Waa maxay horumar? Noocyada, foomamka, tusaale u ah horumarka. Guulaha iyo is burinaya ee horumarka

Fikradda ah horumar tartiib galay sayniska sida version a secularized (Cidhibteeda) iimaanka ee dadka Masiixiyiinta ah ee Providence. Vision of Future ee sheekooyinka kitaabiga ah waa geedi socod karin, amreen iyo xurmada dadka horumarinta, hogaaminayo doonista Ilaah oo u timid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay asal ahaan ka mid ah fikrad this waxaa laga helaa ka badan sidii hore. Next, u falanqeeyaan, waxa horumarka, waxa ujeeddadiisa iyo qiimaha.

Xusuuso waxay marka hore

Ka hor inta aadan ayaa sheegaya in horumar waa in la siiyo account gaaban taariikhiga ah ee u soo bixitaanka iyo faafinta fikrad this. Gaar ahaan, dhaqan Giriigga falsafada, waxaa jira muran ku saabsan horumarinta qaab-dhismeedka bulshada iyo siyaasadda ee hadda jira xuubsiiban ka bulshada heer hoose iyo qoyska si ay u polis qadiimiga, t. E. The magaalo-state (Aristotle, "Politics," Plato "Xeerarka"). Wax yar ka dib, inta lagu guda jiro qarniyadii dhexe, Bacon isku dayeen in ay dalban ah fikirka iyo fikirka ah horumarka duurka ku fikirka. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, aqoonta ururtay la dhererka waqtiga iyo aad u badan la xoojiyey iyo in la hagaajiyo. Sayidka, Qarni kasta waa awoodaa inuu ka fog arkaan oo ka wanaagsan ka horreeyay.

Waa maxay horumar?

Ereygan xidido ku leeyahay Latin iyo waxay ka dhigan tahay "guul", "hore u socda." Progress waa jihada horumarka qof horusocod ah. Nidaamkan waxaa lagu gartaa kala guurka ah oo ka hooseeya si ay sare, ka yar in ay ka kaamilsan. horumarka bulshada - caalami ah, ifafaale dunida-taariikheed. Marxaladani waxay ku lug leedahay jiirtii ururka aadanaha ka savagery ee dalalka heer hoose ah si ay meelaha ilbaxnimada. kala guurka waxay ku salaysan tahay guulaha siyaasadeed, sharci, moral iyo anshaxa, cilmiyeed iyo farsamo.

Tiirarka ugu muhiimsan

kor lagu sharaxay, waa maxay horumarka, iyo marka ugu horreysa ee aan bilaabay hadalka ku saabsan fikirkan. Next, waxaan u falanqeeyaan qaybaha. In koorsada of hagaajinta gacanta soo socda horumariyo:

• Waxyaabaha. Xaaladdan oo kale aynu ka hadlayno ku qancidda ugu dhameystiran, waayo, dadka oo dhan iyo tirtiridda wixii xannibaad farsamo for this.
• qaybaha bulshada. Halkan waxaan ka hadleynaa geeddi-socodka qiyaas ee bulshada si ay caddaaladda iyo xorriyadda.
• Science. Tani waxay ka tarjumaysaa qayb geedi socodka si joogto ah, sii daraya iyo Fidinta aqoonta dunida, dhinaca horumarinta ee la siinayo macrospheres labadaba; xoraynta ka xuduudaha aqoonta Bulshda dhaqaale.

