Furitaanka of cilmi ee South America

List of cilmi ee South America waa arrin ballaaran. Goorma iyo kan qaaradda this u furmeen? Xitaa carruurta dugsiga ogayn in taasu ahayd Hristofor Kolumb. Laakiin ma, aadan haysan saynisyahano halis ah, waxaana jira shaki arrintan la xiriira. sahamiyayaal laga yaabaa in cabsi la'aan hore qarniyadii dhexe, Normans ah, gaarey jasiiradda of Greenland iyo xeebta North America dheer ka hor Columbus. Ama maraakiibta Chinese gudbay Badweynta Pacific iyo in ragga baxriyiinta ah Empire Murashax waa sahamiyayaal Untitled ee qaaradda. Intaa waxaa dheer, Kolumb Hristofor in ay dhamaadka naftiisa uu xaqiijiyay in uusan dhigay ma cagta qaaradda cusub, iyo in ay xeebaha galbeed ee India. In this article waxaan isku dayi doonaa in ay fahmaan sahamiyayaal badan oo South America. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa ka qayb qaatay horumarinta qaaradda cusub. Waxaan ahaayeen Horseedka iyo saynisyahano Ruush liiska.

Taariikhda taasoo waddada u xaareysa West

List of cilmi by Ameerika keentay Hristofor Kolumb, iyo waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay maqsuud ay mudnaan. Waqtigaas, Europe waxa ay soo martay dhibaato xidhiidhka ganacsi la India. Wadada halkaas silks iyo dhir udgoon oo ahaa muddo dheer oo khatar ah. Iyada oo ku saleysan postulate ee qaabka dhulka ku wareegsan, Columbus hypothesized in Hindiya ka Europe dhoofo karo, ma uusan u dhaqaaqin bari oo raac galbeed. Waxay ahayd halkaas, guud ahaan Atlantic ah, ayaa ku boorriyay Navigator uu kafaala, Boqorka Spain, waa dal urursan ee sandalwood iyo uunsigii. Oo weli lacag Waxaan xertaada qalabka duulaan. In 1492, Columbus gudbay Atlantic iyo weyn furay ruux.dalka. guushan u ogalaatay inuu si qalabayn laba guutadii wax ka badan. In 1498 Columbus helay jasiiradda Trinidad. Biyaha badda ku off badmaax oo xeebta ay u muuqatay haday cusbayn. insipidity noocan oo kale ah oo kaliya qaadi karaan webi aad u ballaaran qaaradda - Admiral go'aansaday. Maraakiibta uu galay afkii Orinoco iyo sahamiyey xeebta South America ilaa saarney Paria ah.

Guutadii Amerigo Vespucci

boqortooyadii Portuguese, garashada guusha sahamiyayaal Spanish ee South America (markaas ka fikiray, waxa uu ahaa - xeebaha galbeedka of India), ayaa ku qalabaysan ay saddex duulaan transatlantic. Waxay amray Navigator ku Amerigo Vespucci. Ma uusan Kacaan qudhiisu quusidda xeebta, oo wuxuu sameeyey tug madxna gudaha. Sidaas darteed, wuxuu helay iyo ku tilmaamay Highlands reer Brazil, dabcan hoose ee webiga Amazon iyo gacanka, halkaas oo hadda u taagan magaalada Rio de Janeiro. Vespucci si tartiib tartiib ah waxay bilaabeen inay silcin shaki. India territory badalaan hodannimo la ahaayeen kuwo ku kala duwan. Waxa uu ku qoray inuu isaga laabto dalkiisa 1503, in uu yahay - "Qaybta cusub ee dunida." Oo magacaaga in xayiran. Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta America ayaa weli loo yaqaan "xiray" iyo "New World".

Amerigo Vespucci kaalin waa qiimo. Waxa uu ahaa kii siiyey reer Yurub aqoonta jiritaanka qaaradda cusub. Sidaa darteed, magiciisana waxaa la siiyey in dhulweynaha labadaba. Horeba 1507 Cartographer ka Lorraine Martin Waldseemüller christened qaybta koonfureed ee qaarada "America" (Latinized higaada "Amerigo"). In 1538, magaca faafay qaybta waqooyi ee qaaradda.

dalka A heer sare ah El Dorado

Waxaa dhiirigelintiisa lahaa guusha ay sahamiyayaal Portuguese ee South America, kuwaas oo Maraakiibta ku soo laabtay, oo ay ku raran dahab ah, ee sano ee 1522-58 si World Cusub oo gaartay sahamiyayaal Isbaanish. Under ku andacoonaya of daaweyn qabiilooyinka deegaanka si ay iimaanka Christian ah, waxay bilaabeen dalkii qabsadeen. Fatxi Tani (ee Spanish "Conquista") Ulasocto dil mass dadka dabka, boob iyo rabshado kale. Yurub rumeysan yahay in qaaradda cusub - Golden Land, El Dorado. Laakiin ay la socdaan conquistadors iyo jiriin diineed ee South America yimid iyo cilmi dhab ah, khariidaynta, sharaxaya noocyada hore oo aan la garaneyn ee dhirta iyo xoolaha, waxbarashada caadooyinka iyo dhaqanka qabiil hoose ee. Iyada oo ku dhow halkay ku of Panama iyo Spain daalaeday waxa xeebta galbeed. Guutadii Andagoya P. (n1522), F. Pizarro (1527), D. Almagro (1537), P. Valdivia (1540s), Ladrilero H. (1558), P. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1580) hormartay guud ahaan Pacific koonfurta fog sida Chile.

