Waa kuwee "casaan" iyo "cad"? Dagaalka Sokeeye (1917-1922): Ciidankii Laanqayrta Cas iyo Caddaan

Halkee ma ereyga "cas" iyo "cad"? Dagaalkii sokeeye loo yaqaan "cagaaran", "arday", "Socialist" iyo qaababka kale. Waa maxay kala duwanaanshaha asaasiga u dhaxeeya?

In this article, waxaan jawaabi doonaa oo kaliya in ay su'aalo kuwa, laakiin sidoo kale si aad u xeel dheer oo leh taariikh kooban oo ku saabsan samaynta awoodda Soviet dalka. Aan ka hadalno mucaaradka ee Guard White iyo Army Red.

asalka ah erayada "cas" iyo "cad"

Maanta, taariikhda Fatherland ka yar iyo wax ka yar ka walaacsan dhalinyarada. Sida laga soo xigtay baadhitaan, badan oo xitaa ma hayso wax fikrad ah kuwaas oo Lenin, waxba ka mid ah War of 1812 odhan ...

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, erayo iyo odhaaho sida "cas" iyo "cad", "Dagaalkii Sokeeye" iyo "October Revolution", maqalka kale sida. Inta badan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aan ogayn wixii faahfaahin ah, laakiin marka la eego waxaa la maqlay.

Bal aynu eegno in faahfaahin dheeraad ah markan. Waa in aynu ka bilaabi xaqiiqda ah meeshaas waxaa ku yiil laba kooxood iska soo horjeeda - ka "cad" iyo "cas" in Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Asal ahaan, waxay ahayd oo kaliya Dabcan fikradeed ee dacaayad Soviet oo waxba ma dheeraad ah. Hadda waxaad ka heli galay xujo this naftaada.

Haddii waxaannu u jeesanaynaa dadka buugta iyo buugaagta tixraaca ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, halkaas oo lagu sharaxay in "cad" - waa White, taageerayaasha boqorka iyo colka ah "cas" ee Bolsheviks ah.

Like oo dhan waxa uu ahaa. Laakiin dhab ahaantii, tani waa cadow kale oo la diriray Soofiyeedku ah.

Country ka dib markii toddobaatan sannadood ku noolaa hor imaad colka khayaal ah. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen "cad", ururshay, kharribmayo capitalists galbeed. Inta badan sida qeexid caddayn cadowga waa aasaas u xanta iyo argagixisada.

Next, waxaynu ka wada hadli doonaa sababaha Dagaalkii Sokeeye. "White", sida uu sheegay fikirka Bolshevik, waxay ahaayeen monarchists. Laakiin halkan jirayba, monarchists ee dagaalka ku dhowaad ma ahaa. Waxay sameeyaan ma waayo, mid wuxuu lahaa si ay ula dagaallamaan, oo aanu sharaf kuma xanuunsado tan iyo this. Nicholas II casishay, iyo walaalkiis ma qaadan taajkii. Sayidka, boqorka ayaa saraakiisha oo dhan ka helay in ay xor ka ahaadaan dhaartii.

Xaggee, ka dibna, wuxuu sameeyey this "midabka" faraqa u? Haddii Bolsheviks uu illeen calanka cas, ka dibna soo horjeeda ay weligii cad. Jawaabta been in taariikhda qarnigii iyo bar ka hor.

Revolution Faransiis The dunida siiyey laba xero horjeeda. Ciidamada Royal xirtay banner cad, oo calaamad u ah dhaxaysay qarniyadii Faransiis. soo horjeeda ay xoogga qabtay sudhay maro cas ku hall magaalada sida calaamad oo ah hordhaca ah ee suuqa kala legdinta. Oo waagaas, kulan kasta oo ka mid ah dadka kala firidhsanaayeen by askari.

Bolsheviks The soo horjeeda ma monarchists iyo taageerayaasha Golaha Wakiillada (xisbiga dastuurka, arday ah), xigano (Makhnovists), "zelenoarmeytsy" (diriray "cas", "cad", soo duulay) iyo kuwii doonayay inay kori dhulkeeda gudahood ee gobolka a free .

