Abuurista iyo imtixaanka bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda ee USSR

Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa tan iyo 1918 ay cilmi baaris ku saabsan physics nuclear in diyaarisay imtixaanka bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda ee USSR. In Leningrad, Institute radium ee 1937, ayaa la bilaabay cyclotron ah, ugu horreeyey ee Europe. "In wixii sanadkii ahaa imtixaanka koowaad ee qaraxa qaaradda ee USSR ah?" - Waxaad weydiisan. Jawaabta waxaad ogaan doontaa mid aad u dhakhsaha badan.

In 1938, November 25, go'aanka ah Academy of Sciences la aasaasay Commission on xuduntii qaaradda. In ay ka kooban waxaa ka mid ahaa Sergei Vavilov, Aabraam Alikhanov Aabraam Joffe, Igor Kurchatov iyo kuwa kale. Waxay ahaayeen ku biiray labo sano ka dib Isai Gurevich iyo Vitaly Khlopin. cilmi Nuclear fuliyay by waqti in mar hore in ka badan 10 machadyada cilmi-baarista. Marka Academy USSR ee Sciences ee isla sannadkaas waxaa soo abaabulay guddiga biyaha culus, taasi oo markii dambe noqday kuwa loo yaqaan Guddiga on Isotopes. Ka dib markii reading this article, waxaad ku baran doontaa sida loo qaataan tababar dheeraad ah oo imtixaanka bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda ee USSR.

Dhismaha cyclotron ah Leningrad, helitaanka ore uranium cusub

In 1939, in September, waxaa bilaabay dhismaha cyclotron ah Leningrad. In 1940, bishii April, waxaa la go'aamiyay in la abuuro dhirta tijaabo ah, taas oo soo saari lahaa sannad kasta 15 kg oo biyo culus. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababta oo ah dillaacay waqtiga dagaalka, qorshayaashaas oo aan lagu fulin. In May ee isla sannadkaas, Yu Khariton, Ya Zel'dovich, N. Semenov bandhigay aragti horumarinta uranium falcelinta silsilad nuclear. Isla mar ahaantaana, shaqo bilaabay on helitaanka senti cusub uranium. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen tallaabadii ugu horreysay u bixiyaan dhowr sano ka dib, Abuuridda iyo imtixaanka ee qaraxa qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Bandhigga physicists bam mustaqbalka qaaradda

physicists badan oo ka soo daahay 30 ee 40 ee hore horay fikrad ka da.ay ah sida ay u eegi doonaa. Fikradda ahaa in ay diiradda saaraan si deg deg ah oo ku filan hal meel xaddi gaar ah oo (mass muhiim ah) ee wax fissile sarkhaansan neutrons. Waa in ay bilaabaan dib markii la kordhiyay gebiyo in tirada Geedda atamka. In uu yahay, waxa ay noqon doontaa dareen-celinta silsilad, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo la boost weyn ee tamarta loo qoondeeyey oo qarax weyn dhacdaa.

Dhibaatooyinkii lagala kulmay abuurka bam qaaradda

dhibaatada kowaad wuxuu ahaa si aad u hesho wax fissile mugga ku filan ka. In dabiiciga ah, kaliya noocan oo kale ah walax in la heli kari waayay - waa isotope uranium tirada mass 235 (ie, tirada guud ee neutrons iyo protons in xuduntii) ah, ama - uranium-235. Waxa uu ka kooban isotope this ee uranium dabiiciga ah - in aan ka badnayn 0,71% (uranium-238 - 99.2%). Waxaa intaa dheer, content mid ah waxyaabaha la ore dabiiciga ah waa ugu badnaan 1%. Sidaa darteed, hortaalay ahaa doorashada ee U-235.

Sida ugu dhakhsaha badan noqday kale cad in uranium waa plutonium-239. Waxay u dhawdahay ma dhici karto in nooca (waa in ka yar 100 jeer ka badan in of uranium-235). fiirsashada la aqbali karo waxaa suurtagal ah in la helo in nuclear-ka nuclear marka gubaa uranium-238 iyadoo neutrons. dhismaha nuclear-ka, taas aawadeed ayaa sidoo kale ah oo dhib badan yihiin.

