Daraasad by saynisyahano Jacaylku Russia

Daraasad ee Jacaylku - taariikhda, oo muujinaya jecel yihiin baahsan aadanaha aqoon dunida, sheekada ku saabsan awoodda ruuxa iyo rabitaan ah in la qaato khatarta. Lix qaaradood, aragti, xagga koonfureed oo dalka Australia, iyo Ameerika qarniyo faraxsan cilmi iyo cartographers. Laakiin taariikhda cilmi Antarctic bilaabay kaliya ee 1819kii la safar caalami ah sahamiyayaal Ruush Bellingshausen iyo Lazarev. Waxay ahayd markaa in ay ahayd bilowga horumarinta meel bannaan ah oo baraf weyn, taas oo sii ilaa maantadan la joogo.

Laga soo xusuusan wakhtigii

Ku dhawaad laba kun oo sano si ay waqti marka waxaa jiray furan iyo waxbarashada koowaad ee Jacaylku, geographers qadiimiga mar hore la hadashay oo ku saabsan jiritaankeeda. Markaas mass ahaa fikrado wax caadi ah oo ku saabsan waxa ka dhigan dal fog. Magaca "Jacaylku" muuqday in muddo this. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay waxa ay ku dhacdaa Martina Tirskogo ee AD qarnigii labaad. Mid ka mid ah qorayaasha of xiqiijiyay ku saabsan qaaradda oo aan la garaneyn ahaa Velikiy Aristotel, waxaa la qiyaasayo in dhulka waa symmetrical, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in Afrika waa qaarad kale.

Warkii ka dib kacay. On maps qaar ka mid ah in ay yihiin sabab ah qarniyadii dhexe, image si cad u arki karo oo ka mid ah "South Land", inta badan ku yaalaan si gooni gooni ah ama ku xiran America. In 1929 mid ka mid ah laga helay. Admiral map Piri Reis, qorin 1513 sano, waxaa lagu tuhunsan yahay in ay ku jiraan asaanay aad u faahfaahsan oo sax ah oo xeebta ah ee Jacaylku. Halkee abuuray soo qaaday macluumaadka aad kaarka, weli wax qarsoon.

uu ku dhow

Age of Discovery aan la calaamadeeyay by helitaanka qaaradda lixaad. Research hageyaasha Yurub cidhiidhi ah oo kaliya wareegga raadinta. Waxaa caddaatay in qaarada South American "ma ku lifaaqan" in kasta oo aanay garanayn dalka. In 1773 Dzheyms Kuk markii ugu horeysay ee taariikhda soo gudbay Circle Arctic ah oo laga helay dhowr jasiiradood Antarctic, laakiin kiiska oo ahaa xadidan. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu weyn ee juqraafi ka dhacay ka dib markii ku saabsan 50 sano ka dib.

laga bilaabo wadada

Furitaanka iyo ugu horeysay ee waxbarashada ee Jacaylku ayaa waxaa hogaaminayay Faddeya Faddeevicha Bellinsgauzena iyo ka qaybgalka tooska ah Mihaila Petrovicha Lazareva. 1819kii, duulaan Kronstadt laba markab oo u baxay inuu South reer Poland, "Peace" iyo "East". marka hore waxaa la si ammaan ah ku xidhnaa iyo Lazarev loogu aadeen in xaaladaha ugu adag. Shirka labaad ee lagu la abuuray by injineerada British iyo in dhinacyo badan laga badiyay "Peace." Dhamaadkii safar uu sabab u ahayd soo celinta hore ee duulaan, oo ay doonnida ka yimid xaalad xun.

Maraakiibta baxay badda on July 4 iyo November 2 ilaa ay gaareen Rio de Janeiro. Ka dib markii ujeedadu, waxay soo koobay jasiiradda of South Georgia iyo Sandiwiij si Earth yimid. Waxaa la aqoonsaday in ay yihiin jasiiradaha iyo baxshay Islands Sandiwiij ee South. ka mid ah saddex jasiiradood oo cusub laga helay: Leskov, Zavadovskiy iyo Thorson.

Daraasad ee Jacaylku Bellingshausen iyo Lazarev

furitaanka ayaa ka dhacay 16 (27 New Style) bishii January 1820. Markabka soo dhawaaday lixda qaaradood ee aagga maanta loo yaqaan shelf baraf Bellingshausen at Princess Martha Coast. Ka hor inta bilawga ah ee jiilaalka Arctic ah, marka xaaladaha cimilada aad u xun, duulaan ku soo dhawaaday dhowr jeer isku xidha berriga. The dhow maraakiibta qaaradda ahaayeen 5 iyo 6 (17 iyo 18) ee February.

