Walax ee kiimikada ah - waxa uu yahay waxan? Guryaha walxaha. fasalada walxaha

Su'aasha ugu weyn ee ah in loo baahan yahay in la ogaado nin jawaab waxgarashada saxda ah ee sawirka dunida ah - in walax noocan oo kale ah ee kiimikada. Aragtidani waxa la aasaasay xitaa at da'da dugsiga iyo maamulo ilmaha in la sii horumariyo. Helitaanka in daraasadda of chemistry waa muhiim in la helo dhul caadi ah la heer ah maalin kasta, waxaa kuu ogolaanaya in aad arki oo la heli karo si ay u sharxaan kala duwan geedi socodka, sharaxaadooda, guryaha, iwm

Nasiib darro, sabab u ah nidaamka aan ku haboon waxbarashada, dad badan oo la la'yahay qaar ka mid ah aasaaska aasaasiga ah. Fikradda ah "walax in chemistry" - nooc ka mid ah madaxa rukunka, nuugista waqtigii qeexitaankan siinayaa qofka bilowga xaq horumarinta xiga berrinkii sayniska dabiiciga ah.

formation of fikradda

Ka hor inta uusan u dhaqaaqin fikirka ah mukhaadaraadka, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si loo ogaado waxa ku xiran ee kiimikada. Arrinta - Waa in si toos ah baarayaa chemistry ay transformations labada dhinac, qaab-dhismeedka iyo guryaha. In faham guud walaxda - taasi waa waxa jidhka jirka.

Sidaas daraaddeed, waa maxay walaxda ee kiimikada ah? Waxaan soo dhisi doono go'aan by guurka ka fikradda guud ee a Gaarna kiimikada. walaxda - waa nooc gaar ah oo arrinta, daruuri isagoo mass ah in la qiyaasi karin. sifo this kala maalkiisa ka soo noocyada kale ee arrinta - beer taas oo uu leeyahay tiro lahayn (korontada, magnetic, beerta noolaha, iwm). Arrinta, oo iyana - waa wax ka kaas oo aynu abuuray oo wax kasta oo nagu wareegsan.

sifooyinka Dhowr kale ee arrinta, la go'aamiyo, kaas oo u gaar ah waa - durbadiiba waxaa mawduuca chemistry. Muqaadaraadka la aasaasay by atamka iyo taagoo (udhigo qaar ka mid ah), iyo waxay ka dhigan tahay walax kasta oo ka kooban cutubyo formula iyo walax.

arrin fudud oo adag

Ka dib markii hanashada qeexidda saldhig u gudbin karaan in ay kakanaanta. walxaha The iman in heerarka kala duwan ee ururka, waa sahlan sina u murugsan (ama la xidhiidha) - taasi waa heerka koowaad galay fasalada walxaha, chemistry leedahay wax badan oo isa-soociddiisa ku xiga, faahfaahsan oo dheeraad ah oo adag. kala soocidda Tani, ka duwan kuwa kale oo badan, waxay leedahay xuduudaha si adag qeexay, xidhiidh kasta oo si cad loo saarin karaa in mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu wadajir gaar ah.

walax Simple in Chemistry - xarunta ka kooban atamka ee element ka mid ah oo kaliya ka miiska wareegsan. Sida caadiga ah, this taagoo binary, i.e. ka kooban laba qayb ka, ku xiran by covalent xirka nonpolar - formation labada ciyaaryahan guud electron unshared. Sayidka, ka atamka ee element isla kiimikada leeyihiin electronegativity isla, ie, awood u leeyahay inuu xajisto cufnaanta guud electron, sidaa daraadeed waxa aan u janjeedhaan in mid ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaasha in isgaarsiinta. Tusaalooyinka walxaha fudud (nonmetals) - hydrogen iyo oxygen, chlorine, iodine, fluorine, nitrogen, baaruud, iwm Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex atamka ee Britain ayaa ah walax sida Allena, oo ka mid ah - oo dhan gaasas sharaf leh (argon, xenon, helium, iwm). In Biraha (magnesium, calcium, copper, iwm) waxaa waa u gaar ah nooca xiriir - biraha, qaadeen sabab u bulsheed oo ka mid ah electrons free gudaha biraha iyo formation of taagoo sida aan arkay. Marka walax ka mid ah diiwaanka biraha ku jira oo kaliya calaamad u ah element kiimikada aan jirrabo kasta.