Dhibaatada saddexaad waxay ahayd in la ururiyo lacagta loo baahan yahay ee wax fissile hal meel ma ahaa fudud. In geeddi-socodka of unugyada subcritical isku daya, xitaa si dhakhso ah iyaga oo ku soo bilowdo dusaya reaction fission. tamarta la sii daayay ay dhacdo in this, waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan u ogolaan jirka ugu weyn ee atamka ku lugta leh habka fission ah. Anigoo aan lahayn waqti ay ka fal, waxay ku kala firdhin.

war abuurashadoodii The Maslov iyo V. V. Shpinel

Maslov iyo V. Spinel ka Institute Physical-Technical Kharkov 1940 gudbiyay codsi la alifay ee rasaasta, oo ku salaysan isticmaalka reaction silsilad bilowda fission ee isxilqaamay ee uranium-235, ay mass supercritical, kaas oo la abuuray dhowr subcritical soocay qarxa ka dusi karin waayo, neutrons iyo burburiyey qaraxa ah. shaki weyn oo sababa Oxperts lacag la mid ah, hase ahaatee shahaado for been abuurtay xaadirka ah weli helay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxan ku dhacay oo keliya ee 1946.

nidaamka Gun American

Waayo, bambooyin ugu horeysay Americans soo jeediyay in la isticmaalo nidaamka madfac ah oo isticmaali foosto qoriga dhabta ah. waxaa la, qayb ka mid ah waxyaabaha fissile ah (subcritical) laayey kale ah. Laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan ogaaday in nidaamka noocan oo kale ah ma ku haboon yahay plutonium ah ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in heerka of wada waa ku filneyn.

Dhismaha cyclotron ah ee Moscow

In 1941, April 15, SNK go'aansaday inuu ku soo bilowdo dhismaha cyclotron awood leh ee Moscow. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib dagaalkii ugu Great Patriotic, waxaan la joojiyey dhammaan shaqada berrinkii physics nuclear, loogu talagalay in lagu keeno 1 imtixaanka qarax qaaradda ee USSR. At hore jeeda physicists badan nuclear. Qaar kalena waxay wareejiyey iminka, sida muuqatay, gudbikaraa ah.

Collection of macluumaad ku saabsan arrinta nuclear

Ururinta macluumaad ku saabsan arrinta nuclear tan iyo 1939 ku hawlan Department 1aad ee NKVD iyo GRU Army Red. In 1940, bishii October, by J. Cairncross helay fariin ugu horeysay, oo ka hadlay qorshaha in la dhiso bam nuclear. Arrintan waxaa ka hadlay in Guddiga British ah ee Science, taas oo uu ku soo shaqeeyay Cairncross. In 1941, in xagaaga soo socda, mashruuca lagu ansixiyay qaraxa, kaas oo la odhan jiray "elloyz Tube". England markii dagaalku wuxuu ka yimid mid ka mid ah madaxda adduunka ee horumarinta nuclear. Xaaladan waxa ay inta badan sabab u ah oo gargaar ka saynisyahano Jarmal ah oo kusoo cararay dalka la dhalashada ee Hitler in awoodda.

Fuchs, xubin ka mid ah KPD ah, wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah. Wuxuu u tegey dayrta ee 1941 at Safaaradda Soofiyeeti, kaas oo sheegay in uu leeyahay macluumaad muhiim ah oo ku saabsan hubka awood badan ku abuuray England. S. Cramer iyo R. Kuchinsky (operator radio Sonia) ayaa loo qoondeeyey isaga la xiriiraan. Farriimaha radio ugu horeysay u diray inay Moscow la siiyaa macluumaad ku saabsan hab gaar ah oo isa-soociddiisa isotope uranium, sida- gaaska, iyo sidoo kale la dhisay warshad Ujeedada this ee Wales. Ka dib lix geerka waayay oo xidhiidh la leh Fuchs.

