Qalabka Electrotechnical, guryaha iyo codsiyada

Karti iyo cimri dherer of makiinadaha korontada iyo dhirta ku xiran tahay xaaladda ningax ah, qalabka korontada ku shaqeeya kaas oo qalabka loo isticmaalo. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa set oo ah guryaha gaar ah marka lagu meeleeyay ah xaalada garoonka electromagnetic, iyo waxa loo xiraa ee aaladaha ku salaysan tilmaamayaashan.

qalabka korontada Qoondaynta u ogolaanaya kala qaybiyey koox koox gooni ah oo qalabada, semiconducting, qabashada iyo qalabka magnetic in kabaan wax soo saarka ugu weyn: capacitors, kirishbooyada, isolators iyo xubno Semiconductor diyaar.

Qalabka ay u dhaqmaan beeraha magnetic ama korontada sida gaar ah oo leh sifooyin gaar ah, iyo loo bandhigi radiations duwan oo isku mar. qalabka magnetic conventionally qaybsan walxaha imaanshada iyo magnetic iyo walxaha magnetic. In farsamada korontada inta badan ka shaqeeya qalabka magnetic xoog leh.

qalabka sayniska

Qoraalkani wuxuu ku sheegay in walax, lagu gartaa ka duwan waxyaabaha kale ee halabuurka kiimikada, guryaha iyo qaab-dhismeedka taagoo iyo atamka. walaxda waa in mid ka mid ah afarta dal; gaseous, adke hoor ama plasma. Korontada iyo qalabka dhismaha qabtaan si loo soo dajiyo noocyo kala duwan oo hawlaha.

qalabka Samaynta gudbiyaan electrons qaybaha socodka siiyaan go'doomin dielectric. Codsiga of xubno resistor soo celiyaa tamarta korontada galay kulaylka, qalabka alaabta dhismaha hayn qaabka, tus, guryaha. qalabka korontada iyo dhismaha looga baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan mid ka mid ma aha, laakiin dhowr hawlaha la xiriira, sida insulator ah in imtixaanada load korontada, kaas oo keenaya in qalabka dhismaha.

qalabka korontada sayniska - sayniska qabashada qeexidda guryaha, daraasadda of dhaqanka ee arrinta sarkhaansan yihiin korontada, kulaylka, qabowga, beeraha magnetic iyo cilmiga kale sayniska sifooyinka gaarka ah ee loo baahan yahay in la dhiso mashiinada korantada, qalabka iyo goobaha ..

Guides

Waxaa ka mid ah qalabka korontada, kaas oo ah tilmaanta ugu muhiimsan ee ka muujiyay conductivity ee hadda korontada. Tani waa sababta in mass ah walax mar walba electrons joogo waxaa kullanka ku xidhay si ay xuduntii iyo isagoo sidayaal lacag oo lacag la'aan ah. Waxay la falagiisuu ka mid ah Britain ayaa si kale u guurto iyo in la abuuro hadda ah. The alaabta ugu weyn ee tabinta tixgeliyo copper, aluminium.

Si kirishbooyada yihiin xubno aan la ρ resistivity korontada <10 ^-5, kuna waari dhexdeeda maaddadu ay tahay kaari fiican la tilmaame 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. All Biraha isagoo ah miiska fiican hadda ah 105 xubno 25 ma yihiin macdanaha oo keliya, oo ka this group a kala duwan ee qalabka 12 dhaqanka hadda korontada iyo waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida semiconductors.

physics ee qalabka korontada ogolaanaya isticmaalkooda sida wakiilada oo ku dalalka gaseous oo dareere ah. Sida biraha dareere heerkulka caadiga ah waxaa laga codsadaa mercury oo kaliya, taas oo gobolka dabiiciga ah. The biraha kale loo isticmaalaa sida kirishbooyada dareere kaliya ee gobolka kulul. Waayo, kirishbooyada isticmaalo iyo dareeraha ah tabinta, tusaale ahaan elektrolytka. guryaha muhiim ah oo kirishbooyada, taasoo u ogolaatay inuu iyaga kala saaro sida uu heerka uu conductivity korontada, sifooyinka conductivity kaamerada waxaa loo tixgeliyaa iyo awoodda ka ab kaamerada.

