Taariikhda aeronautics. Montgolfier walaalo

Taariikhda aeronautics, darradaas dhamaystiran. Maanta nolosheena ahaayeen helicopters, diyaaradaha iyo gaadiidka kale oo badan qalaad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in qalbiyada dadka ku Waari ah sixir iyo hindiga ee la xidhiidha hawlaha xiiso leh sida kulul kortaan buufin hawada. Oo dadkii oo maanta ka dhigi safarka waxa on. Dad badan oo waxay noqon lahayd cajiib ah in la ogaado sida ay u dhan bilaabay. Taariikhda horumarka ballooning lagu si kooban u eegi doonaa in this article.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo

Bartolommeo Lorenzo, Brazil, waxaa iska leh Horseedka ah kuwaas oo waa la illoobay magacyada taariikhda ma ahaayeen. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horumarka sayniska ay waaweyn qarniyo badan la warsan ama mid aan la garaneyn.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo - magaca dhabta ah ee qofka soo gashay taariikhda aeronautics, Lorenzo Guzman, wadaadkii Portuguese, abuure mashruuca hoos magaca "Passaroly" ilaa dhawaan arko khiyaali. In 1971, ka dib markii baaritaan dheer, waxaan helay dukumeentiyo sharaxo dhacdooyinka ee la soo dhaafay ka fog.

Markaasay waxay bilaabeen in 1708, markii uu u dhaqaaqay Portugal, Guzman galay Jaamacadda Coimbra iyo dhigay oo ku saabsan isku dayaya in ay sameeyaan diyaaradaha, ee duulimaadka on kaas oo la furi doono taariikhda ballooning. Physics iyo xisaabta, taas oo Lorenzo tusay awooda weyn, u caawisay in this. Waxa uu bilaabay in ay mashruuca tijaabada. Guzman ayaa loogu talagalay dhowr daydo in noqday noocooda ah ee uu weel mustaqbalka.

The mudaaharaad ugu horeysay Guzman weel

In 1709, bishii August, kuwaas oo lagu daydo tusay abtirsan jiray reer boqor. Successful ahaa horyaalka kaliya hal buufin: qolof khafiif ah oo leh girgire ku yar, ganaax hoostiisa, ku dhawaad 4 mitir off dhulka. Guzman ee isla sanadkaas wuxuu bilaabay mashruuceeda "Passaroly". Nasiib darro, xogta baaritaanka ay aan la sii raagayaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kiis kasta, Guzman wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah marka hore, ku salaysan daraasad oo ka mid ah ifafaale ee dabiiciga ah, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan si loo helo hab dhab ah in ay ku ordayaan, iyo sidoo kale isku day ay ku fuliyaan ku dhaqanka. Sidaas bilaabay taariikhda ballooning.

Zhozef Mongolfe

From Yuusuf, walaalkiis oday, Etienne Montgolfier, kuwaas oo ay leedahay warqad magaalada manufactory yar Faransiis, helay in 1782 note ah oo walaalkiis isaga codsaday in ay diyaariyaan a xadhko dheeraad ah oo arrinta xariir si ay u arkaan mid ka mid ah waxyaalaha ugu yaab leh oo adduunka ah. Qoraalka loogu tala galay in oo ahaa Yuusuf oo ugu danbeyn wax ma ahan oo keliya oo walaalo ah ayaa sheegay in kulanka helin, jidka aad ku qaadan karto in ay hawada.

Shell qiiq buuxiyey, waxay ahayd xarunta this. J. Montgolfier sabab u ah mid tijaabo badnayn arkay in tolo dhar oo ka mid ah laba xabbadood oo maro in sanduuqa battariga ee sanduuq-qaabeeya go'an ka dib waxaa ka buuxsamay qiiq. daahfurka Tani ma aha oo kaliya kaabayaasha dhaqaale qoraaga, laakiin sidoo kale walaalkiis. wada shaqaynta, cilmi abuuray labo makiinadaha aerostatic (si ay u yeedheen buufinta ay). In goobo ka mid ah saaxiibada iyo qaraabada, mid ka mid ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigay. Waxaa loogu tala galay sida kubad, dhexroorka ah taas oo ahayd 3.5 mitir.

