Karl Kautsky - oo ah dhaqaaleyahan Jarmal, taariikhyahan iyo falsafo

In dunida ka mid ah aragtida dhaqaalaha mashquulin meel gaar ah dhaqaaleyahannada Jarmal, faylosuufiinta. Mid ka mid ah ragga ugu cajiibsan ee uu wakhtigaagu wuxuu ahaa Karl Kautsky. shuqulladiisa leeyihiin badan ka wadaagaan shuqullada Marx, laakiin tiro ka mid ah sifooyinka gaar ah in loo sameeyo aragtida falsafo Jarmal ee jidkiisa u gaarka ah. Waxa uu u suurtagashay in ay soo jiitaan taageerayaal badan oo weli qaar ka mid ah shaqada waa ku habboon. Oo haatan madaxda garabka midig ee ay buugga isticmaalaa fikrado in ay yihiin ka hadlay sida by Karl Kautsky.

Biography

Nolosha oo ah dhaqaaleyahan mustaqbalka bilaabmaa ee qadiimiga Prague in uu yahay meesha this nin weyn waxa uu ku dhashay 1854. Waqtigaas, Central Europe keentay nolosha cadaalad ah xasilloon, iyo hay'adaha waxbarashada kula tartamayay jaamacadaha British caan ah. Karl Kautsky helay waxbarasho heer sare ee Jaamacadda Vienna. Inkasta oo uu weli arday, uu la wadaago aragtida hantiwadaagnimadu iyo bartaan qoraaladii Karl Marx. Tan iyo dhamaadkii 1870, uu la wadaago aragtida Maarkiistaha badan. Gaar ahaan, waxa loogu yeero su'aal beeraha bilaabaa inuu xiiseynayo inuu la socdaan dhegyadii dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqada iyo xakameynta revisionism. editor Jago ku caan ah magazine «dhinta Neue Zeit» kordhinayaan in faafitaanka fikradaha hantiwadaagga ee Bartamaha iyo Galbeedka Europe, inkastoo akhristayaasha uu tilmaamay pedantry qaar ka mid ah shaqada iyo penchant ah scholasticism sayniska.

dacaayad ee Marxism

In 1885 -1888, Karl Kautsky ku noolaa London, halkaas oo uu ku jiray xiriir dhow la leh Somalisch iyo taageerayaasha Marxism. Tan iyo 1890, wuxuu u dhaqaaqay Germany, halkaas oo uu sii waday si ay u daabacaan waraaqaha on dhinacyada kala duwan ee Marxism. talanti Baraha iyo virtuosity sameeyey shaqo gaaban Kautsky waa wax ka mid ah taageerayaasha dhaq hantiwadaag iyo xagjirka ah oo caan ah. Ka mid ah shuqulladiisa falanqaynta Thomas More iyo dystopia (1888), "Comments Barnaamijka Eksfurtskoy" (1892), "faracii Socialism Newest (1895).

Kautsky iyo Masiixiyadda

Mid ka mid ah shuqulladiisa, oo ah dhaqaaleyahan ka Jarmal iyo falsafo u hibeeyeen ilaa ay ka soo bixitaanka iyo horumarka ee ugu baaxad weyn oo dhaqdhaqaaqa diinta uu waqti - Masiixiyada. In uu buugga, Kautsky ayaa sheegay in ku saabsan sababaha dhaqaale iyo bulsho in loo ogaado baahida loo qabo in bulshada ee iimaanka cusub, sharaxayaa muhiimadda ay leedahay oo ka mid ah xaqiiqooyinka taariikheed iyo tawxiid Yuhuudda, mahad oo Masiixiyada kacay sidii diin gaar ah. Shaqada "The Origin of Masiixiyada" waa la mahadiyo saffarro uu, in kastoo, oo hadda sababa badan oo muran ka dhex Mu'miniinta iyo ka mid cawaan.

shaqada dhaqaalaha

Falanqaynta A faahfaahsan ee xiriirka dhaqaale lagu qabtay isaga by ee 1887. "Caqiidooyinku Dhaqaalaha ee Karla Marksa" yaabaa in ay tahay shaqada ugu caansan ee cilmiga this. In waxa afka la heli karo oo la fahmi karo oo dhigaya qodobada muhiimka ah ee caanka ah "Capital". Meelaha Kautsky qeexayaa aragtida ah ee caasimada, siin images oo nadiif ah ka tahay ay heli karaan dadka ka fog ee waxbarashada dhaqaalaha.

