The xisaab weyn Gauss: Biography, photos, furitaanka

Xisaabyahan Gauss ahaa nin rights reserved. Eric Temple Bell, kaasoo bartay uu Biography, ayaa aaminsan in haddii Gauss ayaa daabacay in uu cilmi-baarista iyo daahfurtay in buuxa iyo waqtiga oo dhan, waxa laga yaabaa in dersin xisaabyahannada caan ah. Oo sidaas daraaddeed waxay noqotay inay ku qaataan saamiga libaax ee waqti si ay u bartaan sida loo helo saynisyahan ama macluumaad kale. Hababka Ka dib oo dhan, ayuu dhif daabacay, waxa had iyo jeer ahaa kaliya xiiseynaya inuu ku natiijada. xisaabyahan ah distinguished A, nin qalaad iyo shakhsiyadda mala awaal ah - waa dhan Carl Friedrich Gauss.

sanadaha hore

xisaabyahan Future Gauss waxa uu ku dhashay on 30.04.1777, Tani, dabcan, arrin la yaab leh, laakiin dadka aad u fiican marar badan ku dhashay qoysaska saboolka ah. Oo waagaas waxay noqotay this. Uu awoowe uu ahaa beeralay caadi ah, oo aabihii wuxuu ka shaqeeynayay Duchy ee beerta Brunswick, fuundi ama tuubiste. Waalidiinta bartay in ay soo baxayo ayaa ilmaha, marka uu ilmuhu waa laba sano jir. Sannad ka dib, Carl horay u yaqaan sida loo tiriyo, akhriska iyo qoraalka.

Dugsiga, macalinka ogaaday kartida uu marka la siiyo hawsha si ay u xisaabiso wadarta tirooyinka 1 ilaa 100. Gauss aysan awoodin in ay si deg deg ah u fahmaan in dhammaan tirada xad-dhaaf ah ee labada waa 101, iyo xoogaa ilbiriqsiyo ah, wuxuu go'aansaday isla'egta this by tarmo 101 50.

xisaabta Young aad u nasiib macalinka. Oo isaga caawinayay in wax kasta, xataa in ay ku Dadaashid in doon gunno tayo laylis. Iyada oo taageero ka Carl u suurtagashay in ay ka kulliyad (-1795) u qalin jebiyaan.

studentship

Ka dib markii college, Gauss ahaa waxbarasho ee jaamacadda Göttingen. Tani waxay muddo of biographers nolosha ku gudbiyo sida ugu barwaaqo ah. Wakhtigan waxa uu ahaa in la caddeeyo in heptadecagon isku aadka la isticmaalayo kaliya jiheeyaha, waxaa suurtagal ah in ay awoodaan. Waxa uu sheegay in: Waxaad sawiri kartaa semnadtsatiugolnik ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin geesoolayaashu kale ee caadiga ah, iyadoo la isticmaalayo wareegtaan iyo straightedge kaliya.

At Jaamacadda Gauss wuxuu bilaabaa in uu keeni buug gaar ah, taas oo ka dhigeysa dhamaan diiwaanada la xidhiidha in uu cilmi baaris. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa ka soo indhaha dadweynaha qarsoon. Si aad saaxiibo, wuxuu had iyo jeer u sheegay in uu ma daabici yaabaa cilmi ama formula, taas oo aan 100% la hubo. Sababtan awgeed, inta badan fikradaha uu helay by xisaabyahannada kale 30 sano ka dib.

"Cilmi xisaabta"

Oo ay la socdaan dhamaadka xisaab jaamacadda Gauss soo afjaray shaqo aad u fiican "cilmi xisaabta" (1798), laakiin waxa la daabacay laba sano oo kaliya ka dib.

Shaqada Tani ballaaran ayaa loo aqoonsaday horumarka dheeraad ah xisaabta (gaar ahaan, algebra, iyo xisaab sare). Shaqada inteeda badan waxaa diiradda lagu saaray sharaxaad ka mid ah foomamka saablay abiogenesis. Biographers sheegan in ay halkan waa in bilowdo furitaanka Gauss xisaabta. Ka dib oo dhan, waxa uu ahaa xisaabyahan ah kuwa marka hore ku dhacay xisaabinta jajab iyo iyaga loogu badalo in ay u shaqeeyaan.