Daraasad ee Jacaylku Bellingshausen iyo Lazarev sii ka dib markii ay ka imanayaan xagaaga. Sidaas darteed, navigation on map a walxaha cusub yar ayaa codsatay, Peter aan jasiiradda la, dalkii qayb baraf-free buuraleyda ah ee Alexander I; Saddex Brothers Islands, maanta loo yaqaan Esplanda iyo O'Brien, Island Rear Admiral Rozhnova (maanta - Gibbs), jasiiradda Mikhailova ah (Kornuels), jasiiradda of Admiral Mordvinova (Elifent), jasiiradda ku-xigeenka Admiral Shishkov (Clarence).

Daraasad hore ee Jacaylku ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey July 24, 1821, markii laba markab oo ku soo laabtay Kronstadt.

duulaan tabarruc

Badmaax oo hoos amarka Bellingshausen iyo Lazarev inta ay waxbarashadu uu socday ku dhawaad Jacaylku. Waxay baa'bin wadar ahaan 29 jasiiradaha, sidoo kale, dabcan, waynaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, soo ururiyo macluumaad gaar ah qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Gaar ahaan, Bellingshausen ogaaday in Negeria biyo milix si la mid ah sida cusub, wax ka gees ah fikrado ah cilmibaadhe oo ka mid ah wakhtiga. Faraqa kaliya - waxay u baahan tahay heerkulka a hoose. Kaladuwan oo dabiici ah ururinta sayniska, iyadoo ragga baxriyiinta ah ee Russia yimid, haatan lagu hayaa at the University of Kazan. Si ay qiimayn dheeraad muhiimadda ay duulaan ku suurtogal ma aha, laakiin taariikhda sahaminta iyo soo saar ee Jacaylku ka ayaa hada dhow bilowday.

milmaan

duulaan kasta in qaarada ahaa feat qaarkood. The xaaladaha adag ee cidlada ah ee barafka ka tagay fursad yar oo loogu talagalay dadka xanuunsan-diyaar ama unorganized. The waxbarashada koowaad ee saynisyahano Jacaylku ahaayeen gaar ah u adag, sababtoo ah xubnahooda inta badan ma qiyaasi kartaa ilaa dhamaadka in u sugnaaday.

Tani waxa ay ahayd in ay dhacdo duulaan ku Carsten Borchgrevink Egeberga. Kooxda sameeyey degtey ugu horeysay diiwaan on xeebta Jacaylku ee 1899. Waxa ugu weyn ee in duulaan lagu gaaray - jiilaalka. Waxaa caddaatay in badbaadada waxaa suurtagal ah haddii ay jirto magangal si fiican u qalabaysan in xaaladaha adag ee lamadegaanka baraf habeenkii kala horjeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, meesha loo doortay qaboobaha si liidata, iyo kooxda dib u xoog ah.

Bilowga ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay, South Pole ee la gaaray. First isaga gaaray duulaan Norway hogaaminayo Roald Amundsen ee 1911. Muddo yar ka dib iyada oo kooxda gaareen South reer Poland Robert Scott, kuwaas oo ku dhintay on jidka dib. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan horumarka baaxadda leh ee cidlada baraf bilaabay 1956 daraasad of Jacaylku ayaa helay qof cusub - hadda waxaa la sameeyay ku salaysan ganacsi.

Igy

In dhexe ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay, daraasadda of Jacaylku, dalal badan ayaa la beegsaday. Sidaas darteed, in 1957-1958. Laba iyo toban dalalka tuuro tamartaa ay u leeyihiin horumarka ee cidlada ah baraf ah. Markan, waxa lagu dhawaaqay by International hwlgala sannadka. History of cilmi Jacaylku malaha waxba ma yaqaaniin muddooyinka sida wax soo saar leh.

Waxa la ogaaday in barafka "neefsashada" ee qaaradda lixaad oo waa la kaxaystay by hadda hawada ka badan fog waqooyiga. Macluumaadkan waxaa ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah in si sax ah Saadaasha cimilada on Earth. Intii lagu guda jiray baaritaanka badan oo dareenka ayaa la siiyaa dhashay wadnaha daafaca in badan oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka dhulkeenna sheegi kartaa. Waxaa la goostay iyo xaddiga badan oo xogta ku saabsan dhacdooyinka sida Borealis, duufaanada magnetic iyo rays runtan.

saynisyahano Ruush baran Antarctic

Dabcan, hawl sayniska sanadihii kuwa door weyn Midowga Soofiyeeti ciyaaray. Wadnaha ee qaaradda dhowr saldhig ahayd mid ku salaysan isaga si joogto ah kooxaha cilmi-baarista. Xitaa inta lagu guda jiro diyaarinta Soviet Antarctic duulaan (SAE) la abuuray International hwlgala sannadka. Its Ujeedada waxay ahayd inaad wax ka barato geedi socodka ka dhacda jawi qaaradda, iyo raadka ay ku leeyihiin wareegga ah ee tacsida hawada, barbaro sifooyinka dhulka ee dhul, iyo sharaxaad jirka iyo juquraafi, aqoonsiga qaababka guurto biyaha cidhifka woqooyi. duulaan ugu horeeyay ee ku degay barafka ee January 1956 Oo February 13 saldhigga "Peace" oo la furay.