qaybta Deedna

fikradaha of shuuciyad beeraha ayaa la xaliyay shaaca ka qaaday kitaabkii Karl Kautsky, "Su'aasha beerolay." Halkan uu ku sharaxay isbedelka ugu weyn in ay si tartiib tartiib ah u horumarsan oo la xidhiidha dhul lahaansho muddo dheer: nidaamka dhaqaale ee dhulgoosadka in Zaman casriga ah ee shuuciyad sare. Economist awoodaan si loo dardar iyo sharaxaad wax tirakoobka Jarmal, taas oo ay markii ugu ururtay mass weyn. In ay shaqada, Kautsky waxa lagu saleeyay xogta rasmiga ah ee ka soo sahan kala duwan iyo tirakoobyadu sameeyey England, France, USA, Germany. socodka siman sheekada oo ka mid ah xiriirka dhulgoosadka hore si beeraha oo casri ah ayaa muujinaysa sida beeraha waqti gaaban ayaa waxaad fartaan ka raggu ay u fasalada sayniska, si loo gaaro faa'iidada ugu badan. sababaynta oo dhan si fiican u jiifsato ee xisaabaha Marx iyo theses dhaqaale uu.

Departure ka fikradaha of Marxism

Bilowga ee qarnigii waxaa la helo caan iyo aad u badan fikradda ah ee kaligii talisnimada proletarian. Fikradda ah ee badalaya qaabka dhaqaale iyo haddana waxaa ka dhawaajisay at II Congress of the RSDLP, oo waxay bilaabeen in 1903 ee Brussels, ka dibna sii waday in ay ka shaqeeyaan London. Kautsky ayaa si dhow u raacay wax qabadyada ergooyinka, laakiin in uu xukunka ka qaaday Mensheviks ah (anti-Iskrists). Munaasabaddan, Karl Kautsky daabacay dhowr shuqullada ku qoran ruuxa Marxism. iyaga ka mid ahaa "Jidka inay Power", "The Slavs iyo Revolution." Jarmal shuqulladiisa oo ah dhaqaaleyahan ayaa si xeeldheer VI Lenin, kuwaas oo inta badan iyaga laga soo xigtay hadal uu. article comments Kautsky ee Lenin ayaa inta badan la daabacay ee "Iskra".

Ka hor inta World War

colka wararka tartiib ah oo ka mid ah fikradaha ee Karl Marx ka dhigaysa Kautsky guuraan ka fikradaha halganka kacaan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa-xoogsatada. Waxa uu sameeyaa siyaasad ah dib u heshiisiin la revisionists kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma isaga joojiso in uu shaqada si ay u taageeraan dhaqdhaqaaqa liquidators ku dhex Ruush Social Democrats-. Waxa uu sidoo kale beeniyay mabaadii'da xisbiga falsafada Markis, bixinta cashuur noocyo kala duwan oo neorganizatsionnym dibad. hantiwadaagga cilmiga ah ee uu shaqada isku dayayaan in ay wada-jira fikrado falsafada aan Markis. views Kautsky ee ay ku guda jiraan isbedel la taaban karo. Guuritaanka ka view ku kacaan ee Marxism iska, wuxuu isku dayaa in aan u sharaxno iyo kor u mabaadi'da bulshada-chauvinists.

Kautsky ee 1917

Bilowga 1917, Kautsky waa si toos ah ugu lug abuurista xisbi cusub, kuwaas oo views uu si buuxda u la wadaago. Waa Social Democratic Party-madax-bannaan ka mid ah Germany, taas oo weli in wareegga koowaad ee doorashada ayaa soo jiitay badan codadka. Laakiin October Kacaanka, Kautsky jawaabay aad u xun ay uga soo horjeedaan gudbinta shaqaalaha awoodda iyo beeralay, iyadoo la sii mabaadii'da dimuqraadiyadda ganacsade.

Isla mar ka mid ah xasillooni siyaasadeed waaweyn ee Germany, uu hayo dabcan ka mid ah dib u heshiisiinta ee u dhexeeya shuuciyad iyo fikradaha hantiwadaagga. booska uu ka saynisyahan Jarmalka in arrinta dib u eegis faahfaahsan oo dhaleeceeyay VI Lenin, in uu article "The ba'ay Proletarian Revolution iyo Kautsky."

Sida inta badan u dhacdaa, fikradaha falsafo Jarmal weynaaday ay abuure. In post-dagaal Germany ahaa nidaamka raasammaaliyade ku xukuma. (Xisbiga Social Democratic) Kautsky ilmahaagu jecel ee helaa sifooyinka cabsi leh. Marka fashiistaha ee Central Europe kor u eegay, Kautsky wali si buuxda ogaaday waxa cawaaqibta laga cabsado this keeni karaan. In 1938, in uu jecel yahay Vienna naasiga ka yimid, iyo Karl Kautsky lahaa inuu u dhaqaaqo Prague ka dibna si Amsterdam, halkaas oo uu mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed ku dhameystay.