Xoraynta ee Moscow ka Poles ee 1612

Mid ka mid ah dhibcood jeestay taariikhda dalka ayaa la si kalsooni leh u odhan karaa xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah ee 1612. Waxaa markaas waa inay go'aan ka gaarto haddii aan dawladda Ruush. Way adag tahay in ay qiimayn dheeraad muhiimadda ay leedahay taariikhda this jiilka mustaqbalka. Bal aynu eegno kale xaflad muhiimka ah, ka dib markii qarniyo badan, iyo sidoo kale aad u ogaato waxa ka dhigay taliyaha ciidamada lagu jiro xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah si ay u guulaystaan.

prehistory

Laakiin marka hore, aynu u ogaato waxa dhacdooyinka ka hormarey xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah.

Iska hor imaad ka mid ah Commonwealth, taas oo run ahaantii waa xiriirka ka mid ah boqortooyada Poland iyo Grand Duchy reer Lithuania, iyadoo dawladda Ruush bilaabay in xilliyada Ivana Groznogo. Markaas, in 1558, jejebiyey Livonian War caanka ah, eryanayn ay gool si ay u helaan gacanta ku dalalkan Baltic. In 1583 dagaal ku dhamaatay iyadoo saxiixa nabadda, taas oo muujisey in ay tahay arrin waxtar buu u leeyahay Russia. Laakiin guud ahaan, adduun ah is burinaya u dhexeeya Ruushka iyo boqortooyadiisii Commonwealth ee lama oggola.

dhimashada ka dib Ivana Groznogo ee 1584. carshiga Ruush heystey wiilkiisii - Fyodor. Waxa uu ahaa dadka halkii ay tabar iyo Afguduud, kaas oo awood boqornimada waxaa si weyn u wiiqay. in 1598 uu ku dhintay, ka tago ma dhaxla. Isagu wuxuu u yimid, kii walaal u yahay naagtii Feodor - Boyar Boris Godunov. Dhacdadani waxa ay haysteen in cawaaqib halkii xun, waayo, Russia, tan iyo cut gaaban guri ammaan Rurik ah, kaas oo xukumi jiray gobolka in ka badan toddoba boqol oo sano.

Inside boqortooyada Ruush waxaa sii kordhaya qanacsanayn siyaasadda ee Boris Godunov, taas oo dad badan loo arkaa Beenabuurte, qabashada sharci-darrada ah ee awoodda, iyo isku mar lagu xamanayo inay ku amartay in ay dilaan dhaxalka xaqa Ivana Groznogo.

Xaaladdan ayaa kacsan ee dalka noqon kartaa fursado aad u faa'iido badan fududeeyey faragelinta shisheeye.

marastoose

Kooxaha talada haya ee Commonwealth waa ogyahay in ka baxsan ay xafiiltamaan ugu weyn boqortooyada Ruush. Sidaa darteed da'a Rurikovich guri ammaan u adeegay sidii nooc ka mid ah signal si ay u bilaabaan diyaarinta duulaankii.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in la furo dagaal Rzeczpospolita qaaddeen diyaar u ahayd, si intrigues ay isticmaali la firin Grigoriya Otrepeva, gudbayaasha Dmitry - kuwaas oo ku dhintay in carruurnimada, ina Ivana Groznogo (sida ay version kale, lagu dilay ku saabsan amarada Boris Godunov), taas oo uu ku kasbaday naaneesta - Beenta Dmitry.

Ciidamada Falsdmitry qorteen oo taageero ka Poland iyo ganacsato taajiriin ah Lithuania, laakiin waxaa si rasmi ah ma ay taageerayaan Rzeczpospolita. Waxaa duulay Russia ee 1604. Soon Tsar Boris Godunov dhintay iyo wiilkiisii Fedor lix iyo toban jir ah ma u awoodin inuu abaabulo difaaca a. ciidanka Polish Grigoriya Otrepeva ee 1605 lagu qabtay Moscow, oo isna Si kastaba ha ahaatee qudhiisa boqor Dmitry I., sanadka soo socda lagu dilay inqilaab. Markaas waxaa la dilay off qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah oo polish ah, kuwaas oo soo gaaray isaga la.

