The counter-weerar at Stalingrad, "Uranus" hawlgalka: Taariikhda dhaqaaqo, ka qaybgalayaasha

Stalingrad noqday meel meeshaas oo ah isbedel xagjirka ah ee dagaalkii ka Great Patriotic iyo dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. Waxaa bilaabay la weerar guul Army Red, code-magacaabay "Uranus".

shuruudaha

The Soviet counter-weerar at Stalingrad bilaabay bishii November 1942, laakiin si ay u diyaariyaan qorshe hawlgallada ee Command Xarunta bilaabay bishii September. In dayrta ee March Jarmal inay Volga la maansheeyey. Waayo, labada dhinac, Stalingrad ahaa muhiim si xeeladaysan oo la eego dacaayad labadaba. Magaalada Tani ayaa loo magacaabay in sharaf of madaxa gobolka Soviet. Marka Stalin keentay difaaca cad Tsaritsyn socday dagaalkii sokeeye ee. magaaladan, ka barta of view of fikirka Soviet lumin, waxa uu ahaa fekeri karin. Intaa waxaa dheer, haddii Jarmalka wareegay qeybaha hoose ee webiga Volga ah, waxay awoodi doonaan in ay u joojiyaan sahayda cuntada, shidaalka iyo khayraadka kale ee muhiimka ah.

Maxaa yeelay, dhammaan sababaha kor ku xusan, ka hortag ee Stalingrad waxaa la qorsheeyay daryeel gaar ah. Farsameeyo xaaladda wanaagsan ee hore. Hand in muddo ah u dhaqaaqay dagaal booska. Ugu dambeyntii, November 13, 1942 qorshaha counter-weerar, code-magacaabay "Uranus" la saxiixay by Stalin iyo ogolaaday xarunta guud.

qorshaha asalka ah

Sidee jeclaan lahaa inuu arko a counter-weerar at Stalingrad, madaxda Soviet? Under qorshaha, ee Front South-Western hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Nikolai Vatutin lahaa in ay dhabar jab ku dhow magaalada yar ee Serafimovich, heystey Jarmalka xagaaga ka qabtaan. Kooxdani waxa lagu amray in ay jebiyaan ugu yaraan 120 kiiloomitir. shoog kale waxa uu ahaa formation of Stalingrad Front. meeshii ay dhacdo ayaa loo doortay Sarpa gudubno. Ka dib markii marayay 100 kiiloomitir, hore ee ciidanka ahaayeen in uu la kulmo ee Front South-Western dhow Kalach-Soviet. Sayidka, kooxihii Jarmal ahaayeen in Stalingrad, ku dhici lahaa xeeran.

Waxaa la qorsheeyey in dagaal ka dhacay Stalingrad saacidi doonta weerar sare ee hore ee gobolka Don iyo Kachalin Kletskaya. At GHQ waxaan isku dayay si loo ogaado meelaha ugu nugul ee ciidamada cadowga. In dhamaadka, istaraatijiyad hawlgalka ayaa soo gabagabeeyey in foori Ciidanka Cas ayaa codsatay in ay gadaal iyo garabka ee ugu xeryahooda dagaal-awood iyo khatar ah. Waxay ahayd halkaas in ay ahaayeen kuwii ugu xumaa ee dhan waa in la dhowraa. Thanks to urur wanaagsan, "Uranus" howlgalka hadhay qarsoodiga ah ee Jarmalka ilaa maalintii bilowgii hirgelintiisa. Surprise iyo isuduwidda falalka ciidamada Soviet ciyaaray xaq u gacanta u soo geliyo.

Col dejinta

Sida la qorsheeyay, ka hortag ah Soviet at Stalingrad bilaabay on 19 November. Waxay waxaa ka hormarey daba jog ah oo madaafiic xoog badan. Ka hor waaberiga, cimilada ayaa si weyn bedelay, taasoo hagaajin in qorshayaasha amarka. ceeryaanta cufan uma ay oggolaan in ay kor u duulista hawada, sida aragti ahaa mid aad u yar. Sidaa darteed, xooga la saaray diyaarinta madaafiic.

First weerar ku jiray ciidan ah saddex meelood Romania, kuwaas oo difaaca ayaa la jebiyey Ciidamada Soviet. At gadaalka dambe ee dhismaha this ahaayeen Jarmalka. Waxay isku dayeen in ay joojiyaan ciidamada Cas, laakiin ku guuldareystay. quusiyeen cadowga ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey by 1aad Haanta Corps hoos jihada of Vasiliya Butkova iyo 26-Panzer Corps Alekseya Rodina. meelahakan, fulinta hawsha, bilaabay in ay u guuraan xagga Kalacha ah.

