Daxalka u adkaysta steel. fasalada Steel: GOST. Steel ahama - qiimaha

Sanad kasta ay sabab u tahay daxalka badiyay badan oo bir ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhaawac weyn loo sameeyaa in lagu failure ee alaabta birta ah oo sabab u ah weerar daxalka. Kharashka loo baahan yahay qaybo ka bedelka ama qalabka dayactirka, gaari, weelasha badda iyo webiga, qalabka loo adeegsado warshadaha kiimikada, marar badan ka badan kharashka wax ku tegey inay ay wax soo saarka.

Waxaa sidoo kale jira khasaare aan toos ahayn oo muhiim ah. Si aad kuwa ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, baxsiga gaaska ama saliid ka dhuun mirdheen, biyuhy cuntada, burburinta dhismayaasha dhismaha iyo ka badan. Sidaa darteed, ay gacanta ku daxalka biraha waa muhiim.

Waa maxay sababta burburinta qalabka macdan ah?

Ka hor jeestay su'aasha ah waxa steel daxalka u adkaysta ah, aynu la fikirka ah daxalka iyo nuxurka geedi socodka ka qabtaan.

Turjumay ka corroder ee Laatiin - xoqe. Hakin burbur lama filaan ah macdanaha iyo Alloys ay, taas oo sarkhaansan yihiin deegaanka kiimikada, loo yaqaan daxalka dhacdaa. Sababta failure tani waa falcelinta kiimikada (reaction redox) ee wax macdan ah la dhexdhexaad ah oo iskiis ama dareere ah kaas oo ay ku yaalaan.

Waa maxay steels daxalka u adkaysta iyo Alloys?

Ahama iyo kulaylka adkaysato bir ama Alloys loogu tala galay in loo isticmaalo deeganada xoqe at heerkulka sare ama mid caadi ah. Sidaa darteed, shuruudaha ugu muhiimsan ee ay tahay in alaabta ka mid ah group this - caabiga kulaylka (caabiga dhexdhexaad ah oo iskiis ama uumiga heerkulka sare) ama iska caabin ah daxalka (isagoo awood u leh inay wax ku ool ah is-hor taagi arrimo xoqe heerkulka caadiga ah).

Daxalka sifo iska caabin ah hardware, taas oo la aasaasay on filimka dusha passivation raagaya jawi xoqe, taasoo ka hortagaysa in lays galay lakabyada ay dubka sare ee biraha iyo jawaab iyaga la walxaha dagaal badan.

In si kale loo dhigo, steel daxalka u adkaysta - bir ah isagoo caabiga kiimikada intergranular, electrochemical iyo daxalka kale.

Halabuurka kiimikada

guryaha Birta waxaa go'aamiya Halabuurka kiimikada ay. Marka content ee 12-13% chromium steel noqdo ahama, in uu yahay mid deggan deeganada jawiga iyo kiimikada. Kordhinta content chromium si 28-30% ka dhigayaa deggan deegaanno xoqe.

xubno kale oo loo isticmaalo dawooyinka ka mid ah manganese, aluminium, titanium, nickel. Alloys ugu balaadhan looga isticmaalo, halabuurka ka mid ah oo content celceliska nickel ah 10% chromium - 18%, carbon - ama inta u dhaxaysa 0.08 iyo titanium 0,12% - 1% (12X18H10T - steel daxalka u adkaysta, GOST 5632).

Qoondaynta nooca microstructure: ahama austenitic

this iska caabin ah fasalka tallaabo xoqe waxaa kordhay alloying xubno nickel (5 ilaa 15%) iyo chromium (15 ilaa 20%). Alloys Austenitic xasaas ah in intercrystalline daxalka, ay shardi tahay in content carbon iyaga in ay noqon doonaan kuwo yar ka badan xadka ay milmi in austenite (0.02-0.03% iyo wax ka yar). Nonmagnetic, sidoo bandhigi alxanka, iyo qabow iyo lahayo ku kulul. Hayso processability fiican. Waxaa aad u fiican for soo saaridda of steel xubno qaybood ah, dhismayaasha welded iyo codsiyada in warshado kala duwan.

