The Biraha group platina: eegis lagu sameeyo liiska, guryaha iyo codsiyada

Biraha kooxda Platinum - waa lix xubno ka kiimikada qaali ah oo sharaf leh kuwaas oo juxtaposed in miiska wareegsan. All yihiin macdanaha kala guurka ah ee kooxaha 5-6, 8-10 muddo.

Platinum Group Biraha: List

Kooxdu waxay ka kooban yihiin lix xubno ka kiimikada socda diyaarin si ah oo miisaankeedu yahay qaaradda kordhaya:

• Ru - ruthenium.
• Rh - Rhodium.
• XPIEIV - palladium.
• Os - Os.
• Ciir - iridium.
• PT - platina.

Biraha kooxda Platinum leeyihiin cado silvery-cad ah, marka laga reebo osmium, taas oo midab waa buluug-cad. Dhaqankooda wada socda kiimikada in ay yihiin heer sare ah u adkaysata reagents ugu, laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida Xoojiya ama dardar-dhaba xakamaynta heerka of qayilo, hoos iyo hydrogenation reactions.

Ruthenium iyo osmium waxaa cad in nidaamka dhow-buuxiyey oo hexagonal, halka qaar kalena ay leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka cubic fool-xuddun u ah. Tani waxay ka muuqataa qalbi engegnaantiinna aawadeed weyn ee ruthenium iyo osmium.

History of daahfurka

Inkasta oo artifacts platina-dahab oo taariikhdiisu tahay in 700 BC. e., ee joogitaanka biraha waa halkii shilka ka badan joogta ah. Jesuits ee qarnigii XVI ka, ku xusan quruurux cirro cufan la xidhiidha kayd dahab alluvial. dhagaxyo aan la dhalaalay karaa, laakiin waxa ay u sameeyaan daawaha ah dahab, buljoonka uu noqdo mid ay debcaan, oo ay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn si aad u nadiifiso. Stones bilaabay wacaya platina del Pinto - kaabsal oo ah wax lacag ah ka River Pinto ah, addoon ka mid ah webiga San Juan ee Colombia.

platina malleable, kaas oo laga heli karaa oo keliya ka dib markii lagu nadiifiyo ah biraha dhamaystiran, waxaa si gaar ah by jirka Shaba Faransiiska ee 1789. From waxaa la dhigay koob, soo bandhigay in Pope Pius VI. On furitaanka palladium ee 1802, ayaa sheegay in farmashiyaha Ingiriisi William Wollaston, kuwaas oo la odhan jiray kiimikada. element biraha platina-group ka dib markii asteriyoodh ah. Wollaston markii danbe ku dhawaaqay daahfurka walax kale oo la joogo in ore platina. Waxa uu ugu yeeray rhodium ay sabab u tahay midabka casaan ee cusbada biraha. iridium (magacaabay ka dib markii ilaahadda qaansoroobaad Iris sababtoo ah qaxay halkaas cusbada ay) Furitaanka iyo osmium (ka erayga Giriigga ah "ur" sababta oo ah urta chlorine ay xabagta kacsan) ayaa la sameeyey by farmashiyaha British Smithson Tennant sanadkii 1803. saynisyahano Faransiis Hippolyte Victor Collet-Deskoti, Antoine-Fransua Furkrua, iyo Nicolas-lui Voklen aqoonsaday laba Biraha isku mar. Ruthenium, go'doon iyo aqoonsaday by element ee ugu danbeysay ee ay magaca ka magac Laatiin ah ee Ruush helay farmashiyaha Ruush Karl Karlovich Klaus ee 1844.