waqti cusub

Inta lagu jiro mudadaas, waxa aan bilaabay in Arkaa ciidamada darawalnimo ee horumarka sayniska. aragtidooda ku saabsan geedi socodka ka muujiyey by G. Spencer. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, horumarka - labada ee dabiiciga ah iyo bulshada - in uu u hogaansamo mabda'a universal evolutionary si joogto ah kordhaya kakanaanta iyo hawlaha gudaha ee ururka. Waqti ka, horumarka bilaabay in loo arko qaab suugaanta, taariikhda guud. Waxaa ma ay tegin lama dareemo iyo farshaxanka. The ilbaxnimooyinka kala duwan ayaa adeegyo kala duwan oo bulshada. amarada, kuwaas oo, ee jeedo, oo horseeday in noocyo kala duwan ee horumarka. waxa loogu yeero "sallaan" waxaa la aasaasay. At dusheeda waa bulshooyinka ugu horumarsan iyo ilbaxnimada reer galbeedka. Next, marxaladaha kala duwan ahaayeen dalagyo kale. Qaybinta ku xiran yihiin heerka horumarinta. An "westernization" of fikradda. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jira noocyo ka mid ah horumarka sida "amerikotsentrizm" iyo "Eurocentrism".

Contemporary

Muddadan, kaalin muhiim ah ayaa loo xilsaaray in ay qof. Weber adkeeyay dhaqankan cusub ee u habaynta qof universal ee maamulka kala duwan ee geedi socodka bulshada. Durkheim culayskan tusaalayaal kale oo horumar. Waxa uu ka hadlay oo ku saabsan isbeddellada is-dhexgalka bulshada iyada oo loo marayo "midnimo organic". Waxaa ku salaysan complementarity iyo waxqabadka wada faaiidaysanayo ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada.

Fikradda classical

19-20 qarniyo loo yaqaan "liibaanta of fikradda ah." Iyadoo la aaminsan yahay guud waa in horumarka sayniska iyo farsamada waa inay awoodaan inay bixiyaan horumar loogu balan qaadayo joogto ah ku nool, oo ay la socdaan ruuxa rajo ka taataabtay. Guud ahaan, bulshada waxaa fikrad classic. Waxa ay ahayd fikrad rajo of xoreynta tartiib tartiib ah ee aadanaha ka cabsi iyo Jaahil ah oo ay jidka ku heerarka in ka badan la safeeyey iyo sare ee ilbaxnimada. Fikradda classical ku salaysan fikrada guud ee waqti karin toosan. Waxaa jira horumar wanaagsan lagu gartaa faraqa u dhexeeya la joogo iyo mustaqbalka ama hore iyo tan imika.

Gool iyo Ujeeddooyinka

Waxaa loo maleeyey in dhaqdhaqaaqa tilmaamay joogto ah ku tegi doonaa, ma aha oo kaliya in la joogo laakiin mustaqbalka, inkastoo ay kala duwanaansho random. waxaa si ballaaran ku dhex tacsida faafin Xukuntay in horumarka waa suurto gal ah si loo badbaadiyo marxaladaha oo dhan, in kasta oo qaab-dhismeedka ugu weyn ee bulshada. Sidaas darteed, dhammaan lahaa in ay gaaraan barwaaqo buuxda.

Shuruudaha ugu muhiimsan ee

iyaga ka mid ah oo inta badan la kulmay:

• horumar Diinta (J. Buse, Augustine).
• Kororka cilmiga sayniska (Comte, D. Vico, ZH. A. Kondorse).
• Sinnaan iyo caddaalad (Marx, T. Campanella, T. Moore).
• Ballaarinta xorriyadda shakhsiga weheliso horumarinta moral (Durkheim, KANT).
• Magaalaynta, warshadaynta, horumar technology (ka Saint-Simon).
• Saldanad badan ciidamada dabiiciga ah (Herbert Spencer).

horumarka ay iska hor imanayaan

The shaki ugu horeysay oo ku saabsan saxnimada of fikradda bilaabay inuu hadlo, ka dib dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. horumarka diidani ka koobnaa in soo bixitaanka of fikradaha ku saabsan saamaynta dhinaca taban inta lagu guda jiro horumarinta bulshada. Mid ka mid ah dhaleeceyn ugu horeysay by F. Tennis sameeyey. Waxa uu rumeysan yahay in horumarka bulsho ee ka dhaqameed si casri ah, warshadaha, ma aha oo kaliya ma hagaajiyo, laakiin halkii ay ka sii dartay xaaladda nololeed ee dadka. Primary, degdeg ah, shabakadaha bulshada shakhsi ahaaneed ee dhexgalka dhaqanka ee dadka ayaa la bedelay si aan toos ahayn, guud, dugsiyada sare, xiriirada Gaarna xarkaha soo jireenka ah ee wakhtigan casriga ah. Tani, sida laga soo xigtay tennis, waxay ahayd dhibaatada ugu weyn ee horumarka.