fasalada martensitic

steels ahama ku jira fasalka martensitic laga yaabaa magnetic oo ay leeyihiin sare - tilmaamayaasha qalbi engegnaantiinna aawadeed ugu badnaan - sida austenitic marka la barbar dhigo. Engegnaantooda aawadeed waxaa lagu gaarayaa by demin iyo tempering. Well ku haboon wax soo saarka ee alaabta loogu talo galay in loo isticmaalo deeganada ee adag dhexdhexaad ah oo daciif ah (tus, tiro ka mid ah alaabta ee warshadaha cuntada ama soo saarta qalabka garbaha mandiil).

fasalada ferritic

At daxalka sare guryaha iska caabin ah ee fasalada kuwan la mid steel low-carbon yihiin. The content chromium celcelis ahaan waa 11-17%. Loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee qalabka guriga, xubno ka mid ah Qurxinta naqshadda, maacuunta jikada.

class Austenitic-ferritic

Daxalka u adkaysta ahama of class this waxaa la kala duwanaayeen hoos content nickel iyo heerka sare content chromium (21 ilaa 28%). Sida xubno alloying dheeraad taag niobium, titanium, iyo naxaas. Ka dib markii daaweyn kulaylka ratio ee ferrite iyo austenite - oo ku saabsan mid ka mid ka mid ah.

On xoogga steels austenitic-ferritic, austenitic laba jeer ka badan. Oo saasna waxay u yihiin ductile, si fiican u adkeysan xamuulka lama filaan ah ay leeyihiin heer hoose oo stress-daxalka arrinkaas iyo iska caabin sare si ay daxalka intergranular. Talinayo in la isticmaalo ee dhismaha, warshadaha, waayo, soo saaridda alaabooyin in u soo galeen xiriir la aaso.

Austenitic, fasalada martensitic

content The chromium ah 12 ilaa 18% nickel, - ka 3.7 si 7.5%. xubno dheeraad ah - chromium iyo aluminium. Adkaansho by demin (t> 975 ° C) iyo tempering xiga (t = 450-500 ° C). ahama Austenitic-martensitic sidoo welded iyo leeyihiin guryaha farsamo sare.

ahama: qiimaha (arrimaha saameeya dhismaha)

Halabuurka The biraha daxalka u adkaysta waa xubno alloying qaali ah sida chromium, nickel, titanium, molybdenum. Qiimahooda waa muhim in dejinta qiimaha a. Tan iyo noocyada kale (carbon, dhismaha, kubada sita, qalab, iwm .. D.) ka kooban xubno ku qoran tiro badan oo yar yar, marka la barbar dhigo kula lacag daxalka u adkaysta steels mar walba ka sarreeya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiimaha kala duwanaan karaan ku xiran tahay xaaladaha suuqa iyo kharashka loo baahan yahay wax soo saarka ee ahama.

guryaha farsamo

steels ahama Brand waa in ay leeyihiin guryaha farsamo ee daboolaya cabirrada adkeeyey saarka. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah:

• engegnaantiinna aawadeed ugu badan ee Brinell (HB);
• muruqa (%);
• dhali xoog (H / mm ^2);
• Resistance Tear (H / mm ^2).

Ka dib markii wax soo saarka ee Dufcaddii kasta (barafku) alaabta badeecooyinka loo hubiyo ka dhanka ah guryaha farsamo iyo microstructure ee GOST fasalka birta. Natiijooyinka baaritaanka shaybaarka ee baarka ku qeexan shahaadada on saarka.

fasalada steel Qaabka jibbaarada asalka

Kumaan badan Alloys iyo steels ayaa lagu heli karaa dal oo kala duwan. Isla mar ahaantaana waxaa weli jiro nidaamka caalamiga ah ee sixitaanka.