Sidaas darteed, ereyga "cad" waxaa si xirfad leh loo isticmaalo ideologists ee go'aaminta cadowga caadi ah. Uu nuqdad ahaa in Ciidamada kasta Red si kooban u sharax sababta uu ku dagaalama, ka duwan inta kale ee mucaaradka. Tani waxay soo jiidatay dadka caadi ah in Bolsheviks ah, iyo awood dambe inay ku guuleystaan Dagaalkii Sokeeye.

shuruudaha dagaal

Marka aynu ka baran casharada ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye, miiska waa waajib guulaysta wanaagsan mid ah waxyaabaha la. Hoos waxaa ku qoran ee marxaladaha kala duwan ee dagaalka hubaysan, kuwaas oo kaa caawin doona inaad si fiican u maraan maqaalka ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin in muddo this taariikhda Fatherland ah.

Marxaladaha colaad military

marxaladaha	taariikhaha	dhacdooyinka
1	February-March 1917	markii la afgembiyey -Raaxaysta- ah, kala duwan ee bulshada.
2	March-October 1917	Xaalad xumeyd ee iska hor imaad ah ee bulshada.
3	October 1917-March 1918.	tirtiridda Dowladda Ku-meelgaarka ah. Dhismaha awoodda Soviet. faafidda dagaalka hubaysan.
4	March-June 1918	in la kordhiyo dagaalka iyo argagaxisada. Formation of Army Cas iyo White ah.
5	Summer 1918, dhamaadka 1920.	War lug ciidamada si joogto ah, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa ajnabiga ah. Military ee dhaqaalaha.
6	In 1921-1922.	Attenuation, jihaynta iyo dhamaadka Dagaalkii Sokeeye.

Hadda oo aan idin go'aansaday kuwaas oo ah "cas" iyo "cad", Dagaalkii Sokeeye, more hufan, marxaladaha ay, in la si fiican u fahamsan yahay doonaa. Waxaad sii wadi karo baadhitaan qoto dheer oo ka mid ah. Waa in aad ku bilaw shuruud.

Sidaas darteed, sababta ugu weyn ee ay jecelyihiin sida, taasi oo markii dambe galay dagaal sokeeye oo shan sanno ah u soo jeestay, ayaa ururtay burinaya iyo dhibaatooyin.

Waa midda koowaade, oo qayb ka ah Boqortooyada Ruush ee Dagaalkii Adduunka halaagnay dhaqaalaha iyo khayraadka hooseeya ee dalka. Inta badan dadka ku lab ahaa ee ciidanka, hoos u dhaca in ay beeraha iyo warshadaha magaalooyinka yimid. Askarta daalan tahay inay u dagaalamaan hadafyada qof kale, marka guryaha ahaayeen qoyska gaajaysan.

Sababta labaad ahayd arrimaha beeraha iyo warshadaha. Waxaa jiray yaroow iyo shaqaalaha aad u tiro badan, kuwaas oo ku noolaa in saboolnimada iyo murugo. Bolsheviks ayaa ka faa'ideystay waxaa ka mid ah in ay si buuxda u.

Si loo sameeyo ka qaybgalka Dagaalkii IIaad ee Aduunka halganka u dhaxeeya fasalada, talaabooyinka qaar ka mid ah lagu sameeyey.

Bilowgii waxaa jiray racii ugu horreeyey ee qaramayn ee shirkadaha, bangiyada iyo dalka. Next waxaa la saxiixay Brest Treaty, taas oo dhacday Russia yaamayska of dhamaystiran halaag galay. Against asalka fowdo guud Army Cas fuliyeen argagixisada ah si ay u sii xoog.

In si ay u sababeeyaan, waxay dhisay fikirka ah ee halganka ka dhanka ilaalada White iyo interventionists.

prehistory

Aynu eegno sababta Dagaalkii Sokeeye bilaabay. Shaxda, taas oo aynu hore u soo xigtay, waxay muujinaysaa marxaladaha colaadda. Laakiin waxaan bilaabi doonaa dhacdooyin ka dhacay ka hor inta October Weyn Kacaanka.