The guulaha ugu horeysay ee Montgolfier ah

tijaabo u ahaa guul complete: 10 daqiiqo hawada socday qolof, halka ilaa height a of qiyaastii 300 mitir iyo hal kilomitir duulaya hawada. Walaalayaalow, Waxaa dhiirigelintiisa lahaa guusha, go'aansaday in uu been abuurtay dadweynaha. Waxay dhisay buufin weyn ballaciisu yahay ee in ka badan 10 mitir. Tolayaa jaakada shiraac ah dadaalka uu ahaa shabaqa Xadhig iyo papered warqada si loo wanaajiyo cidhiidhi ah.

In 1783, June 5, lagu qabtay ay mudaaharaad ku square suuqa ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen daawadayaal badan. buufin kacay ka buuxsamay qiiq. All faahfaahinta aragnimada goobjoog maamuuska gaar ah, kaas oo lagu shaabadeeyey ah saxiixyada madaxda kala duwan. Sidaas ayaa markii ugu horeysay waxa uu si rasmi ah shahaado by been abuurtay in la furay jidka u aeronautics.

professor Charles

In Paris, xiiso badan oo ka tegaaya by walaalaha Montgolfier duuli buufin hawada kulul. Waxay la marti qaaday in ay ku celiyaan caasimadda ah ee ay waayo-aragnimo. Isla mar ahaantaana, Jacques Charles, jirka dadka Faransiiska, waxaa la baray si ay u fuliyaan Banaanbaxa oo ah diyaaradda uu abuuray. Charles ayaa sheegay in gaaska hawada, biibiilaha qaaca, sida la odhan jiray - ma aalad ugu fiican si ay u abuuraan a hydrostatic wiishka.

Jacques ahaa si fiican u aqoon u leh ugu dambeeyey ee ka kimistari oo la rumaysan yahay in badan oo fiican in la isticmaalo hydrogen, maxaa yeelay waxa ay xumbo hawada yahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, doorashada gaaska this buuxinta gaarigiisa, professor kulantay dhowr ah oo dhibaatooyin farsamo. First of dhan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay go'aan ka, taas oo si ay u qabtaan qolof fudud, awoodo inuu dhawro gaaska kacsan muddo dheer ahaa.

The charliere duulimaadka ugu horeeya

Robey walaalo ah, makaanikada, ka caawiyay isaga ula qabsadaan hawshan. Waxay sameeyey wax la mid ah guryaha la doonayo. Walaalahay this isticmaalo dhar xariir iftiinka ayaa dahaarka leh kula xal caag in dhuuqi jiray. In 1783, 27 August, in Paris at de champ ah Mars kacay diyaarad Charles. Kor buu u duulay hore ee Daawadayaasha 300 kun. iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan noqday aan la arki karin. Markii hal qof oo halkaas joogay, weydiiyay ahaa, waxa barta in this oo dhan, Benjamin Franklin, statesman American caan ah iyo saynisyahan, sidoo kale dhawrtaan dayuurada, wuxuu yidhi: "Waa maxay barta in soo bixitaanka of dhashay a dunida ugu soo galay?" tacliiq sheegid tijaabiyeen. "Dhashay" waxa uu ku dhashay, oo wuxuu ku Qaddarray mustaqbal weyn.

The rakaabkii ugu horreeyay

Montgolfier walaalo ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma uusan u istaagin guusha Charles in ujeedka lagu doonayo in ay muujiyaan in Paris ay abuurtay gaar ah. Etienne, isku dayayaan in ay sameeyaan aragti ugu weyn, isticmaali tayadiisa si dhise weyn. Buufin, dhisay, waxa uu ahaa in qaar ka mid ah siyaabaha shaqada ka mid ah tahay. qaabka foosto lahaa qolof, oo waxay gaadhaa in ka badan 20 mitir. Waxay ahayd mid ku sharraxnaan jirtay baxay la baxsan sharraxdid midabo iyo monograms.

