Loo yaqaan bayoolajiga gudaha iyo daahfurtay in ay

Ilaa qarnigii XIX ah, fikirka ah "biology" kajirin, iyo kuwa ku hawlan yihiin waxbarasho ee dabiiciga ah, loo yaqaan estestvoznatelyami, naturalists. Haddaba saynisyahano kuwaas wac awoowayaasha Biological Sciences. Ha noo xusuusataan, oo ahaa bayoolajiga qoyska (iyo furitaanka iyaga si kooban sharaxaad), saamaynta horumarinta biology sida sayniska , iyo waxay aasaas u jiho cusub dhigay.

NI Vavilov (1887-1943)

Our bayoolajiga iyo daahfurtay in ay lagu yaqaan in ay dunida oo dhan. Waxaa ka mid ah ugu caansan - Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov, botanist Soviet, geographer, breeder, geneticist. Waxa uu ku dhashay qoys baayacmushtari, oo uu ku bartay ee Institute of Beeraha. Waayo, intii labaatan sannadood, wuxuu qabtay oo kaxeeyey guutadii sayniska barashada flora. Waxa uu u safray ku dhowaad dunida oo dhan Australia iyo Jacaylku mooyee. ururinta A gaarka ah ee miraha dhirta kala duwan.

Inta lagu guda jiro guutadii, culumadu aqoonsaday xarumaha ka soo jeedo ee dhirta kaymo. Wuxuu soo jeediyay in ay jiraan xarumaha qaar ka soo jeedo. Waxa uu kaalin weyn in ay daraasadda of difaac dhirta iyo sharciga ee taxanaha homologous, taas oo loo ogol yahay in la dhiso regularities in horumar ah ee dunida geedka shaaca ka qaaday. In 1940, botanist ah, ayaa la qabtay oo lagu eedeeyay LAA-up of electronic. oo xabsi ah uu ku dhintay, darjada dayactirey.

ao Kovalevsky (1840-1901)

Ka mid ah Horseedka ah mashquulin meel istaahila a bayoolajiga qoyska. Oo daahfurka poyavliyali horumarka sayniska dunida. Waxaa ka mid ah xawayaanka aan cilmi caalami ahaan caan - Aleksandr Onufrievich Kovalevsky, nin cilmiga nafleyda barta a iyo embryologist. Waxa uu bartay at St. Petersburg University. Wuxuu bartay xayawaanka badda, waxay sameysay duulaan si ay u Cas, Caspian, Mediterranean iyo intii badda Adriya hore. Abuuray Sevastopol saldhigga noolaha badda oo muddo dheer ay agaasimaha. Waxa uu kaalin weyn ku jira quraaradda ah.

Aleksandr Onufrievich bartay embryology oo jirka ka mid ah xawayaanka. Wuxuu ahaa horurimarineed ka mid ah Darwinism iyo dersayay habab ee horumar. Waxa uu cilmi baaris oo duurka ku ah jirka, anatomy iyo histology ee xawayaanka. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii embryology evolutionary iyo histology noqday.

II Mechnikov (1845-1916)

Our saynisyahano, bayoolajiga iyo daahfurtay in ay la Mahadiyay by dunida. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1908 ku guulaystay Nobel Prize ee Physiology ama Medicine. Mechnikov ku dhashay qabiilka reer sarkaal, waxbarasho ee jaamacadda Kharkov. Waxaa furay dheefshiidka intracellular, difaaca gacanta, iyadoo la isticmaalayo habab la xaqiijiyay Embryology vertebrates asal caadiga ah iyo xawayaanka.

Wuxuu ka shaqeeyey on arrimaha horumar iyo embryology iyo Kovalevsky noqday aasaasihii jihada this sayniska. Mechnikov qoraallada ahaayeen muhiimad weyn ee dagaalka ka dhanka ah cudurada faafa, qandho tiifowga, qaaxada, daacuun. Seynisyahanno ku hawlan yihiin geeddi socodka ah ee gabow. Waxa uu rumeysan yahay in dhimashada dhicis waxaa khubad by sunta microbial iyo dallacsiiyey hababka nadaafad halganka, door weyn si loo soo celiyo microflora xiidmaha isticmaalaya waxyaabaha caanaha. saynisyahan Ruush ayaa abuuray dugsi ee immunology, ayidhi, cudurada.