Maalintii xigtay weerar ay bilaabeen kooxihii Front Stalingrad ah. Inta lagu jiro maalintii ugu horraysay ee qayb ayaa la gariiray 9 kiiloomitir, jabinta iyada oo difaaca cadowga oo ku taal duleedka koonfureed ee Magaalada. Laba maalmood dabadeed waxaa dagaalka looga adkaaday saddex kooxihii lugta Jarmal. guul Red Army ee yaabay oo keentay in jahwareer Hitler. Wehrmacht waxa ay go'aansatay in weerarka uu noqon doono bixinta havandeskapspenning siman ciidamada. In dhamaadka, ka dib markuu arko fursado dhowr ah, Jarmalka wareejiyay Stalingrad laba kooxihii kale gaashaaman, ka hor inta uusan ku simaha Waqooyiga Caucasus. Paulus ilaa maalintii marka waxaa jiray jawi final sii waday in ay soo diraan guriga guul. Waxa uu madax ku celceliyay in uu ka tegin lahaa Volga iyo uma oggolaan doono in ay cuna-qabatayn Ciidanka 6aad.

21 November 4aad iyo 26aad Haanta Corps of Front Koonfur gaadhay beerta Manoilin. Halkan waxay sameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaq lama filaan ah, ku soo jeestay oo jir- bari. Haddaba gogo 'kuwaas oo si toos ah u guurto Don iyo Kalach. Advance Ciidanka Cas isku dayeen in ay xiraan 24 gawaardia Division of Wehrmacht ah, laakiin dhammaan isku dayadii ay ku keentay in waxba. Wakhtigan, barta taliska Ciidanka Paulus 6-deedii si degdeg ah loo raray tuulada Nizhni Chir, ka baqaya in la qabto by weerarka oo ka mid ah askartii Soviet.

Operation "Uranus" ayaa mar kale muujiyay geesinimo ee Ciidanka Cas. Tusaale ahaan, askartii sare oo ka mid ah 26-kii Panzer Corps ee taangiyada iyo gaadiidka kale ee u tallaabay buundada badan Don dhow Kalach. Jarmalka ayaa aad si taxadar la'aan - waxay go'aansadeen in ay u guurayaan qayb saaxiibtinimo, qalabaysan qalab Soviet qabsaday. Ka faa'iidaysanaya connivance this, Army Cas halaagnay nasato ilaalinta iyo difaaca wareegsan oo dhan, oo sugaya imaanshiyaha ciidamada ugu weyn. Go'idda si uu u qabto xilka, inkastoo tiro badan counter-Col. Ugu dambeyntii ayaa dhex maray in ay isaga 19 Haanta Brigade. Labadan dhinac u wada shaqeeyaan si loo hubiyo in isgoyska oo ka mid ah ciidamada ugu weyn ee Soviet, degdegi in ay ka gudbaan aagga Don at Kalach. Waayo, taliyayaasha feat this Georgiy Filippov iyo Nikolai Filippenko ahaayeen qalmeen abaal Hero horyaalka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ee.

November 23 ciidamada Soviet gacanta ku Kalach, maxaabiista ahaayeen 1,500 oo askari ciidanka cadowga. Taasi waxay keentay jawi dhabta ah ee Jarmalka iyo xulafadooda hadhay Stalingrad oo u dhexeeya Volga iyo Don ah. Operation "Uranus" on tallaabo ugu horeysay uu ahaa guul. Haddaba 330 kun oo qof intii ka adeegi jirtay Wehrmacht ah, lahaa in ay jebiyaan oo giraanta Soviet. Xaaladahan, taliyaha oo ka mid ah 6-dii Panzer Army Paulus weydiiyay fasax Hitler in ay jebiyaan ilaa koonfur-bari. Fuehrer ayaa diiday. Halkii ciidamada Wehrmacht saldhig u dhow Stalingrad, laakiin kuma jiraan deegaanka, waxay la darsadeen koox cusub ciidammadu "Don". formation Tani waxa ay ahayd si ay u caawiyaan jebiyaan oo ka Buuloburde ayaa iyo Paulus si uu u qabto magaalada. Marka Jarmalka West ku lahayn doorashada laakiinse suga oo gargaar ka yihiin ay ka baxsan.