Buufin muujiyeen by Academy of Sciences, loo yaqaan jaceylka ee wakiilkiisa. Waxaa la go'aansaday in joogitaanka maxkamadda reer boqor ku soo celiyaan dibad. Near Paris, in Versailles, mudaaharaad ka dhacay 1783, on 19 September. True, keenaya jaceylka ee tacliinta tiradu ilaa maantadan la joogo uusan ku noolaa, ayaa waxaa uu maqaarka iska dhaqday by roob, taasoo keentay in ay u soo galeen burbur. Laakiin Montgolfier walaalo ah ma aysan joogsan. adag u shaqeeyo, waxay taariikhda bartilmaameedka dhisay buufin cusub. Isagu ma uu ahaa liita quruxda mid hore.

Si loo soo saaro saamaynta ugu badan, walaalo hitched uu gacanta u galay oo waxay u geliyeen diiqii, duck ah oo ido ah. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen ugu horeysay ee taariikhda balloonists. buufin ayaa kor u duulay oo jidkiisa shaqeeyay ilaa 4 km ah, 8 daqiiqo si nabad ah hoos u dhulka ku. The geesiyaal ah maalinta noqday walaalaha Montgolfier. Waxay ahaayeen sharfeen abaalmarinta kala duwan, iyo biibiile oo dhan, oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in la abuuro wiish hawada qaaca, maalintii bilaabay in loogu yeedho buufin.

diyaaradaha la duuliyo on buufin hawada kulul

Iyada oo diyaarad kasta by Montgolfier walaalaha ah ayaa u dhowaanin goolka u tari jirtay way eryoodeen, - duulimaadka aadanaha. kubad cusub ayaa la dhisay iyaga by, waxay ahayd ka weyn. Sarajooggeeduna waa 22,7 mitir iyo ballaciisu yahay - 15 mitir. Ring Gallery waxaa lagu dhajinta in qaybta hoose. Waxaa loogu talagalay laba qof. abuurista design this sii taariikhda ballooning. Physics, on guulaha ee taas waxa ay ahayd mid ku salaysan, mar kaliya loo ogol yahay design aad u fudud oo ah diyaaradda. Girgire waayo, caws gubanaya la joojiyay dhexe ee gallery ah. Wuxuu radiated diirimaad, halka madfac ku hoos godka. kulaylka Tani maraysa hawada, taas oo ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah si ay u sameeyaan diyaarad dheer. xitaa wuxuu noqday ilaa xad controllable.

taariikhda horyaalka waxaad ka heli kartaa noocyo kala duwan oo xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh. Aeronautics - shaqada, taas oo qarnigii 18-keenay warkiisii weyn oo caan. The abuuray diyaarad ma doonayaan in ay dadka wax la wadaag. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Louis XVI, King of France, Reebay in ay ka qayb horyaalka maal-gaarka ah qaadan. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, taas dhibaato nolosha halis u lahaa in ay wax baro labada dambiilayaasha oo lagu xukumay dil. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ay keentay in dibad Pilatre de Rozier, mid ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaasha firfircoon ee dhismaha buufin hawada kulul.

Ninkan ayaa laga yaabaa in aan la soo heshii la xaqiiqada ah in magacyada dambiilayaasha geli doono taariikhda aeronautics. Waxa uu shaaca ka qaaday in ay ka qayb ah howlgalka qof. Ogolaanshaha waxaa ugu danbeyn helay. Safarku wuxuu ku buufin tegey kale "pilot". Waxay noqday d'Marquis ee Arland, taageere ballooning. Oo 1783, 21 November, ay dhulka wuu ka tegey, oo wuxuu ka dhigay duulimaadkeedii ugu horeysay ee taariikhda. 25 daqiiqo hawada joogay buufin hawada kulul, oo ku saabsan 9 kiiloomitir u duulay inta lagu jiro waqtigan.

duulimaadka aadanaha on charliere

Si aad u cadeeyo in charliere (buufinta leh qolofka, oo waxaa ka buuxsamay hydrogen) iska leh mustaqbalka aeronautics, Professor Charles uu go'aansaday in uu fuliyo diyaarad in loo moodayay in ay noqdaan dheeraad ah oo cajiib badan by walaalaha Montgolfier diyaarin. Abuuritaanka buufin cusub, ayuu wuxuu hormariyey dhowr ah oo xal design, loo isticmaalo qarniyo mustaqbalka.