dhaleeceyn sii kordhaya

Ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, waayo, dad badan waxa ay noqotay cad in horumarka ka mid gudbikaraa uu raad xun in kale. Warshadaha, magaalaynta, sayniska iyo horumarka tignoolojiyada Ulasocto wasakhaynta deegaanka. Taasi, waxa ay noqonaysaa, xanaajiyeen xiisad deegaanka dabiiciga ah. Waxa jira aragtiyo cusub. Kalsoonida in aadanaha u baahan yahay horumar dhaqaale oo joogto ah, ayaa waxaa bedelay fikrad kale oo "xad koritaanka".

Odoroska

Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa xisaabiyay, in at hab ee dalal kala duwan isticmaalka heerarka Western, meeraha qarxi karaan dollar dhawrista. Fikradda ah "dahabka billion", sida laga soo xigtay jiritaanka ammaan ah oo adduunka ah waa la damaanad qaaday si ay u helaan oo kaliya 1 bilyan oo qof oo ka dalalka qaniga ah, si buuxda hoos u rogo oo dhexe oo aan fikrad ka classical horumarka - orientation mustaqbal wanaagsan inta nool oo dhammu iyada oo aan laga reebo. waxay rumaysan yihiin in Fadilmo ee dhinaca horumarinta, kaas oo ahaa ilbaxnimada reer galbeedka, taas oo heysatay muddo dheer, waxaana bedelay niyadjab.

aragtida lkn

fikirka Tani waxay ka muuqataa matalaad aad u qurxiyey oo bulshada ugu fiican. On fikirka this lkn, Waxaan u malaynayaa, sida dhabar jab xoog leh. Ugu dambeeyay ee isku day ah in ay fuliso noocan ah maxaa yeelay, dunidu waxay noqotay habka hantiwadaagga dunida. At aadanaha waqti isku mid ah xilligan la joogo ma aha in mashaariicda stock, "awood u abaabusho si wadajir ah, tallaabo ah universal, qabsaday, malaha, dadka" oo cabbiri kari lahaa bulshada ee mustaqbal ifaya (xilkaan aad wax ku ool ah toogasho fikradaha of socialism). Halkii, maanta waxaa jira ama extrapolation fudud ee imika, ama waxsii musiibo.

Fikradaha mustaqbalka

horumarinta fikradaha ku saabsan dhacdooyinka soo socda uu hadda ku jiraa laba jiho. Xaaladda hore waxaa sawir isagoo goostay ayaa degeen, kaas oo images loo arko hoos-lood, burbur iyo xumaanshaha. Sababo la niyad ah in rationalism sayniska iyo farsamada bilaabeen in ay ku faafaan mysticism iyo irrationality. Iyo caqli in this ama gudbikaraa in ay yihiin sii kordheysa horjeeda in dareenka, dareen, aragtida dago. La sheegay in aragtiyaha postmodernist xagjirka ah ayaa la waayay shuruudaha lagu kalsoonaan karo in dhaqan casri ah oo quraafaad ahaa ee xaqiiqada ka duwan, fool ka Quruxdii, Samo falku ka xigeenka. All this tilmaamay in ay xaqiiqda ah in Zaman ee "xorriyad ugu badnaan" ka anshaxa, dhaqan, horumarka dhammaadka. In jihada labaad ee view search for firfircoon fikradaha cusub ee horumarinta in dadka ku siin karaan Hanuun wanaagsan muddo soo socda, si ay uga uunu u sal badbaadiyo Dadka. fikradaha Postmodern waxaa inta badan diiday aragtida ah ee horumar ah ee version dhaqameedkeena iyo finalism, fatalism leh iyo kuwa kaleba. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid fadilay tusaalayaal kale oo horumar - hababka kale probabilistic horumarinta bulshada iyo dhaqanka. aragtiyaha qaar ka mid ah (Buckley, Archer, Etzioni, Wallerstein, Nisbet) in fahmaan ay u fasiraan fikradda sida fursad suurtagal ah in bilawga ah ee horumar la itimaalka gaar ah waxay noqon kartaa dhacaan ama waxaa laga yaabaa in la dareemin.