Pavlov II (1849-1936)

Maxaa qayb waxbarasho ee waxqabad sare habdhiska leenahay saynisyahano, bayoolajiga iyo daahfurtay in ay? The guusha Ruush horeysay Nobel Prize in daawada uu noqday Pavlov Ivan Petrovich ay shuqulkiisa u sameeyaan on jirka ee dheefshiidka. The nin cilmiga nafleyda barta Ruush weyn iyo physiologist, wuxuu ahaa abuuraha cilmiga ee waxqabadka sare dareemayaasha. Waxa uu soo bandhigay fikradda ah Shuruudi hummaag shuruud.

saynisyahan ka qoyska ka mid ah wadaaddada yimid, oo wuxuu ka soo fiqi Ryazan ee seminary qalin. Laakiin sannadkii la soo dhaafay aan akhriyey buug I. M. Sechenova on hummaag maskaxda oo waxay noqdeen xiiso bayoolaji iyo daawo. Wuxuu bartay jirka xoolaha ee St. Petersburg University. Pavlov isticmaalaya farsamooyin qalliinka 10 sano bartay si faahfaahsan jirka ee dheefshiidka iyo waxbarashada, kuwaas oo helay Nobel Prize. Dhinac kale oo xiiso ahaa hawlaha sare neerfayaasha, daraasadda of taas oo uu ku Nagi 35 sano jir. Waxa uu soo bandhigay fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee cilmiga habdhaqanka - oo shuruud hummaag shuruud xoojinta.

Koltsov NK (1872-1940)

Sii theme ee "bayoolajiga Guriga iyo daahfurtay in ay." Nikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov - nin cilmiga nafleyda barta, aasaasaha of the School of Biology tijaabooyin. Wuxuu ku dhashay xisaabiyaha qoyska. oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Moscow, halkaas oo uu ka bartay anatomy la barbardhigo iyo embryology, ururinta xogta sayniska ee laboratories Yurub wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay. Abaabulan by Laboratory ee Biology tijaabooyin at Shacabka University Shanyavsky.

Waxaan bartay ee biophysics unugyada, arrimaha ay tahay go'aan ka ay qaab. shuqullada Kuwan waxaa ka mid ahaa in sayniska loo yaqaan "Koltsov mabda'a". Koltsov - mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha genetics ee Russia, qabanqaabiyaha oo ka mid ah shaybaarada ugu horeysay oo ay Department of Biology tijaabooyin. saynisyahan The aasaasay saddex saldhig noolaha. Waxa uu noqday saynisyahan ugu horeysay ee Russian kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo hababka jirka iyo kiimikada ee cilmi-noolaha.

ka Timiryazev (1843-1920)

saynisyahano Ruush, bayoolajiga iyo daahfurtay in ay duurka ku ah jirka warshad ka qayb qaatay horumarinta saldhig cilmiyeed ee garafyada. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadevich ahaa saynisyahan dabiiciga ah, cilmibaadhe iyo horumariyaha fikradaha Darwin ee photosynthetic ee. saynisyahan ka sharaf qoyska ka mid ah u yimid, wuxuu ka University of St. Petersburg qalin.

Timiryazev bartay su'aasha ah ee nafaqada dhirta, photosynthesis, iska caabin ah ay abaartu. Seynisyahanno yihiin sayniska ma aha oo kaliya saafi ah, laakiin sidoo kale ku lifaaqan muhiimadda ugu weyn ee codsiga wax ku ool ah oo ah cilmi. Wuxuu ku jiray mas'uul ka ah beerta khibrad leh, kaas oo lahaa noocyo kala duwan oo Bacriminta iyo diiwaan raadka ay ku leeyihiin dalagga. Thanks to daraasaddan, beeraha ayaa guulo waawayn on Jidka badasho.