Sidoo kale kitaabka, waxaad ka heli kartaa dhamaystiran qaabka a isleegyo cyclotomic. Gauss farsamo codsan aragtida this by isku dayaya si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada of baafinta geesoolayaashu taliye iyo diirad la. Caddaynaya itimaalka this, Carl Gauss (xisaab) barayaa taxane ah oo tirada, tirooyinka loo yaqaan Gauss (3, 5, 17, 257, 65337). Taas macnaheedu waa in la alaabta qalabka xafiisyada fudud, waxaad dhistaan kartaa 3-gon, 5-gon, 17-gon, iwm Laakiin 7-gon dhista ma shaqeeyaan, sababtoo ah ma aha 7 "tirada Gauss." By "uu" xisaab tiro sidoo kale la xidhiidhaa laba in bateen in degree mid ka mid ah ay taxanaha tirooyinka (2 ^3, 2, ^5, iwm)

Natiijadan la odhan karaa waa "Aragtida saafi ah jiritaanka". Sida hore u soo sheegnay bilowga, Gauss jeclaa si ay u daabacaan natiijadii finalka, laakiin marnaba tilmaamay hababka. Sidoo kale, haddii ay taasi ku, xisaabyahan ah ayaa sheegay in si ay u dhisaan geesoolayaasha joogto ah waa wax dhab ah, in uu kaliya ma sheeg sida saxda ah sida loo sameeyo.

Xiddigaha iyo boqoradda cilmiga

ee 1799. Carl Gauss (xisaab) helo horyaalka ee kaaliye professor Braunshveynskogo University. Laba sano ka dib, wuxuu la siiyo meel Academy St. Petersburg ee Sciences, halkaas oo uu u adeegtaa sida wariye ah. Waxa uu weli sii wadaan in ay wax ka barato aragtida ah ee tirada, laakiin kala duwan ee danaha uu balaariyay ka dib markii furitaanka ee meeraha yar. Gauss isku dayo si ay u xisaabiso iyo qeex ay goobta saxda ah. Dad badan oo la yaabanahay waxa magaca meeraha on kombiyuutarka xisaabta Gauss. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhowr ogahay in Ceres - ma aha meeraha keliya cilmiga shaqada a.

In 1801, markii ugu horeysay ee a jirka cusub Falag buu la helay. Waxaa si lama filaan ah ku dhacay oo si lama filaan ah, sidii si lama filaan ah, meeraha lumay. Gauss isku dayeen in ay iyada ka heli, codsanaya hababka xisaabta, iyo, qaab daran oo ku filan, waxa uu ahaa dhab ahaan meesha dhuuban saynisyahano.

cilmiga xiddigaha ku hawlan ka badan labaatan sano. caan World helo Gauss (xisaab leh daahfurtay badan) si loo ogaado falagiisuu iyadoo la kaashanayo of saddex indhaynta. Saddex indhaynta - meel taas oo caalamka ku yaal muddo waqtiyo kala duwan. Iyada oo taageero ka tilmaamayaashan waxaa mar kale laga helay Ceres. In si la mid ah waxaan ka helay adduunyo kale. In 1802, markii la weydiiyay waxa magaca meeraha, xisaabyahan helay Gauss yaabaa jawaabaan: "Pallada". Orodka ka hor wax yar, waxaa xusid mudan in in 1923 magaca xisaab caanka magacaabay asteriyoodh weyn orbiting Mars ah. Gauss, ama asteriyoodh 1001 - waxaa si rasmi ah loo aqoonsan yahay xisaab meeraha Gauss.

Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen waxbarashada ugu horeysay oo duurka ku ah xiddigaha. Waxaa laga yaabaa in hadalqaaday samada samada sabab u ahaa in nin kaabayaasha dhaqaale tiro, go'aansado inuu ku soo bilowdo qoyska ka mid ah. In 1805 guursadaa Johann Ostgof. Isbahaysiga Tan waxaa u dhashay laba waxay leeyihiin saddex carruur ah, laakiin uu ahaa wiilka ugu yaraa ee yaraantaadii dhintay.

In 1806 ku geeriyooday ku Duke, kuwaas oo patronized xisaabta. dalalka Yurub tartamaya Gauss bilaabaan in ay ugu yeedhi laftiisa in. Laga soo bilaabo 1807 ilaa iyo wakhtigii uu soo dhaafay Gauss madax ka ah waaxda ee University of Göttingen.

In 1809, xaaskiisa ugu horeysay dhinto xisaabta ee isla sanadkaas Gauss daabacdaa Abuurkiisa cusub - ". Qaabka The dhaqdhaqaaqa oo ka mid ah meydadka oo jannada" buug la yiraahdo Dariiqooyinka loo xisaabayo Galaatiya oo ka mid ah meerayaasha, kaas oo lagu qeexay shaqada this, weli waa khuseeya maanta (inkastoo beddelka yar).