walax fudud ee kiimikada, tusaale u ah, kuwaasi oo ay sare lagaa siin, waxay ka timid kooban oo tayo leh oo ah dhismaha kala duwan. Kiimikooyinka atamka ee qaybaha kala duwan yihiin soo sameeyey laba ama in ka badan. walxaha noocan oo kale ah waxay leeyihiin covalent ka horjeeda ama nooca lagala kulmo Madbacada qaranka. Tan iyo atamka kala duwan waxay leeyihiin electronegativity kala duwan, ka dibna formation of labada ciyaaryahan guud electron dhacdaa in ay wareeg xagga element a more electronegative, taas oo horseedaysa in ay kala fogaansho guud ee Britain ayaa ku. nooca Madbacada qaranka - kiiska xad dhaaf ah oo kala horjeeda, labada ciyaaryahan electron marka si buuxda diinta mid ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaasha ku qabanaya tani waa, ka dibna atamka (ama kooxo) waxaa lagu beddelay udhigo. xuduud cad cad, waxaa jira noocyo kala dhexeeya kuwan, bond Madbacada qaranka loo fasiri karaa inuu covalent a kala horjeeda badan. Tusaalooyinka xeryahooda adag - biyo, ciid, dhalooyinka, cusbada, oxides, iwm

walxaha beddelka

walxaha ku tilmaaman sida fudud, dhab ahaantii, waxay leeyihiin feature gaar ah oo aan waa asalka ah ee adag a. xubno qaarkood waxay sameyn karaan nooc ka mid ah mukhaadaraadka fudud. Lammaan oo dhan sida uu yahay element hal, laakiin ka kooban taranta, qaab-dhismeedka iyo sifooyinka si weyn la kala saaro qaababka sida. Habkaani waxaa loo yaqaan allotropes.

Ogsijiin, baaruud, carbon iyo xubno kale oo dhowr ah beddelka allotropic. Ogsijiin - waa O ₂ iyo _{3 Rabbiyow,} carbon bixiyaa afar nooc oo walxaha - carbyne, diamond, graphite iyo fullerenes Britain waa baaruud rhombic, badalaada monoclinic oo caag ah. Noocan oo kale ah arrin fudud in chemistry, tusaale u ah kuwaas oo aan ku xaddidnayn kor ku xusan, waa muhim. Gaar ahaan, fullerenes loo isticmaalay farshaxanka sida semiconductors, photoresists, lagu daro waayo koritaanka filimada diamond iyo ujeedooyin kale oo daawo waa poesie awood leh.

Maxaa ku dhacaya maalkii?

labaad kasta oo dhacaa gudaha iyo hareeraha isbadal ah ee walxaha. Chemistry fiiriyo, oo uu sharaxayaa habka kuwa u taga la tayo iyo / ama isbedel taranta ee ka kooban oo ka mid ah u taagoo ficil. In isku midka ah, isku xiran inta badan ka dhacaan iyo transformations jirka kuwaas oo lagu gartaa isbeddel ah ee qaab, midab, wax ama gobolka ee xulkii, iyo qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka kale.

ifafaale Kiimikada - waa falcelinta noocyo kala duwan ah, tusaale ahaan, xeryahooda ee la bedelay, isweydaarsiga, fidinta, karo, gube, redox, iwm, taas oo ku xidhan isbeddel ah ee u dhimaya oo xiiso. Waayo, ifafaale jirka ka mid ah: uumi, uumiga, sublimation, kala diridda, baraf, conductivity korontada, iwm inta badan waxay midba midka kale la socon, tusaale ahaan, by hillaac inta lagu jiro duufaan - waa habka jirka ah, iyo doorashada ay Allena - kiimiko ah.

guryaha jirka

walax ee chemistry - arrintan, kuwaas oo soo jireenka ah ee guryaha jireed qaarkood. In ay joogaan, maqnaanshaha, degree iyo xoogga la sii saadaalin karin, sida maalkii dhaqmo xaaladaha kala duwan iyo sidoo kale sharixi qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka kiimikada xeryahooda ah. Tusaale ahaan, heerkulka sare karaya xeryahooda organic, taas oo waa hydrogen, iyo heteroatom electronegative (nitrogen, oxygen, iwm) ayaa tilmaamaya in walaxda muujinayaa isdhexgalka nooca kiimikada sida lagala kulmo hydrogen. Thanks to aqoonta waxa walxaha leedahay awood ugu wanaagsan si ay u qabtaan korontada, cable iyo silig suunka waxaa laga sameeyey Biraha qaarkood.