Daciifiyey ka qayb Dagaalkii Adduunka, boqortooyadii Ruushka waa in hoos u dhac. Abdicates ka carshiga Nicholas II. More muhiimsan, waxa aanu ka soo muuqan bedelka. In nuurka ah dhacdooyinkaan waxay ahaan waqti isku mid ah, laba ciidamada cusub - Dawladda Ku-meelgaarka ah iyo Soviet of xigeenadiisa Workers '.

First bilaabaan inay la xiisadda bulshada iyo siyaasadda ka qaban, Bolsheviks ayaa sidoo kale diiradda lagu saaray sii kordhaya saameynta ay ciidanka. Jidka Tani waxay keentay markii dambe in ay fursad u helaan inay noqdaan awoodda kaliya ee talada dalka.
wareereen in dowladda keentay in xaqiiqda ah in ay u sameeyaan a "cas" iyo "cad." Dagaalkii Sokeeye waxa uu ahaa apotheosis ee khilaafkooda kaliya. Kaas oo la filayay.

Kacaanka Oktoobar

Dhab ahaantii, masiibada of Dagaalkii Sokeeye bilaabmaa Kacaanka Oktoobar. Bolsheviks ayaa helo xoog iyo kalsooni si xoog yimid. Bartamihii bishii October 1917 in Petrograd bilaabay si ay u sameeyaan xaalad aad u kacsan.

October 25 Aleksandr Kerensky, madaxa dawladda Ku-meelgaarka ah, ayaa ka tagaya Petrograd in Pskov caawimaad. Waxa uu si shakhsi ah loo qiimeeyo dhacdooyinka kacdoonkii.

In Pskov uu weydiiyo ciidamada General Dukhonin inay isaga caawiyaan. Kerensky sida iyo waxa taageeray Cossacks ah, laakiin si lama filaan ah oo ka mid ah in Muqdihso ay si joogto ah. Haddaba, xisbiga diidaan inay taageeraan madaxa dastuuriga ah ee dowladda.

Ma helo taageero ku filan in Pskov, Alexander F. aado jasiiradda magaalada, halkaasoo uu kula kulmay General Krasnov. Isla mar ahaantaana in St. Petersburg yimaado foosha xun ee Palace Winter ah. In taariikhda Soviet, dhacdadan waxaa lagu soo bandhigay sida muhiimka ah a. Laakiin dhab ahaantii, waxay ahayd ma iska caabin ah oo ku saabsan qayb ka mid ah ku xigeenadiisa.

Ka dib markii kubad maran ka markab ee "Aurora" badmaax, askar iyo shaqaalaha madaxtooyada yimid oo xiray qof walba joogno waxaa jira xubno ka tirsan dowladda ku meelgaarka ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, ayuu qabtay Congress Labaad ee Soofiyeedku, kaas oo la ansixiyay tiro ka mid ah cadaymaha muhiimka ah iyo rigoore baajiyay hore.

In view of waxa dhacay inqilaab Krasnov go'aansaday inuu caawiyo Aleksandru Kerenskomu. October 26 jihada of Petrograd aado askartii faras toddoba boqol oo qof. Waxaa loo maleeyey in magaalada ay taageeri lahaa Junkers kacdoonkii. Laakiin waxaa la cadaadis by Bolsheviks ah.

Xaaladdan oo kale, waxaa caddaatay in Dowladda Ku-meelgaarka ah ma sii ansax ah. Kerensky cararay, General Krasnov ku gorgortami Bolsheviks si xor ah xulka ku soo laabtay ee Island ee.

Dhanka kale, kacaan Social bilaabaan dagaal xagjirka ah ka gees ah Bolsheviks, kuwaas oo, in ay opinion, ayaa helay awood badan. Response to dilka qaar ka mid ah madaxda "cas" u noqday argagixiso ee Bolsheviks ah, iyo bilowgii Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1917-1922). Haddaba ka fiirsada dhacdooyinka ku xiga.