Aragtida ugu muhiimsan ee Aljabra

bilowgii qarnigii sagaal iyo Germany kulmay xaalad fowdo iyo suuska. sano kuwaas waa adag tahay xisaab a, laakiin uu sii wado in ay ku noolaadaan oo ku saabsan. In 1810 markii labaad Gauss in midawgoodu - Minna Waldeck. In ururka this waxa ay u muuqataa saddex carruur ah oo dheeraad ah: Teresa, William iyo Eugen. 1810 sidoo kale waxay ahayd sannad helo abaalmarin sharafeedka iyo bilad dahab ah.

Gauss sii hawsha ay beerihii xiddigaha iyo xisaabta, sahaminta qaybaha iyo aad u badan oo aan la garaneyn ee cilmiga kuwan. Uu daabacaadan ugu horeysay on Aragtida asaasiga ah ee algebra, taariikhda dib u 1815. Fikradda ugu weyn waa kuwa soo socda: tirada xididdada polynom waa si toos ah saamiyeed si ay shahaadada. Later, war qoraal ah oo ka mid ah nooc ka mid ah wax yar ka duwan tiro ka mid ah degree, ma loo siman yahay eber, ahmiyadda koowaad, waxay leedahay ugu yaraan hal xidid.

Isagu wuxuu cadeeyay in xitaa in 1799, laakiin aanu ku qancin shuqulkiisa, si daabacaadda waxaa la daabacay 16 sano ka dib, iyadoo qaar ka mid ah beddelka, lagu daro iyo xisaabinta.

Non-Euclidean aragti

Sida ay sheegayaan wararka, in 1818 Gauss ahaa awoodaan in ay marka hore la dhiso saldhig u ah geometry non-Euclidean, taasoo Aragtida noqon lahaa ay suuragal tahay in xaqiiqada. joomatariga Euclidean waa meel ka mid ah sayniska, garan Euclidean ah. feature ugu weyn ee geometry Euclidean - in joogitaanka axioms iyo aragti aan u baahnayn aqoonta. In uu buugga, "Qaybaha", Euclid siiyey ansixinta in la qaato siiyey, maxaa yeelay, iyagu aan la beddeli karin. Gauss ahaa kuwa marka hore u suurtagashay in ay caddeeyaan in aragtida Euclid ee had iyo jeer ma la qaadi karo oo aan xaq, maxaa yeelay, mararka qaarkood iyaga oo aan haysan saldhig adag caddayna dhergiyaa dhan shuruudaha tijaabo ah. Sidaas a geometry non-Euclidean. Dabcan, hababka aasaasiga ah joomateri laga helay by Lobachevsky iyo Riemann, laakiin Gauss - xisaabyahan ah, fiirin karo qoto dheer oo runta ka heli, - calaamadsan bilowgii qeybta geometry this.

geodesy

In 1818, dawladda ee Hanover go'aansato in ay jirto baahi ah inuu boqortooyada cabbiro, iyo hawsha oo intaasu waxay ahayd Carl Friedrich Gauss. Daahfurtay in xisaabta ma la joojiyo, laakiin iibsaday xidhiidh cusub. Waxaa horumarisa loo baahan yahay isku darka Kombuyuutarada shaqada. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah habka Gaussian ah "square yar", kaas oo la sara kiciyey si ay sahan heer cusub.

Oo isna wuxuu lahaa in la sameeyo khariidado iyo maarayn meelaha wax lagu qoro. Tani ayaa loo ogol yahay in ay helaan aqoon cusub iyo samatabbixin tijaabo cusub, sidaa darteed in 1821 uu bilaabay inuu qoro shaqada, ka go'an in ay geodesy. Gauss Tani shaqada la daabacay 1827, oo cinwaankeedu ahaa "falanqaynta guud ee meelaha aan loo sineyn." The salaysan shaqada this, joomateri gudaha ah raggii gaadmada ahaa ay la dhigay. Xisaabyahan ah la rumaysan yahay in ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la tixgeliyo waxyaabaha ku jira dushiisa, sida guryaha ee dusha sare, bixinta si ay dhererka qalooca dareenka, halka iska dhego-xogta of space daarmayaay'e ah. Waxbaa ka dib, aragtida this ayaa kaabaya shuqullada Riemann iyo A. Alexandrov.

Thanks to shaqo this ee bulshada sayniska waxay bilaabeen inay soo baxaan fikirka ah "dhaf Gaussian" (qeexayaa diyaarada ee dhaf ah oo qiyaastii hal dhibic qaarkood). Waxa uu bilaabo inuu ka jiraan geometry kala duwan. Iyo in la arkay ay tahay mid sax ah, Carl Friedrich Gauss (xisaab) keenaa habab cusub si loo helo qiimaha la itimaalka sare.