qalabka dielectric

Si ka duwan kirishbooyada, mass dielectrics ka kooban yahay tiro yar oo ah electrons free qaab elongated. hantida ugu weyn oo ah walaxda tahay awooddiisa ah inuu heli polarity duurka oo korontada ah. Arrintan waxa lagu sharaxay by xaqiiqada ah in sarkhaansan eedeeyay korontada la xiriira waxaa lagu dhaqaaqay dhinaca ciidamada simaha. Masaafada u kabayso waa weyn, sare xoogga beerta korontada.

qalabka korontada qalabada yihiin dhow si fiican u badan conductivity ah index yar yar, oo ka yar fahmayaan ka badan heerka uu kala fogaansho, oo wuxuu tilmaan u kala firidhsan iyo qoondaynta tamarta kaamerada. conductivity ee dielectric waxay ku salaysan tahay tallaabo ah ee qadar yar oo ah gelinba dipoles free in ay tallaabo oo duurka. Ka dib kala fogaansho, foomamka walax dielectric la polarity kala duwan, i.e., laba ka mid ah Calaamooyinkiisa kala duwan la sameeyey dushiisa.

dielectrics Codsiga ugu ballaadhan ee korontada, tan iyo isticmaalka sifooyinka element firfircoon oo dadban.

Si aad wax firfircoon, iyadoo guryaha kasteba maamulka, waxaa ka mid ah:

• pyroelectrics;
• electroluminophors;
• piezoelectrics;
• ferroelectrics;
• electrets;
• qalabka emitters in laser ah.

qalabka korontada aasaasiga ah - guryaha dadban dielectric, waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida qalabada qalabka iyo capacitors nooca caadiga ah. Waxay u kala labada qaybood ee circuit korontada laga kasta oo kale oo looga hortago faafi ee lagu eedeeyay korontada awoodaan. Tan iyo markii ay go'doomin waxaa lagu fuliyaa via meelaha hadda-sidday tamarta korontada waxaa looga tegey dhulka ama guryaha.

kala insulator ah

In qalabka dielectric organic iyo imanba kala qaybsan yihiin, taas oo ku xidhan Halabuurka kiimikada ah. dielectrics imanba ha ka kooban carbon in ay ka kooban, halka foomamka organic waa element carbon hoose. walxaha imanba sida dhoobada, Miikaa, Heer sare ah ee kulaylka.

waxyaabaha korontada ku saabsan hab saarka qaybsan dielectrics dabiiciga ah iyo macmal ah. Isticmaalka balaadhan oo ah qalabka isku dardaro ku salaysan tahay xaqiiqada ah in soo saaridda ogolaanaya in la siiyo wax ka mid ah guryaha la doonayo.

Sida laga soo xigtay qaabka taagoo iyo dielectrics daaqaddii kelli qaybsan kala horjeeda iyo kuwa aan kala horjeeda. ee la soo dhaafay ayaa waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan dhexdhexaad ah. Farqiga u dhexeeya waa in atamka iyo taagoo ka hor ay tallaabo on hadda korontada ama aan lahayn lacag koronto. K koox dhexdhexaad ah waxaa ka mid ah dhimatay, polyetylen, Miikaa, quartz, iyo kuwa kale. The dielectrics horjeeda ka kooban ee u taagoo la kharash togan ama taban, tusaale waa chloride polyvinyl, bakelite.

guryaha dielectric

Sida dielectrics qaybsan gas, dareere, oo adag. Inta badan la isticmaalo qalabka korontada adag. guryaha iyo codsiga ay la qiimeeyaa isticmaalaya xuduudaheedu iyo sifooyinka:

• resistivity mugga;
• permittivity dielectric;
• resistivity dusha;
• Wehliyaha ee permeability kaamerada,
• Taabte khasaaro dielectric of xagal ka muujiyay,
• xoog wax ku sarkhaansan yihiin koronto.

resistivity Volume ku xiran tahay awoodda wax iska caabin ah baxsiga ku dul qiimo joogta ah haatan. resistivity bedelka Tusiyaha yeedhay conductivity bulk.

resistivity dusha waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa awoodda wax iska caabin ah ee hadda ku joogto dal ay dusha. conductivity dusha waa laba geesood ah ee tiradaasi hore.