Dhisidda awoodda "cas"

Sida aan kor ku sheegay, masiibada of Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee ka bilowday muddo dheer ka hor Kacaanka Oktoobar. The dadka caadiga ah, askari, shaqaalaha iyo beeralay ayaa ku qanacsanayn xaaladda hadda jirta. Haddii gobollada dhexe ee unugyada badan madaniga ahaayeen iyada oo ay kormeerayaan dhow Tartannada, in askartii bari waxaa heysatay by niyadda aad u kala duwan.

Joogitaanka tiro badan oo ciidamada reserve oo diidan inay dagaal ugu baxaan Germany ka caawiyay Bolsheviks si deg deg ah oo aan dhiig si aad u hesho taageero ku dhowaad saddex-meelood laba ka mid ah ciidanka. Kaliya 15 magaalooyinka waaweyn iska caabiyay awoodda "cas", 84 sida uu iskood gacanta u soo geliyo maray.

lama filaan lama filaan ah, waayo, Bolsheviks ee foomka of taageero wayn ka askari ee wareersan oo ku daaleen ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in a "cas" sida "israac ee triumphal ee Soofiyeedku ah."

Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1917-1922) ayaa sii xumaatay oo kaliya ka dib saxiixa dhigtid for Russia nabad Brest. Sida ku cad heshiiska, boqortooyadii hore laga badiyay in ka badan hal milyan oo kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran oo ah dhulka. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah: Mareykanka Baltiga, Belarus, Ukraine, Caucasus, Romania, territory Don ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay lahaayeen in ay bixiyaan lix bilyan oo marks qaansiin Jarmal.

Go'aankan ka dhigay dibad-gudaha dalka iyo dhinaca Entente ah. Oo ay la socdaan sidii loo xoojin lahaa khilaafaadka maxalliga ah kala duwan ka bilaabayaa gudagal military ee dalalka reer galbeedka ah oo ku saabsan soohdinta reer Russia.

Gelida ciidamada Entente nasiyey Dheeraynta ee Legion Czechoslovak ah ee Siberia iyo Gardarro Kuban Cossacks hoos imaanaya hoggaanka guud Krasnov. Whites ciidamada Broken iyo interventionists qaar ka mid ah u baxay inuu Central Asia, iyo dad badan oo sano ka badan sii halganka ka dhanka awoodda Soviet.

Muddada labaad ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye

Waxaa xilligan la joogo, ugu firfircoon ahaayeen Heroes White Guard ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Taariikhda ayaa inagu dhawrayay magacyada sida Kolchak, Yudenich, Denikin, Yuzefovich, Miller iyo kuwa kale.

Mid kasta oo ka Guud kuwaas lahaa uu aragtida mustaqbalka ee gobolka. Qaar ka mid ah ayaa isku dayay in ay iskaashi la ciidamada Entente inuu rido dawladda Bolshevik iyo weli in ay isugu a Golaha Ansixinta Dastuurka. Qaar kale waxay doonayeen si ay u noqdaan qabqableyaasha dagaalka ee deegaanka. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah sida Makhno, Grigoriev, iyo kuwa kale.

kakanaanta ee mudada tani waa in markii la dhamaystiro dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, ciidamada Jarmal ahaayeen in uu ka tago dalka reer Russia oo kaliya ka dib markii ay ka imanayaan Xulafada. Laakiin heshiis qarsoodi ah ay ka hor magaalada Bolsheviks ka soo gudbeen tagay.

Sida taariikhda noo muujinaysaa, Dagaalkii Sokeeye waxa ay ahayd ka dib markii sida jeedin ah dhacdooyinka ku jira wajiga gaarka ah ee colaadda iyo dhiigga qubanaya. failure ee taliyayaasha ka, diiradda on Dawladaha reer Galbeedka, sahlay by xaqiiqada ah in ay u baahnaydeen saraakiil aqoon u leh. Sidaas daraaddeed, Miller ciidanka Yudenich iyo qaar ka mid ah qaababka kale ee burburay oo kaliya sababtoo ah la'aanta ah ee taliyayaasha heerka dhexe oo ah socodka weyn ee ciidamada ka maxaabiista Army Red yimid.