mustaqbalka aan la hubin

Inkastoo bilowgii counter-weerar Soviet at Stalingrad keentay in Buuloburde ayaa ka mid ah qayb weyn oo ka mid ah ciidamada Jarmalka, guusha oo muuqda macnaheedu ma aha in howlgalka la dhammeeyo. Ciidanka Cas ayaa sii waday in ay weeraraan jagooyinka cadowga. Kooxda Wehrmacht ahaa mid aad u weyn, sidaas darteed GHQ ay rajaynayeen inay jebiyaan difaaca oo ugu yaraan kala jabeen laba qaybood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in hore aad u cidhiidhi ah, fiirsashada ciidamada cadowga ahaa sareeyaa. ka hortag Soviet at Stalingrad Kobocii.

Dhanka kale, in Wehrmacht u diyaariyeen qorshe "Vintergevitter" hawlgallada (kaas oo tarjumayaa "Winter Storm"). Its Ujeedada ahaa si loo hubiyo in xididada loo Buuloburde oo ka tirsan ciidamada 6aad hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Fridriha Paulyusa. Go'doominta waxa uu ahaa in ay jebiyaan oo kooxda "Don" ciidammadooda. Qorshaynta iyo fulinta hawlgalka "Vintergevitter" ayaa loo xil saaray in ay Field Marshal Erich von Manstein. Ciidamada weerarka ugu weyn ee Jarmalka waqtigan ahaa Panzer Army 4th, amray by Hermann Hoth.

"Vintergevitter"

The dhibcood jeestay dagaalka dheelitirka loo garkooda in mid ka mid ah, ka dibna dhanka kale, oo ilaa iyo haatan la soo dhaafay waxaa lagu ma cadda cida uu noqon doono goolkii guusha. Sidaas waxa uu ahaa oo ku saabsan wabiga Volga ee dhamaadka 1942. Bilow ka hortag ah Soviet at Stalingrad, Army Cas ay ka tageen. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, on December 12, Germany ayaa isku dayay in uu qaado tallaabo gacmihiisa ku jira. On maanta, Manstein iyo Hoth bilowday in ay fuliso qorshaha "Vintergevitter".

Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in Jarmalka Qabanay core jab ka aagga tuulada Kotelnikovo ah, hawlgalka this waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan Kotelnikovo. dharbaaxo waxa uu ahaa lama filaan ah. Ciidamada Red The ogaa in Wehrmacht ah isku dayi doonaa in la hareereeyo ka baxsan jebin, laakiin weerarka ee Kotelnikovo ahaa mid ka mid ah Lahjadaha ugu yaraan loo arkaa xaaladda. On jidka Jarmalka oo doonaya in ay u timid inaad badbaadinta ee unugiisii, marka hore wuxuu ahaa Qaybta 302aad lugta. Waxay ahayd si buuxda u firidhsan yihiin oo kala daadsan. Sidaas Gotu awoodaan si ay u sameeyaan farqiga ah ee jagooyinka ee degan Army 51aad.

December 13 Division Panzer 6aad weeraray jagooyinka ka qaaday ciidankii 234th taangiga oo ay taageerayaan 235 th Haanta Brigade oo guutada madaafiicda lidka taangiyada 20aad. Ciidamada Kuwani amray by Lt. Col. Michael Diasamidze. Sidoo kale u dhow yahay 4aad ku rarayaan Corps Vasiliya Volskogo. Kooxda Soviet ahaayeen dhow tuulada of Upper Kuma. The ciidamada iyo cutub oo Wehrmacht ee gacanta ku Soviet socday lix maalmood ka badan isaga.

Ismari waagii, kaas oo la kala duwan guulo labada dhinac u baxay, ayaa ku dhowaad dhamaaday December 19. Kooxdu waxay Jarmal ayaa la xoojiyey unugyada cusub, kuwaas oo ka soo gadaal ka yimid. Dhacdadani waxa ay ku qasabtay u taliyey Soviet u Dumayn webiga Myshkova. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waa dib u dhac shan maalmood ah hawlgalka ciyaaray gacmaha Army Red galay. Waayo, halka askari u diriray reer jid kasta Upper Kuma, aagga u dhow la adkeeyay 2aad Army ilaalada.

