Yaa helay penicillin ah? Taariikhda helitaanka penicillin

Haddii aad weyddiisatidba wax aqoon qofka ku saabsan cidda helay penicillin, ka jawaab laga yaabaa in ay u maqlaan magaca Fleming. Laakiin hadii aad fiiriso in Encyclopedia Soofiyeeti, la daabacay ka hor konton konton ah ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay, in magacan waa waxaa lagama helin. Halkii, biolojiste Ingiriiska gudbiyo xaqiiqda ah in saamayn bogsiinta of caaryada ugu horeysay soo dhowaadeen inay dhakhaatiir Ruush iyo Polotebnov Manassein dareenka. Waxa ay ahayd run, saynisyahano, kuwaas oo ku soo laabtay 1871 ogaaday in fangaska ah Penicillium glaucum la xakameeyo koritaanka bakteeriyada badan. Sidaas daraaddeed, kuwa helay penicillin, dhab ahaantii?

Fleming

Indeed, su'aasha ah ee qofka iyo sida helay penicillin, waxay u baahan tahay baadhitaan faahfaahsan oo dheeraad ah. Ka hor inta aan Fleming, iyo kuwaas oo dhakhaatiir Ruush ah oo ku saabsan sifooyinka penicillin ogaa Avicenna oo Paracelsus. Laakiin walax highlight siinaya ciidamada bogsiinta caaryada, wayna kari waayeen. Waxa ay ahayd oo keliya biolojiste Hospital St. Mary, in uu yahay Fleming. A wakiilada saynisyahan bakteeriyada tijaabiyey furan at its kaaliyaha, hogaga buka. The dhakhtar saabka maxillary keenay qiyaas yar oo penicillin iyo durba saddex saacadood ka dib xaalad bukaan-socodka si weyn u soo hagaagtay. Sidaas Fleming helay penicillin, sida ay soo sheegeen September 13, 1929, in uu warbixin. Taariikhda waxaa loo arkaa dhalashada of antibiotics, laakiin waxay bilaabeen in ay mar dambe u isticmaalaan.

cilmi sii

Yaa helay penicillin, akhristaha waxaa hore u ogaan lahaa, laakiin waxaa xusid mudan in isticmaalka hab ma ahaa ee suuragalka ah - waa in loo nadiifiyaa. Inta lagu guda jiro habka isdaahirinta, formula noqday deganayn, wax si deg deg ah u lumiya hantida. Waxa ay ahayd oo kaliya 1938, koox ka mid ah cilmibaadhe oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Oxford ayaa la hawshan niyad jabka. Alexander Fleming ayaa ku farxay.

Laakiin halkan hore ee Falanqeeyayaasha aan lahaa goolkii cusub: wasakhahaasi koray aad u tartiib ah, si Alexander go'aansaday in ay isku dayaan kale ee noociisa ah, furay marayay enzyme penitsillaza - walax in takhalusi karaa penicillin soo saaray bakteeriyada.

USA vs England

Mid ka mid ah kuwaas oo helay penicillin, ma uu karin inuu bilaabaan wax soo saarka mass of daroogada guriga. Laakiin kaaliyeyaasha uu, Florey iyo Heatley, in 1941 u guuray dalka Mareykanka. Oo iyana waxay halkaas ku leeyihiin taageerada iyo maalgelinta deeqsi ah, laakiinse waxay ahayd si adag xogo.

Guusha jab cusub dawooyinka xanuun ego ee British ah. Waxay isku dayeen in ay iibsadaan technology, laakiin Maraykanka ayaa ka codsaday lacag aad u weyn. Ka dibna World Hore Fleming xusuustay sida discoverer walax mucjiso ah. Suxufiyiinta ayaa xitaa abuurtay quraafaad ah oo ka mid ah "caaryaysatay Mary" si ay u caddeeyaan in Britain ay si fudud u soo xaday ay fikrad. Iyo Mareykanka ayaa lagu qasbay in ay wadaagaan technology qarsoodi ah. Sam Fleming helay Nobel Prize ee doorkiisii xagga daawada iyo helitaanka penicillin, laakiin ma uu isaga qudhiisu ka fiirsan ak tirsan ka mid ah sayniska, sida "si fudud u soo jiideen hadiyadda ah nooca dareenka."

Penicillin in USSR

Dhammaan buugaagta biology qoro in Alexander Fleming helay penicillin. Laakiin meel aan akhriyi ku saabsan sida daroogada bilaabay soo saara ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Run, waxaa jira halyeey in loo baahan yahay hubaasha lagu daaweyn jiray General Vatutin, laakiin Stalin mamnuucay isticmaalka daroogada dibada. Si aad u yaqaaniin wax soo saarka sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah, waxaa la go'aamiyay in ay soo iibsato technology ee. Xitaa wafdi u diray Safaaradda Mareykanka. Mareykanka waxay ku heshiiyeen, laakiin inta lagu jiro wada xaajoodka, saddex jeer kiciyey qiimaha oo la qiimeeyo aqoontooda iyo soddon milyan oo doolar.

By diiday, Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu sameeyey wixii iyo British: bilaabay duck in biolojiste gudaha Zinaida Ermoleva soo saaray krustozin. daroogada waxaa loo soo hagaagtay analoogga ee penicillin, kaas oo la afduubtay basaasyo raasammaaliyade. Waxa uu ahaa khayaali saafi ah, laakiin iyadu runtii bilaabay saara daroogada guriga, si kastaba ha ahaatee, tayada ahaa ka xun. Sidaa darteed, maamulka u soo baxeen inay trick ah: iibsan qarsoon Chain Ernst (mid ka mid ah caawiyeyaasha ka Fleming) oo bilaabay in ay soo saaraan penicillin ah, labadaba America iyo krustozin gacangeliyey illoobay. Sidaas, sida waxaa soo baxday, su'aasha ah kuwaas oo helay penicillin in USSR ah, waxaa jira jawaab ma.

niyad jab

xoogga penicillin, kaas oo sidaas aadka u arkaa nuurar caafimaad waqtiga, ma ahaa si xoog leh. Sida ka leexatay, muddo ka dib, noolaha cudurka keena noqdaan difaaca daroogada. Halkii fekero xal kale, saynisyahano wuxuu bilaabay inuu ku abuurta antibiotics kale. Laakiin khiyaanayn aan ilaa maantadan la joogo microbes kartaan.

Ma muddo dheer ka hor, ee WHO ayaa ku dhawaaqay in Fleming uga digay isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee antibiotics, taas oo keeni karta in xaqiiqda ah in daawo ma awoodo in uu caawiyo a cudurada fudud halkii, t noqon doonaa. Si aad. Microbes The ma aha in jago in la dhaawaco. Iyo in mushkiladda xal loo helin - waa hawsha Quruumo kale ayay dhakhtarro. Oo waxaa loo baahan yahay in la raadiyo hadda.