Soo sheegay wargeysyada muddada this waxa lagu gartaa ah headlines nooc this: ". Laba kun oo askari oo ka socda saddex qoryaha u gudbay Army Cas"

heerka ugu dambeeya

Bilow taariikhyahanadu u muuqdaan in ay la wadaajisaan dagaalka Polish ah oo muddo la soo dhaafay dagaalka ee 1917-1922. Iyada oo deriska galbeedka Pilsudski doonayay in la abuuro midow la territory ka bari in Badda Madow. Laakiin in uu jecel yahay in aan la ogaaday. Dagaalkii Sokeeye Army hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Yegorov iyo Tukhachevsky diriray sare oo qoto dheer galay Western Ukraine iyo ilaa soohdinta reer Poland yimid.

guushii ay ka gaareen cadowga oo intaasu waxay ahayd in kor loo qaado halgankii shaqaalaha ee Europe. Laakiin oo dhan qorshayaasha oo ka mid ah madaxda Army Red guuldareystay ka dib markii guuldarro xun oo dagaalka ku jira, kaas oo lagu sii raagayaan ka yar magaca "Miracle on Vistula ah".

Ka dib markii la soo gabagabeeyo nabad ah khilaafaadka heshiis bilaabi dhexeeya Soofiyeedku iyo Poland ee xeradii Entente ah. Sidaas darteed, hoos u maalgelinta dhaq "cad", iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Russia bilaabo inuu hoos tagaan.

In ka 1920 hore, kuwaas oo isbeddel ah ee siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee dalalka reer galbeedka keentay in xaqiiqda ah in Midowga Soofiyeeti aqoonsan yahay inta badan wadamada.

Heroes ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye, muddada final, diriray Wrangel ee Ukraine, soo duulay ee Caucasus iyo Central Asia, Siberia. Waxaa ka mid ah taliyayaasha ugu distinguished waa in la ogaadaa Tukhachevsky, Blucher, Frunze iyo qaar ka mid ah oo kale.

Sayidka, iyadoo ay sabab u tahay shan sano dagaalo lagu hoobtay ee Empire Ruush sameeyay dawlad cusub. Ka dibna, waxa ay noqotay dal awood labaad, horjeeda kaliya ee lahaa Maraykanka.

Sababaha guusha

Aynu fahmin sababta ku adkaaday "cad" ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Waxaan is barbar qiyaasta oo ka mid ah xeryaha soo horjeeda oo isku day in aad soo gaarnay caadi ah.

taariikhyahanadu Soviet sababta ugu weyn ee uu guul arkay in la siiyaa taageero ballaaran qaybaha dulmay ee bulshada ka mid ah. Gaar ah xoogga la saaray kuwii soo gaaray ay sabab u tahay 1905 kacaanka. Maxaa yeelay, iyagu si cad u xaglineeyso Bolsheviks ah.

"White", on lid ku ah, ka cawday la'aanta ah ee khayraadka aadanaha iyo qalab. In dhulka ku mashquulsanayn hal milyan oo qof, ay xitaa ma qarashgareyn karaan ugu yaraan in la abaabulo, si ay ugu biiraan safafka.

Gaar ahaan statistics xiiso leh, kaas oo siiyey Dagaalkii Sokeeye. "Red", "cad" (eeg shaxda hoose) si gaar ah dhibaato ka soo khiyaamo. xaaladaha nololeed loo dulqaadan karin, iyo la'aanta gool oo nadiif ah uga Yeelay Naftooda dareemay. Xogta la xidhiidha oo kaliya in ciidamada Bolshevik, sida lambar oo kala duwan White Guard diiwaanka ma ay xajin.

Goostay in Ciidanka Cas ee 1919

bishii	Number of qof
February	In ka badan 26 kun.
March	In ka badan 54 kun.
May	In ka badan 78 kun.
June	In ka badan 146 kun.
July	In ka badan 270 kun.
August	In ka badan 299 000.

barta ugu weyn, kaas oo la calaamadeeyay by taariikhyahan oo casri ah, waxay ahayd dhinaca siyaasadda ah ee isku dhaca.

