotiinada. Borotiin ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah in dhaqdhaqaaqa unugyada, sidaas darteed si ay u qabtaan kala duwan ee hawlaha: .. An enzyme, signal, dhismaha, nabdoonaanta, iyo kuwa kale.

Biosynthesis Protein: Hab-Description

Dhismaha taagoo protein waa geedi socod adag multistep in qaadataa meel ka yar tallaabada of tiro badan oo ah falgalka iyo in joogitaanka dhismayaasha qaarkood.

Avv bilaabmaa protein kasta oo xuduntii. dhismeedka kelli macluumaad laga diiwaan geliyay DNA gacanta, iyo wixii lagu akhriyo. Ku dhawaad hiddo-kasta oo ey ka mid ah jidhka, oo ay Britain protein kala go'lahayn.

Waa maxay doorka cytoplasm ee biosynthesis protein? Xaqiiqada ah in cytoplasm unugga ee waa "pool" ee xeryahooda adag monomer, iyo sidoo kale dhismayaasha in masuul ka ah socodka nidaamka of Avv borotiinka ku jira. Sidoo kale, deegaanka gudaha ee unug ayaa ashitada iyo ra'iyi content joogto ah, kaas oo kaalin muhiim ah in dareen diidmo lagmamaarmaanna.

biosynthesis Protein qaadataa meel laba marxaladood: kanna waa qoraal iyo turjumidda.

qoraal

Heerkan waxa bilaabmaa bu'da unugga. Halkan, doorka ugu weyn waxaa la ciyaaray by sida acids nucleic, DNA iyo RNA (deoxy iyo ribonucleic acid) labadaba. In eukaryotes, unit qoraal waa urur transcriptional iyo prokaryotes ah sida waxa loo yaqaan DNA operon ah. Farqiga u dhexeeya qoraal ee prokaryotes iyo eukaryotes waa in operon waa qayb ka mid ah Britain DNA taas oo baaq a borotiinada badan Britain ayaa markii transcriptional dhali macluumaad ku saabsan mid ka mid ah protein hiddo oo kaliya.

shayga ugu weyn ee unugyada in tallaabo waa ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee qoraal ah ee RNA Rasuul (mRNA) ee template DNA ah. Ujeedada this, xudunta u galo enzyme oo caynkaas ah, RNA polymerase. Waxaa ka qeyb ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee u taagoo cusub ee mRNA taas oo ah kaabaha goobta of deoxyribonucleic acid.

Waayo, dabcan guul cadaanyo qoraal ay u baahan tahay joogitaanka qodobo qoraal in ay sidoo kale loogu talagalay by TF-1 gaabiyay ah, TF-2, TF-3. Hab dhismeedka protein adag ku lug leh dhismaha la horumariyaha polymerase RNA on the ku Britain DNA.

Avv mRNA sii ilaa iyo inta polymerase gaaro goobta dhamaadka transcriptional yeedhay terminator ah.

Xiriiriyaha, sida gobolka kale transcriptional functional, ayaa mas'uul ka ah Iscelin of qoraal ah ama, haddii kale, waayo, xawaaraha ee polymerase RNA ah. Ayaa mas'uul ka ah sharciyeynta qoraal ah ensaymes inhibitors protein gaar ah ama activators waa borotiinada siday u kala horreeyaan.

turjumaad

Ka dib markii mRNA ayaa ku dhexsameeysmo bu'da unugga, waxaa galaa cytoplasm ah. Si aad ka jawaabto su'aasha ku saabsan waxa ay kaalinta cytoplasm ee biosynthesis protein, waa ka qiimo badan si faahfaahsan guuriso qaddar ee u taagoo acid nucleic masraxa turjumaad.

warbaahinta ayaa qaadataa meel saddex marxaladood: bilaabidda, muruqa iyo joojinta.

First, mRNA waa in lagu lifaaqo ribosomes ah. Ribosomes yihiin qaab-dhismeedka gacanta non-xuub yar oo ka kooban laba subunits: waaweyn iyo kuwa yaryar. First acid ribonucleic ku lifaaqan subunit yar, ka dibna ay xirtey translational oo dhan ballaaran oo adag si mRNA ahaa gudaha ribosome ah. Dhab ahaantii, tani waa marxalada dhamaadka bilow ah.

Waa maxay doorka cytoplasm ee biosynthesis protein? First of dhan, waa il acids amino - ka monomers aasaasiga ah ee protein kasta. Marka marxaladdan ee muruqa waa tartiib dhista-up of silsilad polypeptide ah, ka methionine bilowga codon ah, taas oo ku xiran yihiin ee acids amino kale. Codon kiiskan waa triplet ah nucleotides of mRNA in ey ka mid amino acid.

Marka marxaladdan, waxaa ku xiran nooca kale ee RNA - gaadiidka RNA, ama tRNA. Waxay masuul ka ah bixinta acids amino in dhismaha ribosome in mRNA by sameynta adag aminoacyl-tRNA yihiin. Learning qaadataa meel by anticodon tRNA dhexgalka kaabaha ah ee Britain ayaa la mRNA at codon. Sayidka, acid amino waxaa loo dhiibaa ribosome iyo ku lifaaqan silsiladda polypeptide curdinka.