xilligan muhiimka ah

December 20 ciidankii reer Paulus iyo Hoth kala kiiloomitir 40 oo keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Jarmalka isku dayeen in ay ku jabinayaan xanibaaddan, horay u badiyay kala bar shaqaalaha. waxaa weerar u daahisay oo ugu danbeyn joojiyay. xoog Good ilaa dhamaad. Haddaba in ay jebiyaan giraanta Soviet hareereysnaayeen Jarmalka baahan yahay caawimo. Qorshaha hawlgallada "Vintergevitter" ee aragtida ka mid ah qorshe dheeraad ah "Donnershlag". Waxa uu jiifay ee xaqiiqda ah in 6-dii qufulan Army Paulus loo moodayay inuu la kulmo saaxiibo uu, isku dayayaan in ay ku jabinayaan xanibaaddan.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fikrad la marna fuliyay. Waxa ay ahayd oo dhan si isku mid ah Hitler "marnaba ka tagi lahaa qalcaddayda Stalingrad ah." Haddii Paulus qarxay giraanta oo ku xiran Good ah, wuxuu lahaa, dabcan, magaalada tegey. Fuhrer u maleeyay jeedo this dhacdooyinka soo gaartay dhamaystiran iyo ceeb. Ganaax xirnaa danbays ah. Hubaal, haddii Paulus diriray dhex marayay madaxda sare ee Soofiyeedka, ayuu lagu maxkamadeyn doono sida Khayaamo Badan oo hooyo ah. Wuxuu ahaa ogyahay waxaa ka mid ah iyo ma qaadan qorshaha xilligan muhiim ah.

qaxaya Manstein

Dhanka kale, garabka bidix ee weerarka ee Jarmalka iyo xulafadooda, ciidamada Soviet ay awoodaan in ay ku siiyaan dagaalka xooggan dib. kooxihii Talyaani iyo Romania in la diriray waaxdan, si iskood ah isaga baxeen. Baxsado qaaday gebiyo. Dadka ay booska ka tagay iyada oo aan dib u. Haddaba, waayo Army Red furay jidka loo Kamensk-on bangiyada of Donets Northern webiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hawsha ugu muhiimsan ee ciidamada Soviet qabsadeen Rostov bilaabay. Intaa waxaa dheer, birta dhashay airfields muhiim in Tazinskaya iyo Morozovsk, waxa ay ahaayeen lagama maarmaan u ah kala iibsiga Wehrmacht deg deg ah ee cuntada iyo ilaha kale.

Marka tan la eego, on December 23 taliyaha hawlgalka ay ku jabinayaan xanibaaddan Manstein amartay u Dumayn, si loo ilaaliyo kaabayaasha isgaarsiinta ah, ku yaal dhabarka dambe. Dhaqdhaqaaq cadowga qaaday 2aad Army ilaalada Rodion Malinovsky. oo xanjaadka u Jarmal ah ayaa la soo taagay iyo nugul. December 24, Ciidamada Soviet dib-u-galay Kuma Sare. Oo isla maalintaas Front Stalingrad tageen oo weerar xagga Kotelnikov. Good iyo Paulus ayaa awoodi waayey in ay ku xidhmaan iyo siiyaan waddada u ah dib u gurasho ku hareereysan Jarmalka. Operation "Vintergevitter" ayaa la ganaaxay.

Dhameystirka hawlgalka "Uranus"

January 8, 1943, markii la hareereeyey by Jarmalka Rajo, ka soo horjeeda Taliska Ciidamada Red gudbiyay danbays ah. Paulus lahaa in is dhiibid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu diiday in sidaas la sameeyo, ka dib markii amar Hitler, kuwaas oo failure at Stalingrad noqon lahaa dharbaaxo daran. Marka xarunta ogaaday in Paulus ayaa shaaca ka on, weerar Ciidanka Cas dib u bilaabay xoog weyn.

January 10 Don Front ku daray inuu u hesheen sidii final cadowga. Sida ay sheegayaan qiyaasaha kala duwan wakhtigaas dabin waxay ahaayeen 250,000 oo Jarmalka. The Soviet counter-weerar at Stalingrad socday muddo laba bilood ah, oo hadda loo baahan yahay ugu dambeeyey ee ay la dhameeyo. January 26 hareereysan koox ka mid ah Wehrmacht waxaa loo kala qaybiyey laba qaybood. In xarunta of Stalingrad ahaa qaybta koonfureed, degaanka ee "la xidhay" warshad iyo Plant cagaf - North. January 31, Paulus la keceen uu isku dhiibay. February 2, jabay iska caabin ah ee unit Jarmal ee la soo dhaafay. Maanta dhammaaday dagaal Soviet at Stalingrad. Taariikhda, weliba, waxa uu noqday final waayo, dagaalka oo dhan on bangiyada ee Volga ah.