Wehliyaha ee permeability kaamerada ka tarjumayaa heerka isbedelka ee resistivity ka dib markii ay kor u heerkulka oo ah walaxda. Sida caadiga ah, iska caabin ah hoos ula sii kordhaya heerkulka, sidaas darteed, qiimaha Wehliyaha waa negative.

joogto ah ayaa dielectric go'aamiso codsiga korontada qalabka sida waafaqsan awoodda wax si ay u abuuraan capacitance korontada. Qiyaasaha permittivity qaraabo ah dielectric waxaa ka mid ahaa in fikradda ah permeability buuxda. Beddelidda ningax tilmaame awoodda bandhigay Wehliyaha permeability kaamerada hore, oo isku mar ku tusaysaa korodhka ama hoos u dhac ku capacitance la isbeddel ah ee heerkulka.

Taabte ee xagal khasaaro dielectric ka tarjumayaa heerka awoodda khasaaro silsilad marka la eego waxyaabaha la dielectric sakhiray ah talantaalli korontada hadda.

qalabka Electrotechnical lagu gartaa ah tilmaame xoog dielectric, taas oo go'aan ka suurtogalnimada uu wax ku baabbi'iyo maalkii hoos stress. In la aqoonsado xoogga farsamo of tiro ka mid ah imtixaanada in la dhiso xadka index xoog compressive, siligga, foorarsiga, torsional, saameynta iyo jab.

astaamaha jirka iyo kiimikada ee dielectrics

In dielectrics ku jira tiro ka mid ah qaar ka mid ah acids sii daayay. Inta ay hydroxide potassium in milligram loo baahan yahay in laga takhaluso nijaasta in 1 g oo ah walaxda waxaa lagu magacaabaa tirada acid. Acids baabbi'in qalabka organic leeyihiin saamayn taban ku leh guryaha qalabada.

qalabka korontada sifo dhammaystirayaa Wehliyaha nafwaayay ama khilaaf, oo muujinaya heerka uu gaarsiisan socodka ee arrinta. Nafwaayay u qaybsan yahay shuruud iyo kinematic.

Degree of nuugista biyaha waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa ku xiran mass biyaha nuugo maalmaha size element baaritaanka ka dib bilowga biyo at heerkul ah loo dejiyay. soocista Tani waxay muujinaysaa porosity mid ah waxyaabaha la, sii kordhaya index ka dilaacda guryaha qalabada.

qalabka magnetic

qiimaynta Performance ka mid ah guryaha magnetic waxaa loo yaqaan sifooyinka magnetic:

• permeability buuxda magnetic;
• permeability qaraabo magnetic;
• Wehliyaha kaamerada of permeability magnetic;
• ugu badnaan tamarta field magnetic.

qalabka magnetic kala qaybsan yihiin adag oo jilicsan. Canaasiirta jilicsan waxaa lagu gartaa khasaaraha yar danbayso magnitude of magnetization ee jirka ku simaha field magnetic. Waxay ka badan permeable waa in hirarka magnetic waxay leeyihiin xoog iyo qasab yar iyo induction ah u damaysay sare. Ay u isticmaalaan in gudbiyeyaasha qalab ah mashiinada electromagnetic iyo hababka, oo gaashaan oo magnetic ah ama qalab kale oo meesha waa magnetization loo baahdo la tegay tamarta yar. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid saafi ah birta, bir electrolytic - Armco, permalloy, steel korontada Alloys go'yaal, nickel-birta.

qalabka adag waxaa lagu gartaa khasaaro degree weyn gaabiyo of magnetization garoonka dibadda magnetic. Qaadashada karsado mar magnetic, qalabka korontada ku shaqeeya sida iyo alaabta waa magnetized, oo muddo dheer si ay u sii tamar ku kaydsan. Waxay leeyihiin a xoog iyo qasab sare iyo awoodda sare induction haraaga ah. Qaybaha la astaamahaan waxaa loo isticmaalaa saaridda magnet-taagan. Wakiilada ee xubno ka yihiin Alloys ku salaysan qaybaha birta, aluminium, nickel, cobalt, Silicon.

magnetodielectrics

Macluumaadkaan waxaa isku qasan, 75-80% in ka kooban oo ay ku jiraan budada magnetic, mass ee organic hadhay polymeric sare waxaa ka buuxsamay dielectric. ferrites Y iyo ferrites kordhay qiimaha resistivity mugga, khasaaraha hadda Eddy yar, kaas oo u ogolaanaya si ay u isticmaalaan in technology ah ee hirka sare. Ferrites yihiin tilmaamayaasha deggan ee beeraha inta jeer oo kala duwan.

