Waa maxay anthropogeny? Tallaabooyinka aragtida ah, dhibaatada of anthropogenesis

Dad badan oo cilmiga sayniska ayaa cilmi ifafaale ah sida anthropogenesis ah. Taariikhda dadka, oo muuqashadoodii iyo horumar bilaabay in la derso qarnigii 18aad. Ilaa wakhtigaas, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in nooca wax nool oo dhan ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa sida ugu fiican ee Ilaah ahu sameeyey. Next, aynu eegno waa maxay anthropogenesis. Maqaalka waxaa la siin doonaa sifooyinka ilbaxnimo ee qadiimiga ah ee Wakiillada.

Eray

Ka hor inta aadan odhan waxa anthropogenesis, waxaa in la xuso in cilmiga of this ifafaale ku hawlan yihiin cilmiga sida paleoanthropology, cilmi afaf, genetics iyo kuwa kale. Iyada oo la tixgelinayo macnaha evolutionary, waxaa in la xuso in ereyga "dadka" waa in loo saarin ma aha oo kaliya in ay nool maanta, laakiin sidoo kale in noocyada bakhtiyeen of faaftay panulirus ah. Haddaba ka fiirsada qeexidda. horumar Human - waa qayb ka mid ah geeddi-socodka evolutionary taas oo horseeday in soo bixitaanka of sapiens faaftay. dadka macquul ah ka hominids kale, nuujiya mandheerta kaasi oo daayeer soocay. Ka hadalka ku saabsan waxa anthropogenesis, waa in aynu nidhaahno in aanay kaliya isa-soociddiisa. Geedi socodka oo dhan waa taariikhiga ah, formation a evolutionary dadka iyo ka barta jirka of view. Waxaa ka mid ah horumarinta luqadda asalka ah iyo shaqada.

Guudmarka

Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah ee anthropogenesis, faaftay panulirus kala taagnaayeen laba milyan oo sano ka hor. Tani waxay dhacday, sida ay sheegtay cilmi-ee Africa. Inkasta oo ay jiraan dhawr nooc oo dadka. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid dhintay. The wakiillo ka socda noocyada waa in, gaar ahaan, waxaa ka mid ah Neanderthals iyo erectus. Ka hadalka ku saabsan waxa anthropogenesis, waxaa in la xuso in waxbarashada ma dabooli faaftay oo kaliya sapiens. cilmiga Sayniska iyo hominids kale, Australopithecus, tusaale ahaan.

stage

Geedi socodka ah ee horumar - anthropogenesis Etap (Ukr.) - ma ahaa lama filaan ah. Formation of sapiens faaftay, waxaa isa-soociddiisa dhacay si tartiib tartiib ah. Marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee anthropogenesis - waa ah ee luqadda, horumarinta dabka iyo bilowgii soo saaridda qalabka shaqada. Dadka ayaa bilaabay in la isticmaalayo qalab dhagax, laga bilaabo habilis faaftay. Qarni kasta oo cusub waxaa ka badan elaborately soo saaray waxyaabaha ka badan hal hore. Waa in la ogaadaa in inta lagu guda jiro 50 kun oo sano ee ugu dambeysay ka mid ah dhaqanka iyo technology la beddelo dhakhso badan ku jiray da 'ee la soo dhaafay. Waxaa yada caddayn anthropogenesis dadka ka hominids kale soocay. Guuxayay, iyagu waa ka dunida xayawaanka deyrka giraanta.

In si qoto dheer waxbarasho

Sidii lagu kor ku sheegay, dhibaatada of anthropogenesis noqdaan sahamiyey qarnigii 18aad. aaminsan in wax walba waa natiijada uunka Ilaah, waxa ay ahayd wax caadi ah. Laakiin, inkastoo taasi, si tartiib ah miyir qabo dhaqanka dadweynaha, sayniska waxay bilaabeen inay caddayn aragti anthropogenesis. Fikradaha ku saabsan horumar ah ee degan maskaxda cilmi badan. dhibaatada anthropogenesis si deg deg ah u noqday mid ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu muhiimsan sayniska dadka.