Sidaas darteed of sahamiyayaal horjeeda Soviet si weyn hoos u dhacay tirada dhibco caddaan on map ka mid ah qaaradda lixaad. Waxaa la helay saddex boqol oo ka mid ah muuqaalada juquraafi badan sida jasiiradaha, talgaley, dooxooyinka iyo tiixtiix. Sameeyay sahan seismic. Waxay gacan ka geystay samaynta in Jacaylku - ma koox ka mid ah jasiiradaha wakhtiga la filayo, iyo berriga. The macluumaadka ugu qiimaha badan waxaa inta badan la dareemo oo sabab u ah shaqada cilmi at awood buuxda, halka sahamo ugu adag gudaha.

Intii lagu guda jiray cilmi-baarista ugu firfircoon ee Jacaylku shaqeeya siddeed kaalimo ka hawlgala ee xilliga qaboobaha iyo xagaaga. Inta lagu jiro habeenka kala horjeeda qaaradda lahaa 180 oo qof. Tan iyo bilowgii xagaagan, tirada duulaan la kordhay ilaa 450 ka qaybgalayaasha.

bedelka

Ka dib burburkii sahaminta Midowga Soofiyeeti ee Jacaylku uusan joogsan. In meel of SAE u yimid Ruush Antarctic duulaan. Iyada oo horumar ah ee technology suurto daraasad faahfaahsan oo dheeraad ah ee qaaradda lixaad. Research in Jacaylku by saynisyahano ka Russia ayaa lagu fuliyaa siyaabo dhowr ah: qeexidda cimilada, fiisikada iyo kale muuqaalada qaaradda, saamaynta ifafaale Hawada on xaaladaha cimilada goobaha kale ee adduunka, ururinta iyo falanqaynta xogta on load aadmiga saldhigyada kala horjeeda deegaanka.

Tan iyo 1959, markii "The Antarctic Treaty" la saxiixay, qaaradda baraf uu noqday meel ay ku iskaashiga caalamiga ah, oo xor ka ah hawlaha military. horumarinta qaaradda lixaad la fuliyaa by dalal badan. cilmi Antarctic in aannu mar - tusaale u ah iskaashiga aawadood oo ah horumarka sayniska. Inta badan guutadii Ruush leedahay Halabuurka caalamiga ah.

gudubno dahsoon

Shiidaa jirin warbixin mid ka mid ah daraasadaha dhawaan Jacaylku ma dhamma oo aan sheegin wax a halkii xiiso helay ka yar barafka. Jiritaankeeda la saadaaliyo AP Kapitsa iyo IA Zotikov ka dib Year hwlgala ah oo ku saleysan xogta wakhtigaas. gudubno biyaha saafiga ah Tani East yaalla meel u dhow saldhigyada homonymous hoos dhumucdiisuna waxay daaha baraf of 4 km. Furitaanka baaritaanka uu hogaaminayo saynisyahano Ruush ee Jacaylku. Oo waxay noqotay si rasmi ah 1996, inkasta oo ay ahayd in ay 50s daahay ayaa la shaqeeya on daraasadda of gudubno, sida ay Kapitsa iyo Zotikova.

Discovery faraxsan dunida sayniska. gudubno subglacial noocan oo kale ah si buuxda loo go'doonka ka ah xiriir la dusha dhulka ee, iyo in ka badan malaayiin sano. Fikrad ahaan, waa biyo nadiif ah oo ku filan la-fiirsashada sare ah waxaa laga yaabaa in ogsijiin noolaha degaanka, saynisyahano weli la garanayn. factor A wanaagsan ee horumarka ah ee nolosha waa labada heerkulka a filan sare ee u gudubno, - in + 10º hoose. On soohdinta kala dusha kaydka, iyo qabow baraf - oo dhan -3º. In gudubno this lagu qiyaasay qoto dheer ee 1200 m.

jaaniska ah ogaanshaha flora aan la garanayn oo dubato keentay in go'aanka ah in la qodo baraf ee gobolka Bari.