Discoverers iyo sahamiyayaal ee South America

Ma aha oo kaliya ee Spain iyo Portugal ka qayb qaatay qabsashadii dalalka cusub. baangiga Jarmal Ehinger, Welser iyo kuwa kale helay in 1528 by Charles Emperor ee ogolaansho Fifth inay gumeysato xeebta waqooyi-bari ee South America, oo xuduud la Badda Caribbean. France iyo Netherlands ayaa sidoo kale "go'ay" ayuu isu meel dhul ah oo cusub. J. badmaax British. Davis, R. iyo J. Hawkins. Strong furay Islands Falkland. A Dutch Schouten W. iyo J. Lemaire ee 1616 soo koobay Cape Horn. Damac jiidatay conquistadors Spanish gudaha. In search of anigaa iska dahabkii halyeeyga ay gudbay geedka kokaha Northwest iyo hoos inay gobolka Amazon ee. sahamiyayaal Spanish iyo Portuguese iyo Socdaalba ee South America oo galay webiga weysada Rio de la Plata, tilmaamay Parana, Gran tubooyinka ah, Paraguay. First gudbeen qaaradda ka Pacific in ay duulaan Atlantic Ocean ee F. Orellana ee 1541.

cilmi cilmiga ah ee South America iyo daahfurtay in ay

Ujeedada ugu weyn ee dhammaan hawlgallada kor ku xusan waxay ahayd inuu soo qabto dalalka oo cusub. cilmi-baarista cilmiga ah (maabeynta, sharaxaad ku saabsan waxa uu ku arkay wax ku saabsan jidka) waxaa lagu fuliyay oo kaliya maxaa yeelay waxa ay ka caawisay kor loogu kooxda conquistadors. Balse dhalashada ka mid ah Horseedka gool Nuurin bedelay. The cilmi sayniska halis ugu horeeyay ee South America rumaysan Aleksandra Jarmal ah Gumboldta iyo Aimé Bonpland France. Shan sano (ka 1799 si ay u 1804.) waxay ku bixisay on waynaha, ururinta a collection of dhirta, xayawaanka iyo macdan. Ka dib markii in Alexander von Humboldt qaatay soddon sannadood qoraal ah oo ku saabsan grand shaqada 30-mugga "Journey in equinoctial ah (ie Equatorial) dalka New World."

cilmi kale

maps sax ah qaaradda waxaan leeyahay duulaan Ingiriisi ah R. Fitzroy iyo F. King. Qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, markii qaybta waqooyi ee qaarada American ah ayaa lagu guuleysto, koonfurta ah - sababtoo ah kaymaha la mari karin iyo buuraha dhaadheer - hadhay sahamin. Oo "Incognita Terra" gacan haadiyeen saynisyahano dalal kala duwan. In cilmi qarnigii XIX yaqaan dhulweynaha sida South America, ee Jarmalka W. Eschwege K. Stein, Faransiiska Jean Saint-Hilaire iyo A. Suul, Austrians iyo Bavarians J. Natterer, J. Paul, I. iyo K. Martius Speaks, British ah J .. Wells, W. Chandless, G. Bates iyo A. Wallace. gacan ka qiimo baadhitaan u ah dalka cusub keenay Charles Darwin. Waa dabiiciga ah ee South America keentay saynisyahano in aad ka fikirto horumarinta evolutionary nolosha on Earth.

duulaan Ruush in waynaha

safarka ugu horeeya ee ka dhacay 1822-28, siday u kala horreeyaan. duulaan tacliinta Ruush adag hogaaminayo GI Langsdorf. xubnaha bartay gobollada hoose ee Brazil. In cilmi sayniska this qaaradda aan ku dhamaaday. sahamiyayaal noocan oo Ruush ah oo South America sida S. A. ku Ionin, N. M. Albov, G. Manizer, A. I. Voeykov sharaxo juqraafi, cimilada, dhaqanka, qabiil, dhirta iyo ugaarta of Tierra del Fuego. Nin cilmiga nafleyda barta NI Vavilov booqday qaaradda ee 1932-33. iyo si loo ogaado asalka ah ee dhirta beeraha kala duwan.