Si ka duwan sida fudud u go'doonsan ku jira xaalad ah xad saafi by wakiilada fudud turxaan dab sida dahabka, iyo lacagta, iyo birta ah ee kooxda platina ee u baahan daaweynta kiimikada aqueous adag. Hababkaan kuma ahaayeen heli karaa ilaa qarnigii 19aad, sidaas oo kale ayaa aqoonsi iyo go'doomin ee group platina Ree ka dambeeya ayaa lacagtii iyo dahabkii kumanaan sanadood. Intaa waxaa dheer, barta barafku sare ee biraha kuwaas ayaa ku koobnayn isticmaalkooda ilaa cilmi ee Britain, France, Germany iyo Russia ma yeellan habab diinta platina qaab ku haboon processing. Sida birta qaaliga ah ee group platina waxay bilaabeen inay in la isticmaalo ee dahabka tan iyo 1900. Inkastoo isticmaalka tani weli waa khuseeya maanta, wax badan oo ka mid ah warshadaha dhaafay. Palladium waxa uu noqday wax aad u caan ah oo xiriir nidaamka Relay telefoonka iyo isgaarsiinta kale ee wireless, hubinta nolosha dheer adeega iyo isku halaynta sare, iyo platina, sababta oo ah caabbinta horseedaya nabaadguurka, inta lagu guda jiro dagaalkii labaad ee dunida bilaabay in la isticmaalo in dhimbiil diyaaradaha dagaalka daboolaya.

Dagaalka ka dib hababka diinta kordhin kelli ee turxaan petroleum ayaa abuuray baahida weyn guryaha horseed hantiyeen by biraha ka tirsan platina ah. By 1970, isticmaalka ayaa kor u xitaa ka sii badan marka heerarka qiiqa baabuurta ee Maraykanka iyo dalalka kale ee ay keentay in isticmaalka kiimikada kuwaas oo qaab beddelidda horseed of gaasas dhammayn.

ore

Marka laga reebo kayd yar alluvial of platina, palladium iyo osmiridium (daawaha ah iridium iyo osmium), shiidaa ore lahayn, taas oo ahayd cunsurka ugu wayn kiimikada ka kooban - biraha kooxda platina ah. Macdanta waxa sida caadiga ah ku jira senti tayadda, gaar ahaan pentlandite (Ni, Fe) ₉ S _8. The laurite ugu badan rus _2, irarsite, (Ciir, ru, Rh, PT) dameer, osmiridium (Ciir, Os), cooperite, (Dhibcaha) iyo Bragg (PT, XPIEIV) S.

deposit ee dunida ugu weyn ka mid ah biraha kooxda platina - adag Bushveld ee Koonfur Afrika. Kaydka Large of alaabta ceeriin ayaa ku urursan kayd ee Sudbury ee Kanada iyo hashay-Talnakh in Siberia. In Maraykanka, ka kayd weyn ee macdan group platina ku yaalaan Stillwater, Montana, laakiin halkan ay uga yar yahay ee South Africa iyo Russia ay yihiin. saarayaasha platina ee dunida ugu weyn tahay Koonfur Afrika, Russia, Zimbabwe iyo Kanada.

Macdanta iyo turxaan

anigaa Major South Afrika oo Canadian ka shaqeeya habka macdanta. Shiidaa oo dhan oo ka mid ah macdanaha group platina waxaa laga soo copper ama tayadda nickel macdanta isticmaalaya-soociddiisa sabeynta. MILMA shancosbitaal saarta isku dar ah oo la maydhay out of copper iyo nickel sulphides in autoclave ah. Leaching ka hadhay adag ku jira min 15 ilaa 20% birta group platina.

Mararka qaarkood ilaa sabeynta isticmaalaya-soociddiisa oo maamuusaan. Natiijadu waxay tahay shancosbitaal ay ku jiraan 50% ka mid ah biraha platina, taas oo ay meesha loo baahan yahay ee dikhaw.

guryaha farsamo

The Biraha group platina si weyn yihiin guryaha farsamo oo kala duwan. Platinum iyo palladium waa kuwo jilicsan oo aad u malleable. Kuwan Biraha iyo Alloys ay la ordi karaan labada kulul iyo qabow. Rhodium waxaa marka hore loola dhaqmo si kulul a, ka dibna waa la daaweyn karaa annealing si cadaalad ah soo noqnoqda qabow. Iridium iyo ruthenium waa in la kululeeyo, shaqada qabow, iyagu ma ay siin.