Michurin IV (1855-1935)

bayoolajiga Ruush iyo daahfurtay in ay si weyn u saameeyay beeraha iyo dismaha. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - yaqaan nin cilmiga nafleyda barta iyo breeder. awowayaashiis ayaa gobta degaanka yar, ay ku qaatay cilmiga xiiso beerta. In carruurnimada hore, ayuu wuxuu soo qaatay daryeelka ee beerta, geedaha badan oo la tallaalo by aabbihiis, awoowe iyo-awoowe weyn. shaqada Xulashada Michurin bilaabay socda Eebihii nadagjiyay guri kiro ah. Inta lagu jiro hawl keenay in ka badan 300 kala duwan ee dhirta kaymo, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa ku habboon zone dhexe ee xaaladaha Russia.

Tikhomirov AA (1850-1931)

saynisyahano Ruush, bayoolajiga iyo daahfurtay in ay ka caawiyay si ay u horumariyaan jiho cusub ee beeraha. Aleksandr Andreevich Tihomirov - nin cilmiga nafleyda barta a, dhakhtarka cilmi barasho xayawaan iyo Raktarka ee Moscow State University. In St. Petersburg University, in uu helay uu shahaadada sharciga, laakiin wuxuu noqday xiiso biology oo helay shahaadada labaad ee Jaamacadda Moscow ee waaxda sayniska dabiiciga ah. Seynisyahanno ku helay arrin ku parthenogenesis macmal ah, mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee horumarka shakhsiga ah. Waxa uu kaalin weyn horumarinta sericulture.

IM Sechenov (1829-1905)

Mawduucan ah "cid saynisyahano oo caan ku, bayoolajiga iyo daahfurtay in ay" noqon lahaa aan dhamaystirnayn oo aan Xusuuso a Ivana Mihaylovicha Sechenova. Tani waa caanka Ruush evolutionary nin cilmiga nafleyda barta, physiologist iyo baraha. Wuxuu ku dhashay nin oday qoys, uu bartay Dugsiga Main ee Engineering iyo University of Moscow.

Seynisyahanno ku bartay maskaxda iyo xarun laga helay, taasoo keenaysa saamayn Iscelin of habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha, maskaxda ayaa la xaqiijiyay on hawlaha muruqa. Waxa uu ku qoray shaqada classic "hummaag of Brain ah", taas oo uu ku diyaariyey fikradda ah in falalka miyir iyo miyir waxaa ka go'an in qaab hummaag. Waxaan soo bandhigi maskaxda sida computer ah, kaas oo gacanta ku dhammaan geedi muhiim ah. Waxa uu xaq shaqada neefsashada oo dhiig ah. Saynisyahanka ayaa abuuray dugsi jirka Ruush.

DI Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

dhamaadka XIX - qarnigii XX hore - waqti marka shaqeeyay bayoolajiga Ruush weyn. Iyo daahfurtay in ay (miiska of size kasta oo isuguma iman karaan liiska) ka qayb qaatay horumarinta dawo iyo biology. iyaga ka mid ah Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky - physiologist, biolojiste iyo aasaasaha virology. Waxa uu bartay at St. Petersburg University. Xitaa inta lagu guda jiro daraasadda muujisay xiisaha ay u qabto cudurada dhirta.

Qubarada ayaa soo jeediyay in cudurada waxaa sababa bakteeriyo yar ama sunta. Fayrusyada isu soo arkay microscope electron ah, sano oo kaliya 50 ka dib. Waxaa loo arkaa awoowe ee Ivanovsky Virology sida sayniska. Seynisyahanno ka barashada habka halsano khamriga iyo saamaynta waxa on of chlorophyll iyo oxygen, anatomy ee dhirta, ayidhi ciidda.

Afar-SS (1880-1959)

bayoolajiga Ruush iyo daahfurtay in ay ka qayb qaatay horumarinta genetics. Chetverikov Sergey Sergeevich ku dhashay qabiilka reer saynisyahan Milkiilaha warshadda, waxbarasho ee jaamacadda Moscow. Tani waa geneticist fiican iyo evolutionist, kuwaas oo abaabulan daraasadda of hiddo in dadka xoolaha. Thanks to daraasaddan, cilmi tixgeliyo aasaasihii genetics evolutionary. genetics dadka - Wuxuu aasaaskii anshaxa cusub dhigay.

Waxaad ka akhrisan maqaalka "The yaqaan Ruush saynisyahano, bayoolajiga iyo daahfurtay in ay." Shaxda ay guusha waxaa la samayn karaa iyada oo ku saleysan mid ah waxyaabaha la soo jeediyay.