Ilaalada White, marka hore, ma waxay leeyihiin amar dhexe iyo iskaashiga yar ee u dhexeeya qaybaha. Waxay degaanka diriray, waayo, mid kasta oo danihiisa gaarka ah. feature labaadna wuxuu ahaa la'aanta ah ee kaadiriinta siyaasadeed iyo barnaamij cad. daqiiqado kuwaas waxa badanaa lagu aaminay in saraakiisha, kuwaas oo kaliya u dagaalami karin, laakiin ma sameeyo wadahadalada diblomaasiyadeed.

Ciidamada Red ayaa sidoo kale abuuray network awood fikradeed. nidaamka fikrad cad waxaa la sameeyey, kaas oo la tumayaa galay madaxda u ahaa shaqaalaha iyo ciidamada. Dhigyo ogol yahay in ay xitaa u fahamto yaroow ugu murugaysan, taas oo uu dagaal.

Waxaa nidaamkan ayaa loo ogol yahay Bolsheviks si aad u hesho taageerada ugu badan ee dadweynaha.

saamaynta

Guushaan ayaa ka mid ah "cas" in Dagaalkii Sokeeye ahaa gobolka xooray. Waxaa gebi ahaanba burburay dhaqaalaha. dalka lumayay dhul ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 135 milyan oo qof.

soosaarkooda Beeraha iyo dalagga, wax soo saarka cuntada hoos u dhacay 40-50 boqolkiiba. Requisitioning iyo cabsi "red-cad" ee gobolada kala duwan ayaa keentay in dhimashada tiro badan oo dadka gaajo, jirdil iyo dil.

Warshadaha, sida laga soo xigtay khubaro, ayaa sibxaday heerka Empire Ruush ah inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Peter Weyn. Sida cilmi u yidhaahdaan, tirada wax soo saarka ayaa ku soo dhacay boqolkiiba 20 ee 1913, iyo meelaha qaarkood, iyo ilaa 4 boqolkiiba.

Taa awgeed, waxaa jiray soo qaxeen weyn ee shaqaalaha ka magaalooyinkii tuulooyinka. Tan waxaa jiray rajo ugu yaraan qaar ka mid ah ma u dhimanaya gaajo.

"White" in Dagaalkii Sokeeye ka muuqataa doonaya abtirsan iyo madaxda sare soo celiso shuruudaha dhinaca jirka ah nolosha. Laakiin ay go'doon ka dareenka dhabta ah ee ka jirta ee dadka caadiga ah, waxay keentay in guuldarro guud ee amarka jir.

Ka muuqataa dhaqanka

Hoggaamiyeyaasha Dagaalkii Sokeeye ayaa derdertay in kumanaan kun oo shuqullo kala duwan - ka shaneemo in farshaxankiisa, ka sheekooyinka si farshaxan iyo heeso.

Tusaale ahaan, waxyaalaha ka soo baxa sida "Days ee marawaxadaha", "Running", "musiibo rajo" dadka Hawiyaha jawi kacsanaan ah SOFHURA.

Filinka "Chapaev", "Red Devils", "Waxaan nahay ka Kronstadt" tusaya dadaalka ay "cas" in Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee guusha ee hadafyada uu.

abuurka suugaanta Babel, Bulgakov, Gaidar, Pasternak, Ostrovsky muujinayaa nolosha wakiillo ka socda qaybaha kala duwan ee bulshada in kuwa maalmood adag.

Waxaad ku siin karaan tusaalooyin ku dhow xad lahayn, maxaa yeelay, belaayo bulshada, taas oo keentay in Dagaalkii Sokeeye, helay echo awood leh kuna sugan laabta boqolaal fanaaniinta.

Sidaas darteed, maanta waxaan heli doonaa ma aha oo kaliya asal ahaan ka mid ah fikradaha ah "cad" iyo "cas", laakiin sidoo kale si kooban u la kulmay koorsada oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinka Dagaalkii Sokeeye.

Xusuusnow in dhibaato kasta oo heysta farcankii reer isbedelka mustaqbalka wanaagsan.