Farsamoyaqaan

In 1824, Gauss ahaa oo maqan ka mid ah xubnaha St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ah. On this uu guusha kuma dhammaanayo, weli waa adag tahay in la sameeyo xisaabta iyo bandhigaysaa daahfurka cusub: "abyoonayaasha Gaussian". iyaga Hoos waxaa loogu tala galay tiro aanuna dhabta ah iyo khayaali ah, kuwaas oo abyoonayaasha. Dhab ahaantii, hantida waa garabaka abyoonayaasha caadi Gaussian, laakiin kuwa sifooyinka kala yar noo oggolaan inuu cadeeyo sharciga isdhaafsiga biquadratic.

Waqti kasta, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa mala awaal ah. Gauss - xisaabyahan ah, furitaanka kaas oo si dhow ula isku maran nolosha, - ayaa hagaajin cusub xitaa makaanikada ee 1829. Wakhtigan waxaa soo baxay waxoogaa shaqo ah "On mabda'a universal cusub ee farsamo". Waxaa Gauss xaqiijinayaa in mabda'a of saamaynta yar, unbaa la oran karo waa qaabka cusub ee farsamo. Seynisyahanno hubiyo in mabda this lagu saleyn karaa dhammaan hababka farsamoyaqaanka, kuwaas oo wada xiran.

physics

Tan iyo 1831 Gauss bilaabaa inuu xanuunsado tan iyo hurdo la'aan daran. cudurka laftiisa muujiyey dhimashada xaaskaaga labaad oo ka dambaysay. Oo wuxuu doondoontaa tacsiyaynta cilmi cusub iyo kuway isbarteen. Sidaas daraaddeed, mahad uu casuumaad Weber gaaray Göttingen. Iyada oo ah qof dhalinyaro tayo Gauss si deg deg ah ka heli luqadda caadi ah. Waxay labada dareen ku saabsan sayniska oo u harraadsan, waayo aqoonta uu leeyahay in aynu, la wadaago khibradda, aragtiyihii iyo waayo-aragnimada yihiin. dunida Kuwan waxaa si deg deg ah loo qaaday ganacsiga, laysaan uu waqti ay daraasadda of electromagnetism.

Gauss, xisaabyahan ah, kuwaas oo Biography waa qiimo sayniska weyn, ee 1832, u abuuray unugyo buuxda, kuwaas oo weli loo isticmaalaa in physics. Waxa uu si gaar ah saddex jagooyinka ugu muhiimsan: da'da, miisaanka iyo masaafada (dhererka) ah. Oo ay la socdaan daahfurka this ee 1833, si ay cilmi baaris ku wada jirka Weber mahad, Gauss ahaa awoodaan in ay ku abuurta telegaraafka ku electromagnetic.

1839 wuxuu arkay la sii daayo shuqullo kale - ". On cuf abiogenesis Guud iyo repulsion, kuwaas oo si toos ah saamiyeed si ay masaafada" Bogagga soo sharaxay si faahfaahsan sharciga caanka Gauss ee (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Aragtida Gauss ee, ama si fudud Aragtida Gauss ee). sharciga Tani waa mid ka mid ah ugu weyn ee ah in electrodynamics. Waxaa qeexaya xiriirka ka dhexeeya hadda korontada iyo xaddiga lacag dusha, qeybin galay joogto korontada.

Isla sanadkaas Gauss addoonsada af Ruush. Wuxuu soo diraa warqado u St. Petersburg la weydiisto inaan isaga diro buugaag Ruush iyo majaladaha, gaar ahaan inuu doonayo inuu bartaan shuqulka "Gabadhay The Captain ee." Dhab ahaantii Tani taariikh nololeedkooda uu xaqiijinayaa in, marka lagu daro awoodaha xisaabinta, Gauss lahaa wax badan oo danaha iyo hiwaayadaha kale.

kaliya nin

Gauss marnaba si dhaqso ah si ay u daabacaan. Oo isna wuxuu lahaa dheer ah oo si taxadir leh loo hubiyaa kasta ee uu shaqada. Waayo, xisaabta oo dhan waxay ka oo muhiim ah: ka formula saxda ah iyo soo afjaridda la xarrago iyo daacad ah style. Waxa uu jeclaa ay u sheegaan in uu shaqada - sida guri dhawaan la dhisay. Mulkiilaha tusto kaliya natiijada kama dambaysta ah, laakiin ma hadhaagii kaynta oo u noqon on site ee guriga loo isticmaalo. Sidoo kale iyadoo uu shaqada: Gauss dhaadhiciyay in aan cidna waa in ay muujiyaan Istimaalka xunxunna waa cilmi, oo kaliya la dhammeeyayna ay xogta, aragtiyaha, qaaciidooyinka.