Gominizapiya

Humanization ka mid ahaa horumarinta tiro ka mid ah xirfadaha. Gaar ahaan, dadku bilaabay inay si toos ah ugu socdaan, korodhay miisaanka jirkooda, qaab-dhismeedka adag ee maskaxda. Marka ay tani ka dhacay neentseaizatsiya. Inta lagu guda jiro habka this waxaa fartaan kiliyaha cerebral. anthropogenesis Biological la socday formation of gacmaha ku habboon shaqada, af muujiya, fikirka maskaxeed, sirdoonka. Waxa caddaatay, iyo ururka bulsho ee dadka. In geeddi-socodka ah ee horumar bilaabay inuu qaato qaabka dhaqanka wax qofka ku.

unevenness ee geedi socodka

Sida cilmi baarayaashu soo jeediyay, heerka of isbedel morphological in dabeecadda, ay u badan tahay ma si buuxda u beego xawaaraha ah ee horumar ah kelli iyo lagmamaarmaanna. Waayo, geeddi-socodka waxaa lagu gartaa u hogaansanaanta adag in horumarka dhaqanka iyo ururka morphological iyo functional. unevenness noocan oo kale ah nooca jirka muujiyey in formation weyn hortago bipedalism qaraabo adag nidaamyada kale gominidizatsii. sapiens homo bilaabay in ay u guuraan oo ku saabsan 3.6-3.8 milyan oo sano ka hor on labada addimada.

view falsafada

Sida laga soo xigtay aqoon yahanno ah, ee anthropogenesis ciidamada driving, ugu weyn ee oo waxaa loo arkaa shaqo, loo ogol yahay dadka si ay u ma aha oo kaliya kala, laakiin sidoo kale aad u hesho ilaa heer sare ah ee horumar la abuuray oo kale ku nool marka la barbar dhigo. Aasaasidda sapiens faaftay, faylosuufiinta badan loo arkaa boodboodi ah oo tayo leh, soo bixitaanka of noocyo cusub oo bulshada ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa ee arrinta. Gominidizatsiya, sida ay aqoon yahanno - nasasho in horumar tartiib ah noolaha. Xiriirka lahjad u dhexeeya horumarka bulshada iyo noolaha dadka sharxayaa cilmiga Markis-Lennin. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, waxa ay noqotay mid noqoshada gominidizatsiya organic of sare foomamka codsiga (bulshada) hooseeyo, taas oo aan la kansal gareeyay, laakiin kaliya ku xiran iyo diinta.

Formation of science

Geedi socodka oo dhan waxaa la socday in la kordhiyo mugga macluumaadka. First of dhan waxay ku saabsan tahay muddada bilowga ah ee formation of dadka. anthropogenesis Horumarinta sida sayniska waxaa la socday faafidda daraasad dhamaystiran oo ka mid ah goobaha ugu muhiimsan, ee abuurista iyo fulinta hababka Ujeedada (badanaa radiometric). Sidoo kale muhim ah in habka cilmi-baarista ayaa iyo shukaansi helaa. Tacliinta isticmaalo biomolecular dhowaato si ay dib u dhiska phylogeny. Ka hadalka ku saabsan waxa anthropogenesis, cilmi xusay in ay ahayd geedi socod murugsan, kuna waari dhexdeeda nooca rectilinear of socodka. Intaa waxaa dheer, saynisyahano farta Degenaansho ah ay aad u sarayso dadka lafo.

Ramapitekoidnaya la xiqiijiyay

Marxaladaha hore ee formation of jirridda sida caadiga u ah dadka iyo la fageeyo weyn loo arki karaa in koroowga Bartamaha Burma. Da'dooda waadaxa ah ee 40 milyan oo sano. Ku dhowaad 10 milyan oo sano ka yar tahay daayeer ay heer hoose deggan yahay (Masar) North Africa. Aegyptopithecus baarayaa sida awoowe ah driopithecus kooxda ka dib. iyaga ka mid ah, tan iyo wakhtigii xididada abtirsiinta Darwin ee waa baaritaanka dadka iyo foolmaroodi. In la go'aaminayo muddada line faaftay-soociddiisa, waxaa jira kala duwanaan qaar ka mid ah. Ka mid ka mid ah la xiqiijiyay in caanka ah ee hadda jira waa "ramapitekoidnaya". In la raacayo waxaa la foomka asalka ah ee dadka aqbalay Ramapithecus. Waxay ahaayeen Noqda Daanyeer Dullaysan anthropoid xeel. Ramapithecus ku noolaa Bariga Afrika, West, Bariga iyo Koonfurta Asia iyo Central Europe. Studies fuliyay horrayn by jab dentoalveolar isagoo shukaansi buuxda ka 14-15 in ay 8-10 milyan oo sano ka hor.

view kale

Qaar ka mid ah cilmi-waxay aaminsan yihiin in kala morphological Ramapithecus ka driopithecus kale oo casri ah, waxay ahaayeen Fudud. Iyadoo la tixraacayo la xiqiijiyay in this, go'doomin ee faaftay panulirus ma ahaa ilaa 10 milyan oo sano ka hor, oo ay u badan tahay ka dib, 8 milyan oo sano. Halkan waxaa la ogaadaa in tirooyinka waa kuwan waafaqsan a xogta anthropological weyn kelli. Marka line faaftay kala go'ida waa formation of xirfadaha hadalka helay bipedalism, lahaa isbeddel ah ee qaab-dhismeedka maskaxda iyo kuwa kale. Waxaas oo dhan waa la qabsashada gaar ah dadka deegaanka. In horumar ah ee badbaadada xoolaha shakhsi, iyo kooxaha ay ka, inta badan ku xiran tahay codsiga ahaa qoryaha.