Maraykanka gudihiisa, waxaa ka shaqeeya dhawr nidaamka jibaaranaha. Tani xaaladda ay sabab u tahay tirada badan oo ururada heerarka (AJS, ANSI, ACJ, SAE, Aws, ASTM, ASME), qaar ka mid ah waxay abuurtaa dhibaatooyin for lamaanayaal, ganacsatada iyo macaamiisha ee alaabta birta ah saarayaasha Maraykanka ka yimid wadamada kale.

In Japan steel calaamadeeyay la xarfaha iyo lambarada oo muujinaysa in ay band (low-daawaha,-daawaha sare, Alloys ujeedada gaarka ah, srednelegirovannye, tayo sare leh, tayo sare leh-iyo al.), Tirada isku xigxiga dhexdeeda iyo sifooyinka biraha.

In dalalka oo ka mid ah Midowga Yurub naqshada dejisa EN caadiga ah 27 100, taas oo ay go'aamiso amarka, taas oo magaca loo xilsaaray iyo lambarka taxan.

Ruushka ayaa soo saartay nidaam alphanumeric ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, sida laga soo xigtay oo ka steels loo qoondeeyey. qoray Standard sheeg element kasta alloying, qayb ka mid ah warqad caasimadda Ruushka ee biraha.

Waayo, manganese waa H, Si - C, chromium - X, Ni - H, molybdenum - M tungsten - vanadium B - F, titanium - T, aluminium - Yu, niobium - B, Co - K, zirconium - C, boron - R.

lambarada soo socda warqad waxay muujinaysaa content ee alloying xubno boqolkiiba. Haddii Halabuurka bir ah ku jira in ka yar 1% element alloying ah, tirada aan la rakibo, at content a of 1 ilaa 2% ka dib markii warqad ku siiyo 1. Said calaamadee tirada laga bilaabo lambar lagama maarmaanka u ah xil ka kooban carbon celcelis ahaan in boqol ka mid ah boqolkiiba gudahood ka kooban fasalka.

kala duwan ee badeecadaha ka soo jeeda ahama soo saaray

steel daxalka u adkaysta loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee wax soo saarka ee soo socda:

• loola dhaqmo thermally Iambarrada iyo go'yaal kale,
• netravlenyh go'yaal thermally loola dhaqmo;
• iyo go'yaal netravlenyh thermally daawayn waayo;
• heat-, cold- oo kulul-giringiriyey tuubooyinka aan xuduud lahayn ;
• strips bir kulul-giringiriyey ujeedada guud,
• xagalaha dhexdiisa;
• Goobaha bir,
• silig ahama (kulaylka-loola dhaqmo iyo qabow-gal la ');
• castings la hantida gaarka ah;
• forgings;
• noocyada kale, taas oo la horumariyo heerarka gobolka iyo talooyinka farsamo (tu).

gudbikaraa codsiga

Sida mid ka mid ah baarka xoog ugu fiican, sharraxaadda, caabiga xoogga burbur ah daxalka iyo heerkulka sare, ku haboonaanta ee dib u warshadaynta iyo cimri dherer hawlgalka, isagoo la kulmay dhammaan shuruudaha nadaafadda daaweyn dusha tayo wanaagsan leh, steel daxalka u adkaysta si weyn loo isticmaalaa in ku dhowaad dhammaan beerihii qoyska iyo dhaqaalaha dhaqdhaqaaqa.

ahama waa in baahida sare ee kiimikada, kiimikada, saxarka iyo warqad, warshadaha cuntada, dhismaha, warshadaha xoog, Dhismaha maraakiibta iyo gaadiidka injineernimada, qalab-qaadashada iyo meelaha ilaalinta deegaanka.

Karti iyo cimri dherer ah waxyaabaha ka ahama sameeyey, waxaa ka go'an in ay sameeyaan fasalka iyo brand, fahamka guryaha physicochemical iyo qaab-dhismeedka microstructure. Isticmaalka Biraha in ay yihiin adkaysi u saamaynta waxyeello ah daxalka, si waafaqsan adag xoolahooda, waxaan awoodnaa in ay ka faa'idaystaan dhammaan faa'idoyinka la dafiri karin ee technology casriga ah.