imtixaanka ee qaraxa qaaradda ee USSR ah, taariikhda kaas oo hadda si weyn loo yaqaan, wada diyaarinnay oo indha indheeyayaal kale. Sidaas daraaddeed, basaas Soviet oo dalka Mareykanka ah Semenov (Twain) sheegay dabayaaqadii 1943 in Enrico Fermi ee Chicago ahaa awoodaan si ay u fuliyaan reaction ugu horeysay ee silsiladda. Isha macluumaadkan ahaa jirka ah Pontecorvo. Sida laga soo xigtay line Intelligence Dibadda waqti isku mid ah ay ka yimaadeen England xiran shuqullada saynisyahano of West ku saabsan tamarta nukliyeerka, shukaansi back to 1940-1942 sano. macluumaadka ku jira iyaga oo ku, ayaa xaqiijiyay in horumar la taaban karo ayaa la dhigay in abuurka bam qaaradda.

Konenkov xaaskiisa (hoos ku sawiran), sculptor caanka ah, la soo shaqeeyay dadka kale si ay u sahamiyaan. Waxay guurtay meel u dhaw Einstein iyo Oppenheimer, saynisyahano u fiican, oo ay bixiyaan a saamayn muddo dheer iyaga on. L. Zarubin, degan kale ee USA, oo qayb ka ah goobo ka mid ah dadka Oppenheimer, iyo L. Szilard ahaa. Iyada oo taageero ka haweenkan, USSR ahaa awoodaan si ay u hirgeliyaan wakiilada ee Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, iyo sidoo kale shaybaarka Chicago - xarumaha cilmi-nuclear ugu weyn ee America. Wixii macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan qarax ka qaaradda ee dalka Mareykanka soo maray sirdoonka Soviet ee 1944 Rosenbergs, D. Greenglass, Pontecorvo, C. Sake T. Hall, Fuchs.

In 1944, bilowga February, Beria, Dadka commissar of NKVD ah, ayaa guddoomiyay kulanka ka mid ah madaxdii sirdoonka. Waxaa la go'aamiyay in la duwo ururinta macluumaadka ku saabsan dhibaatooyinka nuclear, taasoo yimaado iyada oo GRU Army Red iyo NKVD. "C" Division ayaa la abuuray this. In 1945, 27 September, waxaa la soo abaabulay. P. Sudoplatov Guddoomiyaha GB, madax waaxda this.

Fuchs wareejiyay bishii January 1945 sharaxaad of design ah qarax qaaradda. Sirdoonka baniadamka la diyaariyay sida alaabo kala ee isotopes uranium by yahay electromagnetic, xogta ku saabsan tigoodu ugu horeysay, tilmaamaha soo saarka ee bambooyinka plutonium iyo uranium, xogta on size of mass muhiim u ah plutonium iyo uranium in design lenses qarxa ee plutonium-240, isku xigxiga iyo waqtiga hawlgallada shirka iyo soo saaridda of bambooyin. Macluumaadka sidoo kale ku saabsan hab ka mid ah keeno saamayn bilaabaha bam, Dhismaha dhirta gaar ah kala isotopes. iyo entries qorka la helay, oo ay ku qoran macluumaad ku saabsan qaraxa imtixaanka koowaad ee bam oo dalka Mareykanka ah ee July 1945.

macluumaadka soo socda ee ku saabsan channels, kuwaas oo si loo dardar-iyo fududeeyo hawsha hor saynisyahano Soviet dhigay. khubaro reer galbeedka ay aaminsan yihiin in ee USSR ee bam kaliya ee la soo saari karaa sannadaha 1954-1955. Laakiin, waxay ahaayeen khalad. Tijaabada ugu horeysa ee qaraxa qaaradda ee USSR ee ka dhacay 1949, bishii August.

Marxaladaha New of abuurka bam qaaradda

In 1942, ee April, M. Pervukhin, Dadka commissar ee warshadaha kiimikada, waxaa warbixin ku saabsan amarada Stalin ee la waxyaabaha la xiriira shaqada on qaraxa qaaradda, qaadeen dibadda. Si ay u qiimeeyaan lagu xusay warbixin warbixinta Pervukhin bixiyeen in la abuuro koox khubaro ah. Waxaa ka mid ah, uu ka talo-Joffe, saynisyahano dhallinyarada Kikoin, Kurchatov iyo Alikhanov.