Charliere dhisay iyaga lahaa Roobka a in fidiyey guud ahaan Safra sare ee biibiilaha, iyo khadadka on kaas oo nastay gondola ganaax ku xirneeyn qeybiyaha this. gondolas The ahaayeen dadka. sibraar ku Gaarka ah waxaa loo sameeyey in qolof ah loo sii daayo of hydrogen. biiyaha wuxuu ku yaalaa qolof ah, iyo sidoo kale ku kaydsan waaya'aragnimo gondola loo isticmaalo in la beddelo sare. Bixiso sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa barroosinka ah si ay u fududaato in ay fadhiistaan dhulka.

Charliere ballaciisu yahay in ka badan 9 mitir, 1 December 1783 ee park ee Tuileries soo qaaday bilowga. Waxay u tageen on professor ku Charles iyo Robert, mid ka mid ah walaalaha ka qayb qaatay dhismaha charliere lug. Waxay si ammaan ah u soo degay dhow tuulada, duulaya oo qiyaastii 40 Km. Charles ka dibna sii socdo oo keliya.

Charliere duulay 5 km, halka in height cajiib ah, waayo, wakhtigaas - 2750 mitir. Qiyaas ahaan nus saac ka dib markii in this meelaha dhaafsiisantahay, sahamisa si ammaan ah soo degay, sidaas dhamaystirka duulimaadka ugu horeysay ee taariikhda aeronautics in buufin la socoto baqshad hydrogen ka buuxsamay.

Buufin duulay badan Channel Ingiriisi ah

Life ee Jean Pierre Blanchard, injineer Faransiis, ka go'an guud Channel ee horyaalka ugu horeysay ee buufin, waa xusid mudan in in ay ahayd sawir ka mid ah hal dhibic ka leexdo, oo ka dhacay goor dambe oo qarnigii 18aad ee horumarinta aeronautics. Blanchard bilaabay in ay fuliyeen fikradda ah booska duulimaadka.

Oo isagu wuxuu dhisay mashiinka a in 1781, taas oo baalasheeda xoog drive ee gacmaha iyo lugaha ah. Tijaabi ku deldesheen oo Xadhig tuuray badan block ah, hindisa this ayaa la sara kiciyey si ay u height guriga leben ah, oo leh miisaan ahaa oo ku saabsan 10 kg. La guusha hore, ayuu daabacay wargeyska fikirradiisiina wuu ku saabsan suurtagalnimada ee booska duulimaadka in ay aadanuhu.

Ka go'an in ay safar ugu horeysay buufin hawada iyo sidoo kale raadinta horyaalka gacanta ku Blanchard soo laabtay fikrad baalashaada, laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay si loo xakameeyo biibiilaha. Inkasta oo tijaabo ugu horeysay ee si xun u dhamaatay, cilmi uma uu dayn isku daygeeda ay oo dheeraad ah jeclaan of kor u kaceen bannaan ee jannada.

In 1784, dayrta, waxa bilaabay duulimaadyadeedii England. Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa wax fikrad ah inuu u duulo guud Channel Ingiriisi ah in biibiile, sidaas caddaynaya suurtagalnimada of hawada u dhexeeya France iyo England. In 1785, 7 January, marti duulimaadka taariikhiga ah, kuwaas oo goob joog ka ahaa hindisa isaga qudhiisa, oo Dr. Jeffrey, saaxiibkiis American.