The wakiillo ugu da'da weyn

Iyada oo kala guurka ah si ay heerka cusub ee aadanaha la xidhiidha dhismaha koox gaar ah ee hominids. xubnaha qoyska Tani waxay ahaayeen australopithecines hore - heer sare bipedal la fageeyo. Waxay ku nool yihiin Africa, Bariga iyo Koonfurta badan. Xubno ka mid ah qoyska noolaa 5-4,5 milyan oo sano ka hor. hore waxa ay rumaysnayeen afarensis Australopithecus. Australopithecus Tani, ha ahaataba, waxa uu noqon karaa awoowe caadiga ah iyo wakiilada ka dib reerkan, iyo tartanka aadanaha. Xubnaha ugu horreeya ee qoyska u muuqday oo ku saabsan laba milyan oo sano ka hor. hadhaagii lafaha ah oo faaftay habilis helay walxaha qadiimiga dhaqanka dhagax, taas oo markii ugu horaysay laga helay Tansaaniya, Olduvai taal. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi ma saaro ma aha oo kaliya loo isticmaalo, laakiin sidoo kale wax soo saarka ee alaabtii kale australopithecines bipedal. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababo aan la garanayn, awoodda weyn loogu talaggalay by hab dhaqanka muujiyay by wakiilada line aadanaha. Later australopithecines noqday bakhtiyeen ku saabsan a million sano ka hor. Muddo ka dib qaab lagu badalay faaftay habilis faaftay erectus (dadka pryamohodyachy). Waxaa dhacay oo ku saabsan 1.6-1.5 milyan oo sano ka hor.

noocyada Beddelidda

Waxaa meesha ka qaaday in East Africa. erectus faaftay ee World Old yahay si caddaalad ah oo si weyn loo. Xubno ka mid ah noocyada nool ee Asia, Africa iyo malaha in Europe. Waxay ciduna degganayn oo dhulka si 400-300 oo kun. Years ka hor. Archanthropines (sidaas loo yaqaan, kuwaas oo dadkii hore) waxaa laga sameeyey qalab dheeraad ah oo casri ah shaqada. Ka dibna, in muddada u dhaxaysa 300 ilaa 40 000 oo sano ka hor, qaybo badan oo meel bannaan oo extratropical Eurasia iyo Africa degeen Paleoanthropes. Laga soo bilaabo dhibic morphological of view waxay ahayd dadka aad u kala duwan. Sida caadiga ah, ayuu waxa uu la xidhiidhaa dhaqamada of Paleolithic ah (Wed Stone Age). Inta badan natiijooyinka la xiriira Neanderthals. Waxay, ee jeedo, daaweeyo ama sida madax-bannaan ah ama sida dacawo ah oo nin casri ah. In aduunka Old dhamaadka Wed. Paleolithic waxay bilaabeen inay u muuqdaan neanthropines. Waxay ahayd ee aadanuhu ugu horeysay ee casriga ah. Ilaa hal natiijooyinka ay hadda loo yaqaan. Neanthropines jiray 100-70 kun. Liter. ka hor, iyo malaha hore. Waxay ku noolaa Bariga Afrika, Bariga Dhow, Crimean ah iyo meelaha kale.