In 1942, on November 27 saartay amar "On macdanta uranium" T-biilasha. Waxaa la siiyaa samaynta hay'ad gaar ah, iyo sidoo kale bilowgii shaqadii ku saabsan processing iyo fiirsato alaabta ceeriin, uga qodaan dhulka. Intaas oo dhan waxaa u malaynayeen in ay hirgeliyaan si ay sida ugu dhaqsaha badan ahaa imtixaanka bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda ee USSR. sano 1943rd ay astaan u xaqiiqda ah in NKTSM ku daray inuu soo saaridda iyo processing ee ore uranium ee Tajikistan on anigaa Tabarshskom. Qorshuhu wuxuu ahaa 4 metrik halkii sano ee cusbada uranium.

Abaabuli saynisyahano hore wakhtigaas ayaa ka noqday ka hore. In la mid ah 1943, 11 February, waxaa la soo abaabulay by tirada Laboratory 2 Academy of Sciences ah. Its sare loo magacaabay Kurchatov. Waxay ahayd isku xirka shaqada on abuurka bam qaaradda.

sirdoonka Soviet in 1944 uu ahaa si ay u helaan hagaha ah, oo ay ku qoran warbixin qiimo leh oo ku saabsan joogitaanka tigoodu uranium-graphite iyo go'aaminta ku soo koobin ee nuclear-ka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaq u leeyahay inuu soo bixi xataa uranium yar oo tijaabo nuclear-nuclear weli ma jiraan ee dalka. In 1944, 28 September, dowladda Soviet ka dhigtay in ay waajib NKTSM qaadan uranium iyo uranium cusbada ee fund gobolka. In shaybaarka № 2 kaydinta ay hawsha loo xil saaray.

Work fuliyay Bulgaria

Koox weyn oo khubaro ah, daadihinayey V. Kravchenko, oo madax ka ah Waaxda 4aad Gaarka ah ee NKVD ah, in 1944, bishii November, u baxay inuu ka baran natiijooyinka sahaminta ee xoraynta ee Bulgaria. Isla sanadkaas, on December 8 GKO go'aansadeen in ay tixraac ku processing iyo fiirsato of ore uranium ka SCMC 9 Office of State GMP NKVD. In 1945, ee March, madaxa macdanta iyo waaxda qodniinka- of Department 9-ka loo magacaabay Egorov. Markaas, ee January, abaabulay NII-9 ee daraasadda of kayd uranium, xalinta dhibaatooyinka plutonium iyo biraha uranium, processing alaabta ceeriin. Bulgaria by markii ugu sheegay oo ku saabsan toddobaadkii oo metric kala bar ore uranium ah.

Warshad sida- Construction

Tan iyo 1945, bishii March, ka dib markii la helo ee channels US NKGB qarax macluumaad schema, oo ku salaysan mabda'a Abbottabad (ie riixo ee wax fissile ah by qaraxa waxyaabaha qarxa caadiga ah), shaqo on nidaamka la bilaabay, kaas oo lahaa faa'ido weyn qoriga. Bishii Abriil 1945, B. Mahaney qoray warqad Beria. Waxa uu sheegay in 1947 ayaa la filayaa inuu ku soo bilowdo ilaa saaro geedka sida- uranium-235, ku yaal tiro 2. Laboratory Performance ee warshadda ay aheyd inuu noqdo ku saabsan 25 kg ee uranium sanadkiiba. Taasi waa in ay ku filan muddo laba bambooyin. Waayo, Maraykanka dhab ahaantii qaaday 65 kg ee uranium-235.

Ficil cilmi Jarmal saynisyahano

May 5, 1945 intii uu socday dagaal ee Berlin la helay hantida ay leeyihiin Institute Physics oo ka mid ah Company of Kaiser Wilhelm. Guddiga gaarka ah ee A, madax A. Zavenyagin loo diray Germany 9-kii May. Hawshoodu waxay ahayd in la helo saynisyahano oo halkaas ka shaqeeyay on qaraxa qaaradda, si ay u ururiyaan qalabka on dhibaatada uranium ah. Wada jir ah ula qoysaskooda ee USSR ah waxaa laga soo saaray koox weyn oo saynisyahano Jarmal. Waxay ka mid Laureates Nobel N. Riehl iyo H. Hertz, professor ah Gaibu, M. von Ardenne, P. Thiessen, G. bandhig, M. Vollmer, R. Deppel iyo kuwa kale.

