Sahamiyayaal Great iyo daahfurtay in ay

Waqtiga Horseedka dalalka cusub ee reer Yurub noqday dhamaadka shan, qarnigii lix iyo toddoba. Dadka ugu xiiso leh iyo baaxaa isugu keenaa in saddexda dal, Portugal, Spain iyo Russia.

The daahfurtay ugu muhiimsan ee qarnigii

In ku tiris ah daahay ee qarnigii shan iyo tobnaad, ee hageyaasha weyn ee Portugal horay u baadhay, oo galbeed, iyo xeebta koonfureed ee Africa ka fog, in 1492, Hristofor Kolumb dhoofeen Bahamas, oo ruux.dalka yar oo helay America, iyo in 1497 sidoo kale wuxuu noqday an daahfurtay juqraafiyeed muhiim ah: Vasco da Gama waxaan helay wadada badda Hindiya ka, albaaka qaaradda Afrika. Oo 1498, Columbus, Vespucci iyo Omeha ahaayeen Horseedka ee South America, taas oo ay soo baratay muddo shan sano ah, iyo sidoo kale Central America.

baxriyiintii weyn Ruush inta badan sahamiyey Ocean Arctic ah. Oo waxay u tageen oo dhan waqooyiga Asia weyn, furay Peninsula Yamal ah iyo Taimyr, Chukotka Peninsula, caddeeyeen in America ma aha in la sii wado Asia, ka imaanaya Arctic si Badweynta Pacific iyada oo loo marayo Strait Bering ah. duulaan uu horkacayo sahamisa weyn Ruush S. Dezhnev iyo F. Popov. Tan iyo 1735 Khariton iyo Dmitry Laptev Badaha safray Siberia, mid ka mid ah oo markii dambe ay magiciisii waxaa loo bixiyey. Magacyadii reer binu hageyaasha weyn sida caadiga ah ay joogaan on map-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin.

Holland W. Barents socday Novaya Zemlya iyo Spitsbergen. England G. Hudson oo shurako ah uu helay Greenland, Baffin Island, Labrador Peninsula, Hudson Bay. S. Shampilen France furay Appalachians waqooyiga iyo shan North American Haraha. Spain L. Torres booqday New Guinea. Dutch Yanszon B. iyo A. Tasman baa'bin Australia, Tasmania iyo jasiiradda New Zealand.

Wax ku saabsan Columbus

Nin dahsoon tagay farcankiisa ka Hristofor Kolumb. Photo dabiici ah oo aan weli la Abuurtay. Laakiin waxaa jiray Wehbe. iyaga On waxaan arka ninkii fiirin caqli iyo darradaas fog ka adventurism kasta. All shakhsiyadda iyo complete qaddar jahwareer Hristofora Kolumba waa sug maqlana, caddayn, waxaa suurtagal ah in ay qoraan sheeko-Tacaddi, oo xataa ma jirto meel oo dhan Dhabahaan buu heli jiray cimrigiisii oo.

Sida laga soo xigtay mid ka mid ah qoraalkii badan, ayuu waxa uu ku dhashay jasiiradda of dhiibtay 1451. On arrintan ilaa hadda cilmibaadhe oo muran kulul lix magaalo ee ugu danbeysay ee Italy iyo Spain dhaaran in tani ay tahay meesha ay ku dhashay ee Columbus.

Noloshiisa oo dhan - halyeey. Mid ka mid ah wax waa cad yahay - uu ku noolaa Lisbon, iyo ka hor in badan oo u tegey on in Maraakiibta Mediterranean. From waxaa jira, ka Portugal, iyo bilaabay marti ugu muhiimsan ee Columbus, taas oo aan weli ka dhigay baxriyiintii ayaa ugu weyn dunida oo dhan.