Xilligii ballooning

Taariikhda horumarka ballooning ahaa muddo kooban ah. Laga soo bilaabo bilowgii Saiarrada qarnigii iyo buufinta ilaa ay dhamaystirka, in ay u muuqato lahaa, in yar ka badan 150 sano. The buufin ugu horeysay free kacay hawada by walaalaha Montgolfier ee 1783, iyo 1937 gubay habnololeedka-129 Gindenburg, airship, dhisay Germany. Tani waxay dhacday dalka Mareykanka ah, Lakehurst, on daqal joogsan ah. On guddiga ahaayeen 97 qof. 35 iyaga ka mid ah ayaa dhintay. musiibada Tani waa sidaas naxay dadweynaha adduunka in awoodaha weyn ayaa ku tashadeen inay joojinta dhismaha Saiarrada waaweyn. Sayidka dhammaaday xilligii ku aeronautics, taas oo ah 40 sano ee u dambeeyey waa horumarinta Saiarrada adag, loo yaqaan zeppelins (mid ka mid ah kuwo abuura iyaga ugu weyn waxaa Ferdinand von Zeppelin, guud a Jarmal).

Buufin loogu talagalay by walaalaha Montgolfier, wuxuu ahaa dumis ah. Kaliya ee 1852, Anri Zhiffar, naqshadeeye a Faransiis, ayaa abuuray buufin gacanta.

Injineerada muddo dheer isku dayeen in ay xaliyaan dhibaatada of rigidity ee diyaaradda. Davidu Shvartsu, naqshadeeye ah Austria, helay fikradda ah in la sameeyo guryaha la shubayna. In Berlin ee 1897, waxay hawada ku ridan buufin Schwartz. Its jirka la sameeyey ee aluminium. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u deg engine failure waxaa laga sameeyey.

Graf Zeppelin

Tiri von Zeppelin, falsame xeel dheer shaqada of David, waxaan arkay rajada ay. Kor buu u yimid oo la qaab ah trusses sanduuqa nuurka ayaa riveted strips aluminium sameeyey. Godadka ku jira waxay ku tuntay. Of looxyada jir giraan-qaabeeya toogasho ah. Waxana kala soo qaybgalay u howlgala.

Camera la hydrogen la saaray u dhexeeya labada nin kasta oo loox (total 1,217 unugyo). Sidaa darteed, marka dhaawaca dhowr dhululubo gudaha hadhay hayo Degenaansho. In xagaagii 1990 vosmitonny Zeppelin Rafaa sigarka-qaabeeya (dirigible, kuwaas oo ballaciisu yahay 12 mitir, oo dhererkeedu wuxuu - 128) wuxuu ka dhigay guul duulimaadka 18-daqiiqo ah, jeestay ay abuure, ka dibna loo sharfay sida magaalada ku dhowaad waalan, geesi qaranka.

Recently badiyay dagaalka la Faransiis, dalka arko in ay ka farxiyaa fikrad guud oo ku saabsan this yaab-hub. Zeppelin - airship, kuwaas oo si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa in colaadaha. Gen. in ay Dagaalkii Adduunka dhisay mashiinada dhowr, oo dhererkeedu wuxuu ahaa 148 m. Waxay laga yaabaa in ay gaaraan xawaare ka mid ah ilaa 80 km / h. Saiarrada waxaa loogu talagalay Tirada Zeppelin, dagaalka u baxay.

dheeraad ah qarnigii 20aad democratized duulimaad. ballooning Modern noqday hiwaayad dadka badan. Sulaymaan Auguste Andre ee 1897, ee July, waxaa laga dhigay horyaalka ugu horeysay ee taariikhda Arctic ee buufin. In 1997, Fiesta buufin lagu qabtay oo lagu sharfayo centenary ee dhacdadan at ciyaartoyda North Pole ee balloonists. Tan iyo markaas, sanad walba halkan yimaadaan kooxda ugu dhiirato inay fuulaan samada. Iiddii aeronautics - lanooga soo jiidasho leh si ay u bogi in dad badan oo iman.