Abuurista qaraxa qaaradda la daahiyo

waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd in la dhiso curinta nuclear-saarka plutonium-239. Xataa tijaabo ah ka qaaday oo ku saabsan 36 tan oo bir uranium, graphite iyo 500 t 9 t of uranium dioxide. By August 1943 dhibaatadii loo xalliyay graphite. Its sii daayo waxaa la aasaasay bishii May 1944 at koronto Moscow ee Plant. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaddiga saxda ah ee uranium dalka Noqotay Cidhibtii 1945.

Stalin doonayay in ay sida ugu dhaqsiyaha badan ay ahayd tijaabo ah oo qarax ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda ee USSR. Year kaas oo waxaa la fuliyay, waxaa markii hore uu ahaa 1948-th (ilaa guga). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by waqti this ma jirin qalabka xataa wax soo saarka. Waqtiga ugu danbeeya ee cusub ayaa loo magacaabay February 8, 1945 by amar dowladda. Bamka ayaa qaaradda loo wareejiyay March 1, 1949.

heerka ugu dambeeya, diyaarisay imtixaanka bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda ee USSR

Munaasabadan ayaa, kaas oo raadiyey waayo, sidaas dheer, waxaa markii dambe dib-u-qorsheeyay. Tijaabada ugu horeysa ee qaraxa qaaradda ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ka dhacay sanadkii la soo 1949, sida la qorsheeyay, laakiin ma aha in March iyo August.

In 1948, on June 19, nuclear ugu horeysay warshadaha ( "A") ayaa la bilaabay. "B" geedka waxaa lagu dhisay go'doomin ee plutonium ee shidaalka nuclear soo saaray. blocks Uranium gubaa, kala diri iyo kala kiimikada ka dhigan tahay uranium ka plutonium. Xalka waxaa ka dibna sii daahirisay waxyaabaha fission si loo yareeyo dhaqdhaqaaqa shucaaca ay. At ah "B" ee April 1949, waxaan bilaabay in ay soo saaraan qeybo ka mid ah plutonium bam-fasalka, iyadoo la isticmaalayo NII-9 technology. nuclear The cilmi marka hore la isticmaalo biyaha culus, ayaa la bilaabay waqti isku mid ah. Iyada oo shilal badan oo tegey horumarinta wax soo saarka. Marka tirtiridda cawaaqibka ay la arkay xaaladaha ka mid ah shaqaalaha overexposure. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wakhtigaas ma aanan lacag bixisid si aad kuwa tiimbashada xumaanta sida dareenka. Waxa ugu muhiimsan uu ahaa si ay u fuliyaan imtixaanka koowaad ee bam ah qaaradda ee USSR ah (ay taariikhda - 1949, August 29).

In July, amarka ahaa qaybaha kit diyaar. Si aad geedka ku hirgalin cabbiraadda jirka, ka tagay koox ka mid ah physicists, taasoo keentay Fleury. group Aragtida keentay Zeldovich, loo diray baaraandegidda natiijooyinka cabiraada, iyo sidoo kale xisaabinta jaaniska ah dillaac iyo hufnaan qiimaha aan dhamaystirnayn.

Sidaas darteed, baaritaan ugu horeysay ee qarax ah qaaradda ee USSR la soo saaray sanadkii la soo 1949kii. 5 Guddiga la ansixiyay bishii August ayaa lagu eedeeyay plutonium wuxuu u diray KB-11, tareenka gaar ah. Waxaa by waqtigan u dhowayd inay dhameystirtay shaqada lagama maarmaanka ah. shirkii Control of amarka lagu qabtay KB-11 on Habeenka of 10 August 11. Qalabka wuxuu u ahaa ka dibna kala dhantaashay iyo qaybo ay ka buuxaan in loo diro qashin qubka. Sida hore u soo sheegnay, imtixaanka ugu horeysay ee qarax ah qaaradda ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ka dhacay on 29 August. Qarax Soviet sidan adkeeyey 2 sano iyo 8 bilood.