kiimikaad

Dhismaha, cilmi baarista iyo daraasadda of sifooyinka dhinaca kale ee qadaadiic ugu hawlan yahay kiimikada. The guryaha ee arrinta ka barta of view - waa interoperability reaction ay. walxaha qaar ka mid ah waa mid aad u firfircoon ee dareenka this, tusaale ahaan, birta ama wax oxidants oo kale (inert) sharaf leh gaasas oo ku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah ma ficil fal. guryaha Chemical shaqeysiin karaa ama passivated haddii loo baahdo, mararka qaarkood waxa aan la xiriira dhibaatooyinka gaar ah oo ay ku adag tahay mararka qaarkood. Seynisyahanno ku qaataan saacado badan ee shaybaarka, by maxkamad iyo qalad, lagu gaarayo ujeedooyinka, iyo mararka qaar ha gaadho. By kala duwan oo xuduudaheedu deegaanka (heerkulka, cadaadiska, iwm) ama isticmaalaya xeryahooda gaar ah - Xoojiya ama inhibitors - saamayn kartaa guryaha kiimikada walxaha, oo sidaas daraaddeed falcelinta.

Qoondaynta oo ah kiimikada

Ku saleysan oo dhan kala saaro kala galay xeryahooda organic iyo imanba. The element organic ugu muhiimsan - waa carbon, xirmaya kasta oo kale oo hydrogenic, atamka carbon dhiso lafaha hydrocarbon ah in ka dib markii buuxsamay by atamka kale (oxygen, nitrogen, fosfooraska, baaruud, halogens, macdanaha, iyo kuwa kale), oo xirtey in wareegyada ama jahaysteen, caddaynaya oon kala duwan ballaaran oo xeryahooda organic. Si aad u taariikhda, sayniska ogyahay 20 milyan oo ka mid ah walxaha sida. Inkasta oo xeryahooda macdanta oo keliya nus milyan.

xiriir kasta si gaar ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leedahay Tilmaamo badan oo la mid kale oo ku jira guryaha, dhismaha iyo halabuurka, on this saleysan, waxaa kooxaynta ee fasalada walxaha. Chemistry uu leeyahay heer sare ah habaynta iyo urur, waa sayniska sax ah.

inorganics

1. Oxides - xeryahooda binary la oxygen:

a) acid - by ficil biyo siiyey acid,

b) ugu weyn - la xiriir in biyo siin saldhig.

2. Acid - walax oo ka kooban hal ama in ka badan protons iyo intii ka hadhay hydrogen acid.

3. saldhig The (alkali) - waxay ka kooban yihiin hal ama in ka badan kooxaha hydroxyl iyo eb bir ah:

a) hydroxides amphoteric - muujiyaan guryaha iyo acids iyo saldhigyadii.

4. Cusbada - natiijada reaction dhexdhexaadnimada ka dhexeeya acid iyo alkali (saldhig L), waxay ka kooban yihiin la eb ah biraha iyo hal ama harta acid ka badan:

a) acid cusbada - waa ka hadhay anion of proton ah acid ee ka kooban, natiijada dissociation dhamaystirnayn oo acid ah, oo

b) cusbada aasaasiga ah - ku xiran yahay kooxda hydroxyl biraha, natiijada dissociation dhamaystirnayn oo salka.

xeryahooda organic

organics kala duwan weyn ee fasalada walxaha, mugga a macluumaadka sida ay adag tahay in si deg deg ah soo xusuusan. Waxa ugu muhiimsan waa in la ogaado kala aasaasiga ah ee aliphatic iyo xeryahooda xilliile ah, carbocyclic iyo heterocyclic, cokan iyo roodhida. Sidoo kale, Consort leeyihiin taagayo badan oo la eb a bedelay of hydrogen on halogeen, oxygen, nitrogen, iyo atamka kale, iyo sidoo kale kooxaha functional.

walax ee chemistry - waa suschestovanie aasaaska. Sababo la ereygu wuxuu organic nin ayaa maanta waxay leedahay tiro badan oo ah qalab macmal ah in bedelo dabiici ah, iyo sidoo kale laga qabanin, ee dabeecadihiisa ee dabiiciga ah.