Osmium - adag iyo koox uu leeyahay heerkulka ugu sareeya barafku, laakiin ay u janjeera in lagu qayilo soo rogay xadka u gaar ah. Iridium waa daxalka u adkaysta oo ka mid ah macdanaha platina, rhodium iyo mahad for ilaalinta ee guryaha ay at heerkulka sare ugu.

codsiyada dhismaha

Sida platina annealed nadiif ah waa mid aad u jilicsan, waa u nugul xagashada iyo dhaawac. Si loo kordhiyo ay darantahay ingeega, waxaa u dhisnayd la hannaanka ka mid ah xubno kale. dahabka Platinum waa mid aad loo jecel yahay ee Japan, halkaas oo loo yaqaan "Hackin" iyo "dahab cad". Alloys for dahabka ay ku jiraan 90% PT iyo 10% XPIEIV, taas oo waa wax fudud in ay la tacaalaan iyo kabida. Intaa waxaa dheer ee ruthenium hagaajinaysaa engegnaantiinna of daawaha, iyadoo la ilaalinayo iska caabin ah lagu qayilo ka. The Alloys of platina, palladium iyo copper waxaa loo isticmaalaa in alaabta been abuurtay, tan iyo markii ay yihiin adag platina-palladium oo ka kharash yar.

Crucibles loo isticmaalo soo saarida kiristaalo hal in industry Semiconductor ah, waxay u baahan yihiin iska caabin ah daxalka iyo xasiloonida at heerkulka sare. Waayo, codsigan, waa ku haboon platina, platina-rhodium, iyo iridium. daawaha Platinum-rhodium loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee thermocouples kuwaasi oo loo isticmaalo qiyaasta heerkulka sare ilaa 1800 ° C. Palladium waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidoo kale in saafi ah ama qaab isku dhafan ee qalabka korontada (50% isticmaalka), in Alloys ilkaha (30%). Rhodium, ruthenium iyo osmium waxaa dhif ah loo isticmaalo ee ay foomka saafi ah - waxay u adeegaan sida dopant u biraha kale ee group platina.

Xoojiya

About 42% ka mid ah platina ku soo saaray West ah, waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida Hannaan. Kuwaas oo kala ah, 90% waxa loo isticmaalaa in weheshaday gaari, kuna waari dhexdeeda ah kaabsal madax adkaadeen ama abaaraha dahaarka leh kula platina (iyo palladium, iyo rhodium) waxay kor u qaadaan diinta ee Consort unburned, carbon monoxide iyo oxides nitrogen biyo, carbon dioxide iyo nitrogen.

daawaha An of platina iyo 10% rhodium qaab Roobka a bir cas-kulul u adeegtaa sida Hannaan in cadaanyo u dhexeeya ammonia iyo hawada in ay soo saaraan oxides nitrogen iyo nitric acid. Marka la quudinayo ee ammonia la methane isku dar ah la diyaarin karaa hydrocyanic acid. Marka loogu hagaajinaayo platina dushiisa of dhagaxyada ah alumina in nuclear-ka waa Hannaan beddelidda ee silsilad dheer u taagoo jahaysteen oo saliid ah in isoparaffins in ay yihiin la doonayo in isku dar ah ee shidaalka falkaas.

Electroplating

All Biraha group platina galvanically lagu saleyn karaa. Sababtoo ah oo ka mid ah engegnaantaada iyo gloss dahaadhka waxaa inta badan laga codsadaa rhodium. Inkasta oo qiimaha at thicknesses u dhigma ka badan platina cufnaanta hoose ogolaanaya isticmaalka miisaanka yar ee wax.

Palladium - biraha kooxda platina, taasoo ay fududahay in la isticmaalo, waayo, daahan. Maaddaama ay xoog ah waxyaabaha la taaban karo ee kordhay. Ruthenium ayaa helay codsiga in alaabtii loogu talagalay daaweynta khilaaf at cadaadis hoose.

kiimiko ah

kaxeynayo Organic biraha kooxda platina sida kaxeynayo alkilplatiny loo isticmaalaa sida Xoojiya ku polymerization ee olefins, wax soo saarka ee polypropylene iyo polyetylen, iyo sidoo kale lagu qayilo ee ethylene in acetaldehyde.

platina cusbada sii kordheysa loo isticmaalay chemotherapy kansarka. Tusaale ahaan, waxay qayb ka mid ah daroogada waa sida "Carboplatin" iyo "Cisplatin". xabagta Ruthenium dahaarka electrodes loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee chlorine iyo sodium chlorate. Rhodium sulfate iyo phosphate rhodium loo isticmaalo electroplating bad.