Baaritaanku wuxuu bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda

In USSR ee 1949, August 29, waxaa jiray a baaritaano warhead nuclear goobta imtixaanka Semipalatinsk. On Riigga waxay ahaayeen qalab. Awooda qaraxa uu ahaa 22 kilotons. Qorshahaa waxa loo isticmaalaa lacag soo noqnoqda "Fat Man" ka Mareykanka, iyo buuxinta elektaroonik ah waxaa la sameeyey by saynisyahano Soviet. Dhismaha multilayer waa lacag ah qaaradda. Waxaa by compressing spherical ruxruxo qaraxa is fuliyeen kala iibsiga plutonium in Marxalad adag.

Tilmaamo Qaar ka mid ah bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda

5 kg ee plutonium loo dhigay ee xarunta of amarka. mukhaadaraadka ayaa laga helay qaab laba barka, hareereysan galkeeda of uranium-238. Waxay u adeegay sidii horjoogsadaan inay xudunta, dibbiro inta lagu guda jiro dareen-celin silsilad si ah in waqti ay fal sida ugu badan ee plutonium ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa la isticmaalaa sida iftiinta ah, iyo sidoo kale Haguhu neutron ah. Furi hareereysan qolof ah aluminium sameeyey. Waxay shaqeeyey riixo uniform of ruxruxo lama filaan ah kharash nuclear ah.

unit Rakibaadda taas oo ka kooban qalab fissile, waayo, ammaan waxaa si deg deg ah loo sameeyaa ka hor inta codsanaya lacag. Waayo, kanu gaar ah waxaa iyada toobinta fur xiritaanka dalool ee qarxa ah. Oo guryo gudaha iyo kuwa dibadda jira godad kuwaas oo la xiray by daboolida. nuclei qaybsama ku saabsan 1 kg ee plutonium ahaa ay sabab u tahay awood u qarxa. The haray 4 kg ma haysan waqti ay fal iyo buufiyo waa aan waxtar lahayn, marka imtixaanka qarax horeysay qaaradda la fuliyay in Midowga Soofiyeeti, taariikhda kaas oo aad hadda waxaa loo yaqaan. fikradaha cusub badan oo lagu hagaajinayo oogay kacay intii lagu jiray hirgelinta barnaamijkan. Waxay ka walaacsan, gaar ahaan, loo hagaajiyo factor isticmaalka mid ah waxyaabaha la soo, iyo sidoo kale dhimista miisaanka iyo size. Marka la barbar dhigo ku dayashada cusub ugu horeysay ka yar, awood badan oo xarrago.

Sidaas daraaddeed, imtixaanka ugu horeysay ee qarax ah qaaradda ee USSR ka dhacay 1949, 29 August. Waxay ahayd bilowgii horumar dheeraad ah ee ku yaala goobahan, kuwaas oo lagu hayo ilaa maantadan la joogo. imtixaanka ee qaraxa qaaradda ee USSR ee (1949) waxay ahayd dhacdo muhiim ah ee taariikhda dalkeena, siinta asaasmeen xaalka sida awood nukliyeerka.

In 1953, goobta isla Semipalatinsk imtixaanka, ugu horeysay ee taariikhda imtixaanka Ruush bam hydrogen ah. Power hore lacag ilaa 400 KT. Is barbar dhig ku imtixaanada ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda qarax iyo hydrogen qarax USSR ah: awoodda 22 kilotons iyo 400 kilotons. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani bilaw ayuun bay ahayd.

September 14, 1954 at kala duwan Totsky sameeyey layliyada military ugu horeysay, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo qaraxa qaaradda waxaa loo isticmaalay. Waxaa loo yaqaan "hawlgalka" baraf ah "." imtixaanka qarax Atoomikada ee 1954 ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, sida ay kuwa dhigooda ah ee 1993, ay qaadeen oo ay ku jiraan iyada oo ujeedadu tahay si aad u ogaato sida shucaaca saamayn ku aadanaha. Ka qaybgalayaasha in tijaabo this siiyey Times ah in aanay muujin doonaa macluumaad ku saabsan irradiation ah muddo 25 sano ah.