Muddada sapiens faaftay line-soociddiisa

On arrintan, waxaa jira kala duwanaan qaar ka mid ah. cilmi badankoodu waxay aaminsan yihiin in ay jirto kala dhexe ama hore Upper Pleistocene. Xaaladdan oo kale waxa wali caddayn, in sapientatsiya qabtaa (formation ka mid ah dadka nooca casriga ah) branching ama isbedelka tartiib ah taxa ka dhanka ah soo ifbaxa guud ee heerka ururka. Halkan waa in la sheegay in dambaysta ah waa badan tahay in ay mar dambe marxaladaha anthropogenes. Marka la eego kala duwanaanshaha, waa ay adag tahay in la dhiso awoowe gaar ah sapiens faaftay, sida sapientatsiya, sida muuqata ku weheliyay isku dhafka ah ee dadka. Tani waxay keentay in horumar ah ee "nooca reticular" markeeda. Sapientatsiya qabtay gobolada kala duwan ee Eurasia iyo Africa xawaare kala duwan. Ajnabiga, kooxaha oo dhan ma ay awoodaan in ay gaaraan heerka sapiens faaftay qadiimiga ah. In jiritaanka nidaamyada caadiga ah evolutionary xaaladaha taariikhiga ah ee ay fulinta dul deegaanka iyo kuwa kale ee ku xiran karin. The sifo xawaaraha degdegsiimada awowayaashood, kuwaas oo ku noolaa Bariga Dhow, Koonfurta Bari ee Europe iyo Bariga Africa. Taageerayaasha labada fikradaha ugu muhiimsan ee ku saabsan meesha meeshaas waxaa ku yiil sapiens faaftay, waxaa ka mid ah, kuwaas oo gobollada aaga sapientatsii ugu horeysay.

heerka ugu dambeeya

Qiyaastii 40-35 L. kun. view dambe ee sapiens faaftay noqday wakiilka keliya ee dunida ee hominids. By Paleolithic Sare aadanuhu bilaabay si ay u degaan ee America iyo Australia. jinsiyadaha Major - Mongoloid, Negro Australoid iyo Caddaan - ineey ka dib kacay. Waxay la aasaasay in geeddi-socodka ah ee ku kaladuwan yihiin intraspecific jirta ee sapiens faaftay waqti. In formation of ay ka qayb qaateen yar by hominids lafo horaysa marxaladaha sameeyey. Paleolithic The (dhexe iyo hoose) Muuqday keliya calaamadaha go'doon ah jinsiyadaha; sare ee ma ahan mid si kasta oo ka soojeeda jinsi jira oo kaliya bilowga ah. Muddadan, tirada dadka si tartiib ah kor u kacay.

arrimaha anthropogenes

Dadka ku jira geeddi-socodka ah ee horumar helay faa'iido aad u weyn - awood u leh inay la qabsadaan si meel kasta oo ka mid ah ecumene ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, muuqaalada dhismaha noocyada ugu badelin. Of muhiimadda weyn ee geedi socodka of sapientatsii lahaa arrimo anthropogenesis noolaha. Mid ka mid ah xulashada ugu weyn ee dabiiciga ah. Waxay ahaayeen go'an kuwa isbedel hiddo ah in qayb ka ah dhismaha iyo hirgelinta shaqada. Sida bulshada hominid heer hoose ah, horumarka urur bulsheedka waxa ay inta badan ku tiirsan tahay sifooyinka noolaha aadanaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, muddo kaddib, xulashada dabiiciga ah faafinta cidhiidhi ah aagga. Tani waxaa fududeeyay ku formation iyo aasaaska sharciyada bulshada, abuurista jawi dhaqameed. Haddii anthropogeny nin casri ah saamayn, xulashada dabiiciga ah u dhaqmo sida farsamo ah dayactirka ururada hore u dhismay gudahood falcelinta caadi noocyada ama sida calaamad oo ah polymorphism intraspecific. Last maanka faa'iido, sida noocyada kala duwan marka la eego hidde, kaas oo ay leeyihiin faa'iido ah ee kala duwan oo ka mid ah xaaladaha ku haboon si loo hagaajiyo taam guud. Waxaa laga yaabaa in si fiican la aasaasay oo tartanka "noocyada la qabsiga." In ka badan ee la soo dhaafay waa in ay ahaataa kala duwanaansho urur morphological iyo functional, kaas oo u muuqday in horumarka ka mid ah kuwan ama kuwa kale goobaha cimilada la xaaladaha deegaanka aad u kala duwan.

Holocene

Waa maxay anthropogenesis casriga ah? In koorsada of Epoch dhulka ee hadda u dabaal silsilad isbedelada kale ah. Waxay saamayn ku size guud ahaan jirka, qaabka madaxa, qaab-dhismeedka lafta a weyn, size maskaxda, silica iyo qaababka kale. horumarka Kuwani xuduudaheedu noolaha aan la ogaan karaa in dadka oo dhan, waxay u muuqdaan in ay noqon meerto ee dabiiciga ah, on haynta oo dhan ilaa xad qaabka guud ee khadadka gaarka ah ee sapiens faaftay. Ka mid ah isbadaladaan waa durkin iyo dardargelinta.