Field isticmaalaya ferromagnets

Waxa ay inta badan wax ku ool ah loo isticmaalo si ay u abuuraan core ah gariiradda transformer. Codsiga of maaddadu ay u ogolaanaya in la kordhiyo badan duurka ku magnetic of transformer ah, halka aan la beddelo reading hadda xoog. gelinta noocan oo kale ah ee ferrite ka badbaadiyay isticmaalka awoodda inta lagu jiro hawlgalka ee qalabka. qalabka korontada iyo qalabka ka dib markii saameyn dibadda magnetic hayn sifooyinka magnetic, iyo haysaa beer bannaan ee ku xiga.

hadda Elementary aan ku gudbin ka dib markii bedesheen off magnet ka, sidaas ku abuurtay magnet caadiga ah si joogto ah in si waxtar leh u shaqeeya on headphones, teleefonada, cabbiraadda qalabka, baraheeda, qalabka duuba dhawaaqa. Aad loo jecel yahay ee isticmaalka magnet-joogto ah, koronto ma tabinta. xarunta helay of oxides birta la oxides kale oo kala duwan. Lodestone loola jeedaa ferrite.

qalabka Semiconductor

Intaasu waa cunsur kaas oo ay leeyihiin qiimaha conductivity taas oo ah in bareeg ka mid ah index this for kirishbooyada iyo dielectrics ah. conductivity qalabkan ku xiran tahay jiritaanka nijaasta in miisaanka, saamaynta dibadda iyo tilmaamaha cilladaha gudaha.

Astaamaha u gaarka ah electrotechnical group qalabka semiconductors muujinaysaa faraq weyn oo ka walba xubno kale oo ku saabsan ka qaylisay oo qaab-dhismeedka, halabuurka iyo guryaha. Iyada oo ku xidhan oo xuduudaheedu waa kuwan, qalabka waxaa loo kala galay 4 qaybood:

1. Qaybaha atamka ka kooban a noocyada hal, Silicon, fosfooraska, boron, selenium, indium, germanium, gallium, iyo kuwa kale.
2. Qalabka ay ku jiraan oxides biraha ka kooban - copper xabagta, cadmium, zinc iyo kuwa kale.
3. qalabka ee antimonide koox isku dhafan.
4. qalabka Organic - naphthalene, anthracene, iyo kuwa kale.

Iyada oo ku xidhan daaqaddii qaybsan qalabka Semiconductor polycrystalline iyo xubno monocrystalline. Astaamaha u gaarka ah qalabka korontada u ogolaanaya inay wadaagaan ee non-magnetic iyo imaanshada. Waxaa ka mid ah qaybaha kala saaro magnetic semiconductors, kirishbooyada iyo xubno ka non-tabinta. qoondaynta Clear waa ay adag tahay in la sameeyo, tan iyo qalab badan u dhaqmaan jawi beddelo duwan. Tusaale ahaan, hawlgalka semiconductors qaar ka mid ah marka heerkulku hooseeyo la saamaynta insulators la barbar dhigo karo. dielectrics Kuwa by shaqada kulaylinta sida semiconductors.

qalabka kooban

Qalabka in aan la kala qaybsan oo ku saabsan hawlaha iyo halabuurka, loo yaqaan qalabka kooban, sidoo kale waa qalab koronto. guryaha iyo codsiyada ay sabab u tahay isku-dar ah qalabka loo isticmaalo soo saaridda. Tusaale ahaan qaybaha sheet fiber galaas, Maro adag, isku biraha tabinta iyo madax adkaadeen. Isticmaalka isku dhiska awooda u dhiganta shaaca ka qaaday qalab iyo iyaga ka codsan in ay u socdeenna. Mararka qaar isku dhafan ee qaybaha farcan keenaysaa in abuurista element ah oo gebi ahaanba ku cusub guryaha kale.

qalabka filimka

baaxadda weyn foils korontada iyo cajalado koolo ka faa'iiday sida qalabka korontada. guryaha waa ka dielectrics dabacsanaan kale, xoog farsamoyaqaanka ku filan iyo guryaha qalabada kala duwan u fiican. dhumucda ee alaabta kala duwan yihiin waxay ku xiran tahay wax ka:

• dhumucdiisuna film ee 6-255 microns samaynaya, cajalad sii daayo 0,2-3,1 mm,
• waxyaabaha polystyrene ee foomka of cajalado iyo filimada soo saaray 20-110 microns qarada waaweyn;
• cajalad polyetylen qaro weyn sameeyey 35-200 m, width a of 250 in 1500 mm,
• dhumucdiisuna film fluoroplastic la sameeyo 5 ilaa 40 microns, width a of 10-210 mm umay muuqan.