New Ruush Tsar noqday Vasiliy Shuysky, kuwaas oo ahaa wakiilka ah laanta lateral of Rurik ah. Laakiin qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dadweynaha reer Russia waxaa lagu ma aqoonsan taliyihii joogo.

In 1607 gayiga oo ka mid ah Commonwealth, beenaala cusub, oo magaciisa dhabta ah aan la ogeyn. Wuxuu hoos ugu tegey, taariikhda sida Beenta Dmitry II. Waxa uu taageeray by ganacsato kuwaas oo horey u bilowday fallaago ah oo ka dhan ah Polish King Sigismund III, laakiin laga badiyay. firin Rate noqday magaalada Tushin, sababta oo ah waxa ku Been Dmitry II waxaa magac tuug Tushino. Oo ciidankiisii ciidankiisii oo Shumsky iyo Moscow hareereeyey.

Vasiliy Shuysky isku dayeen in ay la xaajooto Sigismund III, oo uu ka noqday maadooyinka uu. Laakiin isagu wuxuu lahaa ma marsiin dhab ah, iyo in uusan rabin in uu sameeyo in. Markaas saarkii ruushka sameeyey isbahaysi la lahaa Sweden. Isbahaysiga Tan waxaa loogu tala galay si ay uga caawiyaan Sweden ka dhanka ah Beenta Dmitry II hoos shuruudaha kala iibsiga ee tiro ka mid ah magaalooyinka dalka Ruushka ee Sweden, iyo sidoo kale isbahaysi ka dhan ah Poland.

Shuruudaha in la furo faragelinta Polish

marmarsiiyo ugu weyn ee bilowgii faragelinta Polish noqday isbahaysi Ruush-Swedish. Tani waxay siisay marmarsiiyo rasmiga ah ee Commonwealth ay u sheegi dagaal on Russia, sida mid ka mid ah ujeeddooyinka isbahaysiga waa uun mucaaradka ee Poland.

In badan oo Commonwealth wakhtigaas waxaa jiray xoojinta awoodda boqornimo. Tani waxa ay ahayd sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in Korol Sigizmund III ee 1609 cadaadiyeen kacdoonkii ka xumaaday abtirsan jiray, kaas oo socday muddo saddex sano ah. Haddaba waxaa suurtagal ah in la ballaariyo dibadda.

Intaa waxaa dheer, isku dhacyada Ruush-Polish tan iyo dagaalkii Livonian ah, ma ay tageen, oo qarsoon faragelinta Polish oo ah qaab taageero natiijada la filayaa mana uusan sii dayn khaa'innadu ah.

Arrimahan waxay qaxtootiga go'aanka in ay bilaabato ciidamada duulaanka ah ee Dawlada Dhexe ee dhulka Ruush ee gobolka si ay u keeni ay gacanta ku hayaan buuxa. Waxay bilaabeen silsilad dhacdooyinka, kaas oo caasimadda ku xirta of Russia ahaa qabashada ciidanka Polish-Lithuanian, ka dibna xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah.

Qabashadooda Moscow Poles

In xilliga dayrta ee 1609 ciidanka Polish hogaaminayo Hetman Stanislava Zholkevskogo duulay dalka reer Russia iyo go'doominta of Smolensk. In xagaagii 1610 waxay adkaaday dagaalka ku muhim ah Klushino Ruush-Swedish ciidanka iyo in Moscow yimid. Dhinaca kale Moscow dahaadhay ciidankii Falsdmitry II.