Cuba iyo jasiiradda kale

In 1492, uu cagta jasiiradda of Cuba dhigay. Waxaa Columbus ayaa laga helay mid ka mid ah dadyowga ugu cultured ee Latin America, si ay u dhisaan dhismaha weyn, vayavshy taallo qurux badan, koraan suuf la yaqaan iyo Europe baradho gebi ahaanba aan la aqoon iyo tubaakada, taas oo markaas ka guulaystay dunida oo dhan. Ilaa hadda xusuustay dhalashadii jasiiradda this Hristofora Kolumba - fasax qaran.

horyaal A ee band kulaylaha ee Atlantic ah, marka hore ka gashay ka Caribbean, South America iyo ogaadeen halkay ku of Central, kuwaas oo ku Qabanay on map ka Bahamas jasiiradaha, yar iyo ruux.dalka Greater, jasiiradaha Caribbean, jasiiradda Trinidad, - waa Hristofor Kolumb. Photo muujinaysaa nin qurux badan, aamusnaan ah u eegaysaan ka sawirka ah, iyada oo aan raad ugu yar ee buuqooda wajiga.

Ha Yurub u yidhaahdaan, in North America ka hor inta wadada Columbus waxaa protoron Viking ka Iceland tan iyo qarnigii kow iyo tobnaad. In qarniyadii dhexe badda si ay u tagaan guud badda iyo markii tobnaad - cajiib adag oo khatar ah. Oo kiis kasta, dhul aad u badan ee labada qaaradood American, oo Columbus ka hor ma ogaan qof.

Rusushii ka mid ah maxkamadda - ee hageyaasha weyn

Ferdinand Magellan waxa uu ku dhashay 1480 ee waqooyiga Portugal, iyo in da'da toban agoon. In search of kibis maxkamadda boqornimada fadhiistay - Rasuul. Oo berkeddii weysada ahayd wuxuu u soo baxay markii ugu horeysay ee shan dvadvat, inkastoo badda jeclaa tan iyo yaraantaadii. Magellan ma ku riyoodaa in aan micne lahayn ee hageyaasha weyn oo daahfurtay in ay. Waxa uu suurtagashay in ay hesho kooxda F. de Almeida, oo hore u dhaqaaqay markab oo uu hoos calanka Spain si bariga.

Magellan ahaa arday aad u badnaayeen, si deg deg ah isaga addoonsada u naqdiyay ee xirfadlayaasha oo dhan. Left ee India, isagoo ku noolaa Mozambique, uu ugu danbeyn noqday madax. guriga soo laaban doono.

Muddo shan sano ah ayuu ugu baaqay taliyaha Portuguese oo dhan faa'iidooyinka ka mid ah sahamo Bari, laakiin ma aysan u habsami u tagaan, iyo in 1517 Magellan galay hawshii King Charles, intii hore iyo intii ilaa hadda Isbaanish ah, laakiin mustaqbalka - gooyo ah Boqortooyada Roomaanka.

safar Adduunka

In 1493 waxa la soo saaray by Pope dibi in furay dalalkan cusub bari - Portugal, iyo xagga galbeed - Spanish. Magellan keentay duulaan galbeed inay keenaan caddayn in gasiiraddaas la, halkaas oo ay jiraan dhir udgoon, waxaa iska leh Spain.

Oo waa safar dheer oo uu leeyahay gool si yar iyo baayacmushtarka, soo baxay safar dunida ugu horreeya adduunka ee. Waxay ku hadhay oo ilaa hadda ka dambeeya iyo hageyaasha weyn oo daahfurtay in ay ku magacaaban Magellan in riyooyin carruurta. ma safar Tani ma mar dambe ma qaadan, ayaa in ka badan in dhulka ku wareegsan tahay, waxaan la wareegay waqti, ma dhammaan dadka safarka ah.

Magellan ma maamuli in ay soo bandhigaan si ay dunida ugu tusa of fikradaha ay, lagu dilay on duulaan this - dalka Philippines. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuu dhintay hubaa inuu yahay xaq. Ayaa weli ka mid ah kooxda ku soo laabtay Spain kaliya in n1522.

Cossack ataman

Semon Ivanovich Dezhnov - Arctic tiirseenimada, Cossack Ataman, sahamisa oo discoverer ah qaababka badan juqraafi, waxa uu ku dhashay qoyska Pomeranian, Pinega, in 1605. adeegga Cossack bilaabay sida gaarka ah ee Tobolsk, ka dibna uu ku wareejiyay Yeniseisk, iyo xataa dambe - in Yakutia. Meel kasta uu guuleysto dalka cusub, webiga, xataa tallaabay Badda Siberian Bariga afka oo macmal ah Coche Indigirka in Alazeya. From waxaa la saaxiibbadiis in labadii barxadood cooshado u guuray bariga.