Qoondaynta qalabka korontada ka film ogol yahay in la kala saaro laba nooc: film janjeedha iyo non-oriented. Qoraalkani wuxuu marka hore waxaa inta badan la isticmaalo.

Rinjiga iyo blaastiigga for madhxiya korontada

Solutions walxaha la xirrira inta lagu guda jiro film solidification yihiin qalabka korontada oo casri ah. Kooxdan waxaa ka mid ah asphalts, saliidaha qalajiyo, Beeyada, esters cellulose ama xeryahooda oo isku mid ah qaybaha kuwaas. Badalidda qayb viscous in insulator dhacdaa ka dib markii uumi of mass ee dareeraha shubo oo la xirrira filim cufan. By habka codsiga filimka waxaa loo qaybiyaa koolo, daahan iyo dahaadhida.

Impregnating varnishes loo isticmaalo windings korontada si ay u kordhiyaan conductivity kaamerada ah iyo iska caabin ah ay u qoyaan. varnish daahan sare abuuro daahan difaac ka dhan ah qoyaan, qabow, saliid, dusha fuuli jiray, ningax caag ah. qaybaha koolo waa xabagta awood saxan Miikaa qalab kale.

Xeryahooda for madhxiya korontada

Waxyaabahan soo bandhigay xal dareere ah waqtiga isticmaalka, soo raacay by qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed iyo Daaweynta. Muqaadaraadka lagu gartaa xaqiiqada ah in kooban kuma jiraan qase. xeryahooda ayaa sidoo kale ka tirsan kooxda "qalabka korontada". Foomamka waxaa loo shubay oo impregnating. Nooca ugu horeeya waxa loo isticmaalaa buuxinta godadka in laysku xidho cable, iyo kooxda labaad loo isticmaalo dahaadhida of windings motor ah.

Xeryahooda soo saaro thermoplastic ah, waxay jilcisaa, ka dib markii korodhka ee heerkulka, iyo thermosetting, adkaysatay Dhawrista qaab solidification.

Cufay qalabka qalabada buunshada

Waayo, wax soo saarka ee qalabka sida oo isticmaalaya fiiloyin organic iyo nin-dhigay qaybaha. Dunta cuntada dabiiciga ah ee xariir, iyo dhar, remaking qoryo in alaabta ka soo jeedo organic (fiber, maro, kartoonada). Qoyaan of insulators sida u dhaxeysa 6-10%.

qalabka Organic of dardaro (nylon) ka kooban qoyaan kaliya 3 ilaa 5%, sida robab qoyaan iyo macdantaa imanba (Maro). qalabka imanba waxaa lagu gartaa awood ah in ay dab at kululaynta badan. Haddii qalabka la Tagnana waan enamels ama lacquers, ololi kordhay. Supply of qalabka korontada waxaa soo saaray in soo saaridda ee mashiinada korantada iyo qalabka.

Leteroid

fiber A khafiif ah oo la soo saaray ee go'yaal iyo soo galay qorniin la duubo oo gaadiid. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida qalab ah ee soo saarta gaskets ningax ah, dielectrics qaabeeya dhaqa. Paper lagu cufay la asbestos iyo guddiga asbestos ka samaysan asbestos chrysotile, waxaa tageynaa galay macdantaa. Asbestos ayaa caabiga xaaladaha xumadoodu, laakiin jabo in acid ah.

Gebogebadii, waxa loo sheegayaa, in iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab casri ah, waayo, ningax nolosha adeega qalabka korontada waxaa aad u kordhay. Waayo, goobaha dhismayaasha isticmaalaan qalabka la guryaha soo xulay oo u oggolaan waayo, wax soo saarka ee qalabka cusub functional qaab wanaagsanaaday.