Dhanka kale, boyars ku Vasiliya Shuyskogo lagu afgembiyey oo isaga xidhay in keniisad a. Waxay aasaasay nidaam ah in la og yahay magaca golaha toddoba. Laakiin kuwii gobta ahaa awood u waayey dadkii ka dhex nacaayo. dhab ahaan ay ka taliyaan oo kaliya Moscow. Ka baqaya in xukuumaddu ay qabsadaan karo more popular Beenta Dmitry II ee, kuwii gobta galay huddle leh oo polish ah.

By heshiis, ina Sigismund Polish King III, Władysław noqday Tsar Ruush, laakiin qaab beddelidda in Asalraacnimadu. In xilliga dayrta ee 1610 ciidanka Polish galay Moscow.

maleeshiyada ugu horeysay

Sayidka, caasimadda rus qabtay oo polish ah. On the maalmood ee ugu horeeya waxay bilaabeen inay Xadgudba, kaas oo si dabiici ah ismaandhaafka xanaaqii ee dadka deegaanka. Getman Zolkiewski ka Moscow tageen, iyo si uu u hoggaamiyo ciidankii reer Poland ee magaalada tagay Aleksandra Gonsevskogo.

Bilowga ee 1611 hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, P. iyo J. Zarutsky Lyapunov waxaa la aasaasay maleeshiyada waxa loogu yeero marka hore. Goolkiisii ahaa - si ay u bilaabaan xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah. ciidanka ugu weyn ee martida loo ahaa ay ahaayeen Ryazan gobta Tushino iyo Cossacks ah.

Ciidamada dhawaaday Moscow. Isla mar ahaantaana in kacdoon ka dhan ah ciidamada Gumaysiga, door muhiim ah kaas oo ciyaaray Dmitry Pozharsky, oo madax ka ahaa ciidamada mustaqbalka inta lagu guda jiro xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah.

Wakhtigan maleeshiyada ahaa awoodaan in ay qaataan China Town, laakiin farqiga u dhexdiisa keentay in dilka mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha - Procopius Lyapunov. Sababtoo ah ee xaqiiqda, maleeshiyada qarxay ilaa. Ujeedada xilli aan la gaari, iyo xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah ma ay qaadan meel.

Formation of Maleeshiyo Labaad

Waxaa u yimid in 1612. xoraynta ee Moscow ka Poles noqday ujeedada maleeshiyada labaad waxaa la aasaasay. Dadaalka ay abuurka fasal ganacsiga iyo farsamada gacanta ee Nizhny Novgorod, kaas oo uu soo gaaray dulmi weyn iyo khasaaraha inta lagu guda jiro shaqo Polish yimid. Nizhny Novgorod garan waayeen amar kasta oo been ah Dmitry II, mana Vladislav Zhigmontovicha - Polish Prince.

doorka A taasoo keentay in abuurista Maleeshiyo Dadka Labaad ee ciyaaray Kuzma Minin, kuwaas oo u adeegeen headman Zemsky. Wuxuu dadka ugu baaqay in ay u midoobaan dagaalka ka dhanka ah Mujaahidiinta ah. In mustaqbalka, oo wuxuu noqday caan ah sida taliye millatari inta lagu guda jiro xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah iyo sida a geesi dad. Oo intii Kuzma Minin ahaa nin saanac ah oo fudud kan kara inuu mideeyo tacsida dadka, awelna loola uu call in Nizhny Novgorod ka qaybaha kale ee Russia.

Ka mid ah soo galootiga waxay ahayd Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, nin kale, kuwaas oo caan ka ah sida taliye millatari inta lagu guda jiro xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah ee 1612. Waxaa ugu baaqay maleeshiyada shirkii guud, weydiinaya Prince Pozharsky keeni quruunta in dagaalka ka dhanka ah Mujaahidiinta ah. Oo amiirku ma diidi karin codsigan, oo ay ku biiraan ciidanka, wuxuu bilaabay inuu qaab qaadan hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Minin, iyo raggiisiiba.

laf-dhabar u ah maleeshiyada koobnaa Nizhny Novgorod ciidankii ka kooban 750 oo qof, laakiin call ka dadka adeegga Arzamas, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh iyo magaalooyin kale yimid. Waa in la ogaadaa kartida sare ee Minin iyo Pozharsky in formation gacanta ciidammada, iyo isuduwidda magaalooyin kale oo ka mid ah Russia. Dhab ahaantii, waxay la aasaasay jirka ah oo u qabata doorka dowladda.