natiijooyinka

Maxay ahaayeen sababaha guusha ee Soviet counter-weerar at Stalingrad? By dhamaadka 1942 ayaa keentay in shaqalaaha Wehrmacht cusub. Tuur dagaalka bari ayaa noqday qofna ah. Awoodda haray waa daalay. Stalingrad ahaa meesha ugu ba'an ee weerarka Jarmalka. In Tsaritsyn hore waxaa ayeey ka.

Furaha dagaalka oo dhan u noqday bilowgii a counter-weerar at Stalingrad. Ciidamada Red dhex maray jabhada ugu horeysay dhowr hareerayn laga yaabaa, ka dibna la baabi'iyo cadowga. Waxaa la wada baabbi'iyey by cadowga 32 qaybsanaanta iyo 3 guuto. All jarmalka iyo xulafadooda in ay "dhidibka" badiyay 800 oo kun oo qof. tirooyinka Soviet ayaa sidoo kale u weyn. Ciidanka Cas ayaa laga badiyay 485.000 oo qof, kuwaas oo 155,000 ay ku dhinteen.

bilood laba iyo badh ku wareegsan Germany ma aysan samayn wax isku day kasta oo ay u soo baxaan gudaha. Waxay filayaan caawin ka 'dhulweynaha', laakiin u qaadeen go'doominta Ciidanka Group "Don" ka baxsan ku guuldareystay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta lagu guda jiro waqtiga la qoondeeyey Jarmalka ayaa soo saartay nidaamka geeddiga hawada, ku dheehan ka deegaanka by xulashada amarka of 50 kun oo askari (ay inta badan ku dhaawacmeen). Kuwa joogay gudaha giraanta, dhinteen ama la qabsaday.

dagaal at qorshaha Stalingrad ayaa si guul leh toogasho ah. Ciidamada Red tuulmay dagaalka. Ka dib guul this bilaabay hannaanka tartiib tartiib ah ee la xorayn, Midowga Soofiyeeti ka shaqo Nazi. Guud ahaan, Battle of Stalingrad, ee ay counter-weerar oo ka mid ah ciidamada qalabka sida Soviet ahaa gooye kama dambaysta ah, cadeeyay inuu yahay mid ka mid ah dagaallada ugu weyn iyo waxay geysteen in taariikhda aadanaha. Dagaalka- in la gubo, laguna dumay arkaynin Guryohoodii mooyee sii adag by cimilada qaboobaha. Cimilada qabow iyo cudurada ka dhigay in iyaga by ay ku dhinteen daafacyada badan oo waddankooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, magaalada (oo isaga la jiray oo dhan Soviet Union) ayaa la badbaadiyey. Magaca counter-weerar at Stalingrad - "Uranus" - weligiis qoro taariikhda ciidamada.

Sababaha guuldaradii of Wehrmacht ah

Inta badan dambe, ka dib dagaalkii labaad World Manstein daabacay Xusuusqorkan ah oo ay ka mid yihiin tilmaan faahfaahsan oo uu ka aaminsan tahay ee Battle of Stalingrad iyo Soviet counter-weerar ee iyada ka hooseeyey. Waxa uu ku eedeeyay in dhimashada wareejiyey ciidanka 6aad Hitler. Fuhrer The ma doonayaan in ay qaataan Stalingrad iyo sidaas hooska badan ay sumcad tuuray. Taas darteed, Germany waxay ahaayeen markii hore ee kuleyliyaha, ka dibna si buuxda ayaa hareereeyey.

In ciidamada qalabka sida ee Reich Saddexaad ahaayeen dhibaatooyin kale. diyaarad gaadiidka aan ahaa ku filan si ay u bixiyaan heerka loo baahan yahay hareereeyeen rasaas, shidaal iyo raashin. waddada Air oo aan la isticmaalo ilaa dhamaadka. Intaa waxaa dheer, Manstein sheegay in Paulus diiday in ay jebiyaan oo giraanta Soviet dhinaca Gotha sababta oo ah la'aanta ah ee shidaalka iyo cabsi si ay guul darro kama dambays ah, halka weli amar diido of Fuhrer ah.