Gauss ayaa had iyo jeer lagu muujiyey xiiso u haya sayniska, laakiin si gaar ah ayuu uu xiiseynayo in xisaabta, oo uu tixgeliyaa "Boqoraddii cilmiga oo dhan." Oo ma dabiiciga ah waxaa u diiday inuu sirdoonka iyo talanti. Xitaa isagoo da 'weyn, uu, sida caadiga ah, ayaa inta badan xisaabaha adag ku hay. xisaabyahan A marnaba hore ma codsan in ay shaqada. Sida qof kasta, wuu ka baqay in saffarro uu ma ay garan. In mid ka mid ah waraaqaha uu, Carl ayaa sheegay in daal mar walba teeter qarkii: ". Buul xoon ee ugu maqlaan" on gacanta ku hal, inuu ku faraxsan yahay in ay taageeraan sayniska, laakiin dhinaca kale ah, ayuu ma doonayaan in ay ku kici

naftiisa oo dhan Gauss qaatay in Göttingen, oo kaliya marka uu ahaa awoodaan in ay soo booqato Berlin shirka sayniska. Isagu ma uu yeelan kari lahaa waqti dheer si ay u fuliyaan cilmi, tijaabo, xisaabinta ama cabbirka, laakiin ma uusan jeclaan in Waanininaa. Marxaladani waxay, wuxuu aaminsan yahay oo kaliya lagama maarmaan ah nasiib darro, laakiin haddii uu u muuqday in koox ka mid ah ardayda xarfaanta ah, ayuu u naxay markii aan lahayn iyaga, xoog ma jiro oo sannado badan loo hayo waraaqo ah hadlayaan su'aalo cilmi ah oo muhiim ah.

Carl Friedrich Gauss, xisaabyahan ah, sawir, kuwaas oo ay jiraan in this article si dhab ah wuxuu ahaa nin cajiib ah. khibrad fiican ku faani karta oo keliya ma aha, ee ah xisaabta, laakiin sidoo kale afaf shisheeye "waxa uu ahaa saaxiib." Si fiican ugu Laatiin, Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis, ayaa isaga addoonsada xataa Ruush. Xisaabyahan akhriyo ma aha oo kaliya Xusuusqorkan sayniska, laakiin sidoo kale sheekooyin caadiga ah. Gaar ahaan wuxuu jeclaa sheyga Dickens, Swift iyo Valtera Skotta. Ka dib markii wiilashiisii yar u haajiray Maraykanka, Gauss noqday xiiso qorayaasha American. Waqti ka, caadaysatay deenishka, Swedish, Talyaani iyo buugaagta Isbaanish. All shuqullada xisaab hubaal akhriyey asalka ah.

Gauss qaadataa meel aad u muxaafidka ah ee nolosha dadweynaha. Laga soo bilaabo da'da hore uu dareemay tiirsan dadka in jagooyinka awooda. Xataa marka jaamacadda ee 1837 bilaabay dibad boqorka, kaasoo content Professor, Karl faragelin kuma.

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay

In 1849 Gauss ka dhigan sannadguuradii 50aad ee doctorate meelaynta. waxaa isagii u yimid ka xisaabyahannada caan ah, oo waxay isagii way ka farxisay ka sii badan intii qoondaysnaa ee abaalmarinta kale. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa waayo, qaar badan buka Carl Gauss. Math ahaa adag ay ku dhaqdhaqaaqi lahaayeen, laakiin Hufnaan iyo macaamiloon maanka laguma ciqaabi doono.

Wax yar ka hor dhimashadii caafimaadka Gauss ayaa sii xumaatay. Dhakhaatiirta helay cudurka wadnaha iyo cadaadiska dareemayaasha. Daawooyinka ma caawin ficil ahaan.

Xisaabyahan Gauss on February 23, 1855 ku dhintay, isagoo jira da'da toddobaatan siddeed sannadood. saynisyahan caan ah waxaa lagu aasay Göttingen iyo, sida uu doonistiisa ugu danbeysay, xardhay heptadecagon Taalladaas ah. Later, daabacdo doonaa Wehbe on stamps iyo daabacaada lacag, dalka mar walba xusuusan doonaa fekeraya ugu fiican.

Tani waxa ay ahayd Carl Friedrich Gauss - qalaad, caqli iyo xamaasad leh. Oo haddii aad weydiiso magaca xisaab meeraha Gauss, aad leisurely karo jawaabta: "Xisaabtaan", maxaa yeelay waxa ay waa, naftiisa ayuu soocay.