Later, maleeshiyada dadka labaad ee xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah, markuu u yimid caasimada, kaabaya kooxaha qaar ka mid ah maleeshiyada burburay marka hore.

Sidaas darteed, hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Minin iyo Pozharsky xoog badan baa la sameeyey, ay awoodaan in ay si guul leh iska caabin duulay ee. Sayidka xoraynta Moscow bilaabay ka polish ah ee 1612.

Personality Dmitriya Pozharskogo

Haddaba, bal aynu wada hadlaan si faahfaahsan on aqoonsiga qofka noqday caan ah sida madax milatari oo inta lagu guda jiro xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah. Waxaa Dmitry Pozharsky ahaa dadkii ku ah codsi ka yimid hoggaamiyaha sare ee maleeshiyada, iyo waxa ay u qalmeen iska leh qayb weyn oo ka mid ah ka qayb qaateen in this guusha quruxda leh. Kuwaas oo ahaa ayuu?

Dmitry Pozharsky iska ah qoyska princely qadiimiga ah, taas oo ahayd laanta dhinac oo ka mid ah line Rurik Starodubskaya ah. Wuxuu ku dhashay 1578, sida waqtiga formation of maleeshiyaadka dayrta ee 1611, wuxuu ahaa ku saabsan 33 sano jir ah. Aabbahay wuxuu ahaa Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky iyo hooyadiis - Maria Fedorovna Berseneva-Beklemisheva in magacyada, wuxuu siiyey in yarad, Dmitry waxa uu ku dhashay.

Adeegga dadweynaha Dmitry Pozharsky dib boqornimadii Borisa Godunova tegey. Taliyaha ciidamada Future, taliyaha xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah oo ka hoosaysa Tsar Vasilii Shuyskom keentay mid ka mid ah kooxaha in iska caabiyeen ciidankii reer Beenta Dmitry II. Markaas waxaa loo magacaabay taliyaha Zaraiskiy.

Later, sidii hore u soo sheegnay kor ku xusan, Pozharsky waxaa ku hawlan ururka ee kacdoonkii looga soo horjeeday oo polish ah ee Moscow inta lagu jiro jiritaanka Maleeshiyo Dadka First ee.

Dabcan, dadka la diriray si adag ka dhanka ah faragelinta shisheeye, aan ka jawaabi kari waayeen inay call Kuzmy Minina. Ma aha doorka ugu danbeysay in Dmitry Pozharsky keentay maleeshiyada, wuxuu ahaa xaqiiqada ah in uu lahaa guryaha u dhow Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod ie, dhismaha laf-dhabar u ah ciidanka, waxaa loo arkaa iyaga u gaar ah.

Taasi waxa ay ahayd ninkii u horseeday maleeshiyada ee xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah.

March on Moscow

Waxaan is tusay cidda amray xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah, hadda aynu diiradda ku Dhabahaan buu xilli.

Maleeshiyo dhaqaaqay dhamaadka February 1612 in Nizhny Novgorod on Volga kor ku wajahan Moscow. Sidii aad horumar, dadka cusub ee isaga soo biiray. Inta badan degsiimooyinka kulmeen maleeshiyada farxad, iyo meesha maamullada maxalliga ah ayaa isku dayay in la dayactiro mucaaradka, maadaama ay ahayd in Kostroma, ay saaray iyo bedelay ciidamada Ruush daacad u ah dadka.