mabda 'constructivism

From kala duwanaanshaha hababka waa fikradda noqday aasaaska akhriska ee postmodernism. Hawsha ugu weyn waa in nolol maalmeedka caadiga ah ee dadka ka heli ciidamada darawalnimo ee horumarka. Sida laga soo xigtay K. keenin, xal xujooyinka bixisaa hubsashada in oo kaliya in ay dadaal aadanaha mahad dhici kara horumar. Haddii kale, hawsha si fudud waa unsolvable.

fikradaha kale

All iyaga u muuqday in aragtida ah ee waxqabadka, halkii aan la taaban karin. fikradaha Alternative rafcaan u qaadato "qofka oo dhan" oo aan soo bandhigeysa xiisaha gaarka ah ee kala duwanaanshaha dhaqanka iyo civilizational. Xaaladdan oo kale, dhab ahaantii, arag nooc cusub oo ah utopias bulshada. Waxaa Tusaale u cybernetic dhaqanka bulshada ee si ku haboon, viewed marayo soo askunmay hawsha aadanaha. fikradaha Kuwan waxaa ku soo laabtay hanuun fiican, aaminsan gaar ah in suurtagalnimada of horumarinta horusocod ah. waxay weliba, wac (inkastoo heer sare teori) ilo iyo xaaladaha sii kordhaya. Dhanka kale, fikradaha kale ha ka jawaabo su'aasha ah: maxaad Dadka, "xor ka ah" iyo "xorriyadda for", mararka qaarkood ka Doortaa horumarka iyo u dadaalay ah "cusub, firfircoon bulshada", laakiin inta badan tixraac waa decadence iyo burburinta isaga in markeeda, waxay keenaysaa in fadhiidka ah oo dhaca. Iyada oo ku saleysan aragtida dhaqdhaqaaqa, waxaa si dhib leh lagu murmi karaa in bulshada loo baahan yahay in horumar. Tan waxaa loo sharxay by xaqiiqada ah in ay tahay wax aan macquul aheyn in la caddeeyo in ama aan doonayaa in aadanaha in ay ogaadaan awoodda hal abuur leh mustaqbalka. Jawaabaha su'aalahan jirin iyo in cybernetics iyo nidaamyada aragtida. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay baaro si faahfaahsan diinta iyo dhaqanka. Marka tan la eego, sida kale ah in aragtida ah constructivist of modernismen in horumarka maanta matali karta etikotsentrizm BULSHEEDKA.

Gebogebadii

faylosuufiinta Ruush Modern sii kordheysa ku soo laabanaya "Silver Age". Iyadoo lagu tilmaamayo in ay dhaxal ahaan this, haddii ay haddana isku dayaya in ay maqasho garaaca asalka dhaqanka qaranka, iyaga wareejiyo a afka cilmiyeed adag. Sida laga soo xigtay Panarin, qaab-dhismeedka aqoon biomorphic muujinaysaa image nin Cosmos sida nool, daacadnimada organic ah. Uu boos kicinaysaa in dadka dhiirogelin ah si sare waa in aynan anaanimada macaamiisha darro. Maanta, si cad waxaa cad in cilmiga bulshada casriga ah waxay u baahan tahay dib u eegis halis ah oo jira tilmaamo, mudnaanta iyo qiimaha. Waxa soo jeedin karaan jiho cusub oo qof, haddii uu, markeeda, heli lahaa xoog ku filan si ay u isticmaalaan.