Joojinta habka tarjumaadda dhacdaa marka goobaha ku mRNA joojin codons. codons waxaa ku jira macluumaad ku saabsan ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee peptide waa dhamaystiran, ka dib markii taas oo adag ee ribosome-RNA waa la wada baabbi'iyey, iyo qaab-dhismeedka aasaasiga ah ee protein ah sheeko galaa cytoplasm ee transformations kiimikada dheeraad ah.

In geeddi-socodka ah ee turjumaad ku lug leedahay arrimo bilow protein khaas ah HADDII iyo muruqa factors xeeraan. Waxay ku yimaadaan noocyo kala duwan oo noocyada, oo ay shaqadoodu tahay si loo xaqiijiyo xiriir habboon la subunits ribosomal RNA, iyo sidoo kale in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee ugu of silsilad polypeptide ee marxaladda of muruqa.

Waa maxay doorka cytoplasm ee biosynthesis protein: kooban oo ku saabsan qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee biosynthesis ah

Ka dib markii mRNA baxo xudunta u galay deegaanka unugga gudaha hoose, Britain waa in ay u sameeyaan translational deggan adag. Maxay yihiin qaybaha of cytoplasm waa in la joogo marxaladda ee turjumaad ahaan?

1. Ribosomes.

2. acids Aamino.

3. tRNA.

Aminoacids - borotiinada monomers

Waayo, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee silsilad borotiinka loo baahan yahay in ay leeyihiin in cytoplasm oo ka mid ah qaybaha dhismaha ee u taagoo peptide ah - acids amino. Kuwani walxaha low-kelli in qaab dhismeedka leeyihiin hadhay amino acid ah NH2 iyo COOH. qayb kale oo Britain ka - a - waa astaanta of kasta acid amino. Waa maxay doorka biosynthesis ah protein cytoplasmic?

AK dhaca xal qaab zwitterions, kuwaas oo u taagoo la mid ah in la siiyo ama ka qaataa protons hydrogen. Sidaas darteed, Kooxda amino acids amino la beddelay NH3 +, koox carbonyl a - COO-.

Wax walba ee dabiiciga ah waxaa laga helaa 200 AK, kuwaas oo 20 oo keliya waa belokobrazuyuschimi. ka mid ah koox ka mid ah acids amino lagama maarmaan ah in aan ku dhexsameeysmo jirka insaanka iyo hesho galay gacanta kaliya ee ay heleen cunto iyo acids amino lagama maarmaan ah in foomamka jidhka on iyaga u gaar ah ee.

All AK encoded by codon ah in u dhiganta saddex nucleotides of mRNA uu ku jiray mid ka mid amino acid inta badan la encoded karo by dhowr isku xigxigta, sida. codon Methionine in barnaamijyada iyo eukaryotes waa bilowga, maxaa yeelay, Wuxuu ku bilaabmaa biosynthesis ee silsilad peptide ah. Si aad u joojiso codons ka mid ah UAA, UGA, iyo UAG xigxiga nucleotide.

Waa maxay ribosome ah?

Sidee ribosomes ayaa ka mas'uul ah biosynthesis ee borotiinada in cell iyo waa maxay doorka dhismeedka kuwanu? First of dhan, waa formation non-xuub, kaas oo ka kooban tahay laba subunits, waaweyn iyo kuwo yaryar. Shaqada subunits kuwan - qaban ee u taagoo mRNA u dhaxeeya.

ribosomes waa goobaha in dhicin codons mRNA. All dhexeeya subunit yar iyo weyn geli karaan laba ilmood oo kale.

Dhowr ribosomes la darka laga yaabaa galay mid ka mid caymiska weyn, ku dheehan yahay ee silsilad peptide heerka Avv kordhay, iyo wax soo saarka waxaa laga heli karaa nuqulo dhowr ah oo protein ah. Taasi waa waxa doorka cytoplasm ee biosynthesis protein.

noocyada RNA

acids Ribonucleic ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah ee dhammaan heerarka kala of qoraal. Waxaa jira saddex kooxood oo waaweyn oo ah RNA: gaadiidka, ribosomal iyo macluumaadka.

mRNA ku lug leh gudbinta macluumaad ku saabsan ka kooban of silsilad peptide ah. tRNA dhexdhexaadiyaan kala iibsiga ee acids amino in ribosomes la gaari by formation of adag aminoacyl-tRNA. Dhisidda baxay acid amino ku dhacdaa oo keliya marka dhexgalka ee kaabaha ah anticodon RNA kala iibsiga la codon ku mRNA ah.

rRNA ku lug leh dhismaha ribosomes. isku xigxigta, waa mid ka mid ah sababaha ay mRNA la qabtay dhexeeya subunits waaweyn iyo kuwa yaryar. RNA Ribosomal sameeyay nucleoli ah.

taasoo la micno ah borotiinada

biosynthesis ee borotiinada iyo muhiimadda for unugyada weyn: falgalka ugu leeyihiin shaqeeyo nooca peptide, borotiinada dhacdaa iyada oo gaadiidka ee walxaha dhex xuub gacanta.

Borotiin qabtaan iyo shaqada dhismaha sidii ay qayb ka mid ah murqaha, neerfaha iyo unugyada kale ee jira. Digayaan door waa in ay u gudbiyaan warbixin ku saabsan geedi socodka ka, tusaale ahaan, marka nuur yahay dhacdada on ileyska. borotiinada Protective - immunoglobulin - waxaa aasaas u ah habka difaaca aadanaha.