Bishii Abriil 1612 maleeshiyada si Yaroslavl, kaas oo saamiga dhow yahay August 1612 yimid. Sayidka, Yaroslavl noqday caasimada ku meel gaar ah. Tani waxay muddo horumarinta dhaqdhaqaaqa xoraynta qaatay magaca "taagan in Yaroslavl."

Marka barashada in habab si Moscow hetman ciidanka Chodkiewicz, si loo hubiyo in ay difaaca, Pozharsky dabayaaqadii July si dhakhso ah u soo diray dhowr guuto ka mid ah Yaroslavl, kuwaas oo isla markiiba loola cararay caasimadda, iyo dhexe ee August, dhammaan ciidamada maleeshiyada ayaa ku urursan Moscow.

Ciidamada dhinac

Waxaa caddaatay in lahaa dagaalka ka go'aan. Maxay ahayd tirada ciidamada ee dhinacyada dagaalamaya iyo meelaynta?

Tirada guud ee ciidamada ku jiray oo hoos timaada Dmitry Pozharsky ma badnayn siddeed kun oo qof, sida laga soo xigtay ilo. laf-dhabar u ah ciidamada waxay ahaayeen Cossack maraakiibta tirada 4000 oo qof oo mid ka mid kun iyo qaansoley. Ka sokow taliyayaasha maleeshiyada Pozharsky iyo Minin ahaayeen Dmitry Pozharsky-Majarafad (qaraabo ah oo ka mid ah ayaa xaakinnadii sare) iyo Ivan Khovanskiy-Large. Kaliya ee la soo dhaafay oo ka mid ah hal mar amray ciidan badan. Inta kale ee ka mid ah sida Dmitriyu Pozharskomu, lahaa in amrayo oo ah unugyada yar ama waayo aragnimo hogaamineed wadajir maqan, sida in Pozharsky, iyo majarafadihii.

Dmitry Troubetzkoy, mid ka mid ah madaxda Maleeshiyada koowaad, keentay in dheeraad ah a in 2500 Cossacks. Inkasta oo uu isku raacay in la caawiyo Jidka caadi ah, laakiin waqti isku mid ah loo hayaa xaq ma si ay u fuliyaan amarada Pozharsky. Sidaas darteed, tirada guud ee ciidamada Ruush ahaa 9500-10 000.

Tirada ciidanka Polish Hetman Chodkiewicz, waxaa soo socda in Moscow dhinaca galbeedka, waxaa jiray 12 000 oo qof. ciidanka ugu weyn waxaa ku jira ahaayeen tirada Zaporozhye Cossacks ah 8,000 askari oo ka yar amarka Aleksandra Zborovskogo. Qaybta ugu hufan ee ciidamada ku lahaa askartii shakhsi Hetman tirada 2,000.

The taliyayaasha ciidamada Polish - Chodkiewicz iyo Zborowski - khibrad ciidan badan. Gaar ahaan Chodkiewicz kala duwanaayeen in xakamaynayaan abtirsan kacdoonkii ugu dambeeyay iyo sidoo kale dagaalka, Sweden. Ka mid ah taliyayaasha kale waa in la ogaadaa Nevyarovskogo, Grajewski iyo Koretsky.

Intaa waxaa dheer 12,000 oo askari, taas oo keentay in Chodkiewicz ah, ee Kremlin Moscow ahaa weli saddex kun oo ciidankii reer Poland. Waxay keentay ee Jets iyo Nicholas doisprezece Budilo. Tani waxay, sidoo kale, waxay ahaayeen dagaalyahanada soo maray, laakiin aan lahayn tayo kasta oo military.

Sidaas darteed, tirada guud ee ciidammada Polish gaaray 15 000 oo qof.

maleeshiyada Ruush ahaa yaalla meel u dhow derbiyada City White ah, halka u dhexeeya ciidankii Polish tiirar adag ee Kremlin, iyo ciidamada Chodkiewicz waa dhexeeya dhagax weyn oo meel adag. tirada ay ahaayeen ka yar kuwa polish ah, iyo taliyayaasha ma lahayn waayo-aragnimo military badan. Waxa ay u muuqatay in qaddar ee maleeshiyada ah ayaa caddeeyey.