In Kolyma Delta fantay webiga iyo aasaasay magaalada Srednekolymsk. A dhowr sano ka dib duulaan ay sii waday in ay bari - in Bering Strait ah, taas oo weli ku saabsan tahay iyo siddeetan sannadood aan Bering: Dezhnev markii hore baxay cidhiidhi. dhibic ugu bari ee dhulweynaha - Cape ah, magacaabay ka dib markii Dezhnev discoverer ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, jasiiradda, iyo gacanka, Jasiiradda iyo tuulada waxaa la odhan jiray ka dib. In xarunta of magaalada Veliky Ustyug ee gobolka Vologda waa taallo isaga. Lagu kalsoonaan karo wuxuu ahaa nin. Honest oo dadaal badan. Hardy. Strong. La diriray. Oo ka mid ah saddex iyo toban nabarrada - saddex culus. Laakiin mar walba iyo meel walba ayuu wuxuu doondoonay nabadda.

South Dhul baaxadeedka

By qarnigii toddoba iyo dulmari weyn ee meeraha Earth Yurub arkay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, beerta lagu sahamin ahaayeen weyn. Indheynta soo baxay dhulka oo ka mid ah gumeystayaashii lagu daabacay inta badan ka doondooneen. Taariikhyahanadu aan ogaaday sida caadiga ah Dutch Selyanin Abel Tasman noqday badmaaxa ah, laakiin safaradiisa keenay dunida daahfurka qiimo.

Aristotle ka hor inta aannu ka qabno dhaadhiciyay jiritaanka dalka aan la garanayn koonfurta. "Terra Australis Incognita" ( "Terra Australis"), - ayuu ku qeexan qoraalada uu. Halkan dhulka oo intaan tegey ayaan u eeg-eegto iyo sahamisa Tasman on markabka shiraac "Zehaan". In ka latitudes koonfureed ee nooca inhospitable. dabayl baraf iyo qorraxda ku dhowaad marnaba. South iyo koonfur diraa dabeylo wayn. hirarka noocan oo kale ah ma dhici u dhow berriga, markaas South dalka meel kale oo aan ahayn halkan. Oo Tasman, milicsiga, bedelay koorsada horay u dhigay. Ka hor waxay ahayd oo aan la garaneyn dhamaystiran.

doorasho sax ah

Ka dib markii koorso beddelo nooca naxariisan badmaax - tegey daruuraha, oo waxaa qorraxdu ugu dhakhso ah diiriyo markabka. Si dhakhso ah ayay u muuqday iyo dhulka. Waxaa sidaas waxay u noqotay in Tasman ku degay jasiiradda, kaas oo lagu magacaabi doonaa isaga ka dib markii, waa si wanaagsan oo koonfur ka waynaha. Australia laftiisa, si fudud uu seegay. Tasmania ayaa la waraystay, baa'bin. Markaasaa meel magaalada halkan kici doonaa. Oo xilligan in ay sameeyaan wax kale waxaa jiray - cimilada xun, dabna-xumida, dabeecadda duurjoogta ah, dadka deegaanka ma bixin karo wax.

Tasman sii tageen. Waxa uu cajiib ah nasiib on furitaanka jasiiradaha. Next ahaa New Zealand. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Maori maxalliga ah ayaa soo dhaweeyay Tasman, iyo sidoo kale dhammaan dadka safarka ah ee mustaqbalka, aan furfurnayn. Saas ma aha, xataa colaadeed. Marka aad isku deyeyso baadhitaan dalka cusub ee dhowr shaqaale ah ayaa lagu dilay. Sidaa darteed, Tasman uu shaqada ka tagay in farcankiisa, iyo "Zehaan" isla markiiba tageen guriga. Waxbana kama uu helin hab gaaban ee Chile. Laakiin si ay u caddeeyaan in Australia ka jira.