wax cilmi ah

Tan iyo qof waxaa loo arkaa labada uun noolaha iyo bulshada, anthropogenesis iyo sociogenesis kala saari Karin xidhiidh. Qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 19aad, Aqoonyahannada, paleontologists, archeologists ku ururtay wax taaban ballaaran. Waxa uu noqday aasaaskii cilmiga cilmiga aadanaha. In waxbarashada muhiimad weyn ay ahayd shaqo ee Boucher De Perta (aadmka Faransiis). In qarnigii 19-ka, uu raadinayo qalab dhagax iyo u isticmaalaan si ay u caddeeyaan dadka heer hoose ah oo ku nool maalmood ee mammoths. Discovery aadmka gabaynayo steel taariikhiyan kitaabiga ah iyo la kulmay iska caabin ah dadweynaha ku filan si degdeg ah. Boucher de Perthes helay sayniska oo kaliya in ay sannadihii 60-aad ee qarnigii 19aad.

fikradaha Darwin ee

In 1856, ka dib markii la ogaaday of lafaha of Neanderthal ah iyo tiro ka mid ah natiijooyinka la mid ah hore ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 19aad, sayniska jihada cusub, loo yaqaan paleoanthropology. Thanks isaga si, waxaa ururay wax dhab ah loo ogol yahay in kor loo qaado arrinta isku mid ah oo dadka iyo daayeer la eego jidh, iyo sidoo kale horumarka noolaha dadka ku jireen waagii hore. Arintaan waxaa lagu riday Darwin yar ka dib markii la daabaco ee "The Origin of Species." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in shaqada this, wuxuu qoray in ugu dhakhsaha badan loo sii wanaagsan fahamsan doonaa oo asalka ah ee taariikhda aadanaha.

Dooda sayniska

Su'aasha ah ee asal ahaan dadka noqday mawduuca khilaafka u dhexeeya Richard Owen iyo Thomas Huxley. Last rumeysan tilmaamay khilaafaadka iyo isku mid ahaanshaha u dhaxeeya daayeer iyo nin. By markii ugu Darwin daabacay buug labaad on asalka ah ee taas, waa in la ogaadaa in, inkastoo ay si caddaalad ah u baahsan, waxa uu dood kulul ka xanaajiyey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah taageerayaasha fikradda ah ee horumar, sida Charlz Layel iyo Alfred Uolles, ma ay garan sida anshaxa iyo kartida maskaxda muuqan kara in dad koorsada ee doorashada dabiiciga ah.

Research soo bandhigay maanta

Sida laga soo xigtay la xiqiijiyay in hadda, aadanuhu waa natiijada formation of arrinta, waayo 13.7 bilyan oo sano. Waxay yihiin kuwa ugu adag in uu abaabulo nooc oo dhan of daawashada. Halkan waxaan ka hadleynaa ma aha oo kaliya ku saabsan maanka aadanaha, maskaxda, ama nooc ka mid ah ururka bulshada. Waxaa loo arkaa in ay sabab u tahay sicir bararka vacuum oo wakiil ka ah gobolka ka mid ah arrinta, qaraxa ku qorani weyn, diidanyihiin qayb ka ah hantidaan ah jiritaanka "dalwaddii" dhigtay waddadiisa ilaa qofka, maanta jira. Aragtida sidaan ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa evolutionism caalamiga ah.

Gebogebadii

Dhibaatada of anthropogenesis sida arrin of muuqaalka sifooyinka muhiimka ah ee dadka, la sameeyey xad dhawaan (marka la barbardhigo horumar ee caalamka), diiradda saarayaa dhacdo ee sapiens faaftay. Marka tan la eego, waxaa la si dhow u la xiriira bio horumar-. Tan iyo markii ugu of dhibaato Darwin ee waxaa sabab u ah qabsashada ku sugan uxuu u xaaladda beddelo deegaanka ku nool sarkhaansan yihiin saddex arrimood. Waxaa ka mid ah isbedel, xulashada iyo hiddo. Sidaas darteed, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in this "sharciga evolutionary," sarkhaansan yihiin isbedel deegaanka maamaan simian nin casri ah helay guryaha sifo. Ka mid ah sifooyinka in wakiil ah si gaar ah aadanaha, u istaagaan soo baxay afka oo dhan iyo xirfadaha garashada kor ku xusan. Ay formation la goostay by isbeddel ah ee jidhka awowayaashood. First of dhan waxaan ka hadleynaa in la kordhiyo maskaxda. Isbeddelladan, markeeda, aad bay u saamayn isbedelka cimilada. Gaar ahaan, doorka go'aaminta iska leh qaboojinta. Dabcan, waa waxaan Malo ahayn oo dhan.

Anyway, su'aasha waa transformations muhiimka ah si toos ah laga sameeyay xuquuqda xayawaanka, tixgeliyaa cilmi kala duwan siyaabo kala duwan - oo ku xiran tahay qeexidda xuduudda this.