tirooyinka la soo dhaafay

Drilling baraf ee degaanka kaydka biyaha ayaa bilawday 1989. Toban sano ka dib waxaa la joojiyay fogaan ah oo ku saabsan 120 m ka gudubno. Sababtuna waxay tahay, wax cabsi ah cilmi-Qurub wasakhaynta deegaanka shisheeye lagana rujiyey, taasoo keentay in bulshada gaar ah noolaha saameyn kara. saynisyahano Ruush ma wadaagaan view this. Waxaa ugu dhakhsaha badan diyaarisay oo baadhis ah, qalab dheeraad ah oo deegaanka dhibaato u keeneyn cusub iyo sanadkii 2006 dib u bilaabay hannaanka qoditaanka.

dusha sare ee u gudubno, ayaa lagu gaarey February 5, 2012. baarka Water soo diray, waayo, falanqaynta. Natiijada daraasadda of shay-baarka oo dhowr ah oo lagu daabacay July 2013 In shaybaarka helay kumanaan ka badan saddex iyo badh oo isku xigxigta, DNA gaar ah, 1623 oo laga xiran panulirus gaar ah ama noocyada: 94% - oo ah bakteeriya, 6% - eukaryotes (mabda 'fangaska) oo kale laba isku xigxiga ka tirsan Archaean ah. Waxaa jira calaamado in ay laga yaabaa in la wareegay in ay jiraan noolaha weyn badda. Qayb ka mid ah bakteeriyada laga helay waa dulin kalluun, maxaa yeelay, laga yaabee, in koorsada of cilmi baaris dheeraad ah oo uu helo iyagoo.

Tiro ka mid ah culimada loola jeedaa natiijada halkii ka walaacsan, sharxaya noocyo kala duwan oo isku xigxigta, dhoobo, baraf-brown sida. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay u badan tahay in inta badan oo ka mid ah noolaha, oo waxaa iska leh waxaa laga yaabaa in DNA laga helay, ayaa muddo dheer laga badiyay. Anyway, ka saynisyahano cilmi Antarctic ka Russia iyo dalal kale oo gobolka ka jira ay sii.

Salaan ka la soo dhaafay oo ay dooneyso in ay mustaqbalka

Interest in Lake Vostok waxaa sabab u ah oo ay ku jiraan suurtogalnimada inaad wax ka barato hannaanka deegaameed, mid ah kuwa ay ka jirey on Earth sanado badan ka hor, inta lagu guda jiro Proterozoic ee dambe. Markaas on dhulkeenna aan ku beddeleen kasta glaciations kale oo caalami ah oo dhowr ah, mid kasta oo waarta ilaa toban milyan oo sano.

Intaa waxaa dheer, daraasadda of Jacaylku Degmada Lake ee, habka aad u ceelasha qodista, ururinta, falanqaynta iyo fasiraadda natiijada waxaa laga yaabaa in faa'iido leh ee horumarinta mustaqbalka Rafaa gaaska bilaha cusubu dhashaan Jupiter, Europa iyo Callisto. Ajnabiga, waxaa jira baddii la mid ah ay ecosystem qasacadaysan ay dusha hoose jira. Haddii la xiqiijiyay in la xaqiijiyo, "ayuu degan" harooyinka-baraf ka yar ee Europe iyo Callisto waxaa laga yaabaa in ay noolaha ugu horeysay laga helay meel ka baxsan dhulkeenna.

Taariikhda sahaminta iyo soo saar ee Jacaylku si fiican u muujiyey rabitaan si joogto ah aadanaha si loo ballaariyo aqoontooda. Daraasaddu waxay of qaaradda lixaad, iyo sidoo kale Space Station Caalamiga ah - tusaale ka mid ah wada-shaqayn si nabad ah ula tiro ka mid ah dalalka ujeedooyin cilmi ah. qaarada baraf ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in degdeg ma inuu u muujiyo qarsoodigooda. xaaladaha adag waxay u baahan yihiin si kaamil joogta ah technology, qalabka sayniska, iyo inta badan ee maanka aadanaha iyo jidhka ilaa iyo xad. helitaan ee qaaradda lixaad oo ugu, jiritaanka tiro cajiib ah ka dhimman aqoonta ku saabsan waxay abuurtaa in noocyo kala duwan oo ku saabsan halyeeyada Jacaylku. Cajiib ah si fudud ka heli kartaa macluumaad ku saabsan koriya ah naasiga, kuna iyo ugaadhsiga kubadaha Daawatay, si loo dilo dadka. Sida arrin xaqiiqada, wax walba waa, kaliya ogaado sahamiyayaal ah. Dhaggan versions sayniska si ammaan qabi karaan in ugu dhakhsaha badan aan wax yar ka badan garan doonaa Jacaylku, ka dibna wax yar hoos u xaddiga mysticism dabooli qaaradda.