Aragtida guud ee Systems of Ludwig von Bertalanffy iyo cilmiga kale

Austria saynisyahan-nin cilmiga nafleyda barta, kuwaas oo ku noolaa Canada iyo Maraykanka, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, 1937 ayaa markii ugu horeysay la Yimaadeen tiro ka mid ah fikradaha, oo uu markii dambe isugu fikirka hal. Waxa uu ku magacaabay "The aragtida guud ee nidaamka." Waa maxay? Daraasadaan fikradda cilmiyeed oo alaab kala duwan loo tixgeliyaa sida nidaam.

Fikradda asaasiga ah ee aragtida la soo jeediyay wuxuu ahaa xaqiiqda ah in sharciyada lagu maamulo habka diidan - mid ka mid ah, isku mid u ah hababka kala duwan. Waa cadaalad in la sheego in fikradda ugu muhiimsan Bertalanffy la dhigay by culimada kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan Aleksandrom Aleksandrovichem Bogdanovym, Faylasuuf Ruush, qoraa, siyaasi, dhakhtar, in uu shaqada asaasiga ah "Tectology", u qoran by ee 1912. AA Bogdanov ayaa si firfircoon uga qaybqaatay kacaanka, laakiin siyaabo badan diiddan VI Lenin. October kacaanka ma qaadan, laakiin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu sii waday inuu iskaashi la Bolsheviks ah, uu soo qabanqaabiyay ugu horeysay waxa ay ahayd ka dibna Ruush Institute of Dhiig iyo saaray on tijaabo caafimaad. Isagu wuxuu u dhintay 1928. Dad yar ayaa ka war maanta in qarnigii labaatanaad saynisyahan hore Ruush iyo VM physiologist BEKHTEREV eegin AA Bogdanova, ku tilmaamay in ka badan 20 shuruucda caalamiga ah oo duurka ku ah hab maskaxeedka iyo bulshada.

nidaamyada guud ee aragtida daraasaad kala duwan noocyada, nidaamyo, qaab-dhismeedka, geeddi socodka, oo ay hawlgalka iyo Horumarinta, urur ka mid ah qaybaha heerarka dhismaha iyo jaranjaro, iyo in ka badan. Bertalanffy sidoo kale baaritaan loogu yeero nidaamka furan sarrifka in tamarta free, macno ah iyo macluumaadka la deegaanka.

nidaamyada guud ee aragtida waxa ay hadda baaraya sharciyada sida nidaamka oo dhan iyo mabaadi'da, sida la xiqiijiyay of semiotic sii, mabda'a ah jawaab-celin, sii urureed, interoperability, xiriirka labada kaabaha, sharciga kala duwan Iana, jaranjaro mabda'a magdhow ugu yaraan sharciga monocentrism, sharciga iska caabin qaraabo yaraan , mabda'a intaa dheer dibadda ee dhismayaasha Aragtida recursive, sharciga iyo kala duwanaanshaha kale.

Dawladdu waxay hadda ee sayniska ku saabsan nidaamka lagu leeyahay Bertalanffy. nidaamyada guud ee aragtida aad uula mid loogu tala galay ujeedooyinka cilmi ama hababka cybernetics - sayniska ee shuruucda guud ee nidaamka maamulka iyo gudbiyaan macluumaadka ku nidaamyada kala duwan (makaanikada, dhalay ama bulshada); macluumaad aragti - laan ka mid ah xisaabta in ay go'aamiso fikirka ah macluumaadka, shuruucda iyo guryaha, Aragti ciyaarta, falanqeeyay xisaabta tartanka laba ama xoogaga ka soo horjeeda si ay u helaan faa'iidada ugu badan iyo khasaaraha ugu yar; go'aan aragti, falanqeeyo doorashooyinka buuxa ka mid ah kala duwan; Falanqaynta factor, iyadoo la isticmaalayo habka of qoondaynta arrimood ee ifafaale ah doorsoomayaal badan.

Maanta, nidaamyada aragti guud Waxaa la helay wadadii awood ay horumarinta YAQINSAN. Prigogine iyo Haken baaraan nidaamka nonequilibrium, dhismayaasha dissipative iyo entropy in nidaamka furan. Intaa waxaa dheer, aragtida ah ee Bertalanffy qoondeeyo nidaamo la dabaqay sida sayniska sida nidaamyada injineernimada - sayniska ee qorshaynta habka, design, qiimaynta iyo design nidaamyada foomka "nin-mashiinka", nafsiga injineernimada, Aragti field of dhaqanka Lewin, Hawlgallada Research - sayniska ee qaybaha gacanta nidaamyada dhaqaale (dadka, mashiinada, qalabka, maaliyadda, iwm); Smd-hab, oo waxaa la sameeyey by GP Shchedrovitskii, saaxiibadii iyo ardayda; aragti of shaqsi muhiim W. Merlin, ku salaysan kaas oo inta badan loo arkaa kor ku xusan aragtida guud ee nidaamka Bertalanffy.