Battle for Moscow

Sidaas daraaddeed, in August 1612 dagaal ka bilaabeen, taas oo dhalisay in xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah. Year dagaalka this weligiis galay taariikhda Russia.

First bilaabay ciidamada weerar Hetman Chodkiewicz gudbay webiga Moskva ah, ayay waxay yimaadeen iriddii reer Novodevichy Convent ah, halkaas oo maleeshiyada u xoog yimid. Waxa uu bilaabay faras dagaal. ciidankii Polish weerar ka xoojinta, halka Prince Troubetzkoy sugayay oo ku degdegin inaad gargaarka ee Pozharsky. Waa in la sheegay in taliyaha ciidamada sare ee xoraynta ee Moscow ka polish ah arrin si caqli ah, in aysan suurto gal ahayn in marka hore burburin maleeshiyada jagooyinka cadowga. Chodkiewicz lahaa u Dumayn.

Intaas ka dib Pozharsky bedelay bax ciidamada dhaqaaqay in Zamoskvorechye. dagaalka ayaa go'aan ka dhacay on 24 August. Hetman Chodkiewicz mar kale ku tuuray ciidamada uu dagaalkaan dhex gelayaa, rajeyneysa inay burburin tirada yar ee maleeshiyada. Laakiin waxaa soo baxay sida uu rajaynayo. Ciidamada Ruush istaageen, marka lagu daro dagaalka, ugu dambeyntii ku biiray ciidamada Trubetskoy.

soo horjeeda oo gabaabsi go'aansaday in la qaato leeyr. By fiidkii, maleeshiyada u soo baxeen inay weerar. Waxay u Maraga jagooyinka cadowga, iyo ku qasbay inuu u qaxaya magaalada Mozhaisk. Arkay, ciidankii reer Poland ayaa lagu qasbay in ay is dhiibaan maleeshiyada. Sidaas dhamaaday xoreynta ee Moscow ka qalaad ee soo duulay.

saamaynta

Liberation of Moscow ka Poles ee 1612 ahayd la jebiyey dagaal ka dhan Ruush-Polish. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tallaabo military socday muddo dheer weli.

In guga ee 1613 waxaa lagu riday on wakiilka boqortooyada cusub ee guri ammaan Romanov ah - Mikhail Fedorovich. Waxa uu u adeegay sidii loo xoojin muhiim ah qarannimada Ruush.

Dhamaadkii 1618, waxaa la soo gabagabeeyay ugu danbeyn xabad Deulino dhexeeya Ruush iyo Polish. Sida ay natiijada xabad this, Russia ayaa lagu qasbay in la siiyo qaybo badan oo Dhexe, laakiin ugu muhiimsan ceshan - ay qarannimada. In mustaqbalka, waxa ay ka caawisay inay dib u dhulka ku lumay, iyo xitaa ka qayb qaybta ugu badan ee Commonwealth.

Qiimaha xoraynta ee Moscow

Way adag tahay in ay qiimayn dheeraad muhiimadda ay leedahay in la sii daayo caasimada Ruushka, waayo taariikhda ee dalka. Dhacdadani waxa ay ka caawisay in ay sii gobolka Ruush ee halganka adag ka dhanka ah Mujaahidiinta ah. Sidaa darteed, ee Battle of Moscow ku qoran oo dhan buugaagta taariikhda Ruush iyo waa mid ka mid ah taariikhaha ugu weyn.

Prince Pozharsky iyo Kuzma Minin, kuwaas oo muddo dheer ay leeyihiin xaaladda geesiyaal qaran - anaga iyo madaxda maleeshiyada Second xusuuso. Waxay uga sooco, fasaxyada, gelin taxadiri xusayay.