Waa maxay tigoodu kiimikada? Noocyada tigoodu kiimikada

reaction kiimikada waa hab taas oo horseedaysa beddelidda ee reactants ah. Waxaa lagu gartaa isbeddel, taas oo dhali mid ama ka badan waxyaabaha kale oo aan ahayn laga bilaabo. falgalka kiimikada kala duwanyahay. Waxay ku xiran tahay nooca reactants, maalkiisa ka dhalanaya, xaaladaha iyo waqtiga Avv, kala daatay, barakaca, isomerization, acid-alkali, redox, iwm iyo geedi socodka organic.

tigoodu Chemical yihiin haanta loogu talagalay fulinta ficil-ka si ay u horumariyaan wax soo saarka ugu dambeeya. Waxa ay design ku xiran tahay arrimo kala duwan iyo waa in ay bixiyaan dhalidda ugu badan ee kharashka habka ugu waxtarka badan.

noocyada

Waxaa jira saddex lagu daydo ugu weyn ee aasaasiga ah ee tigoodu kiimikaad ah:

• Dufcaddii.
• taangiga Sii kiciyey (HPM).
• nuclear-fur-socodka (PFR).

Kuwaas waxaa lagu daydo aasaasiga ah waa la bedeli karaa iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha nidaamka kiimikada.

nuclear-Dufcaddii

The unugyada kiimikada ee noocan ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in geedi socodka Dufcaddii ugu wax soo saarka yar qiyaasta, waqti reaction dheer ama meesha selectivity ugu wanaagsan waxaa la gaari, sida in geedi socodka polymerization qaar ka mid ah.

Ujeedada this, tusaale ahaan, ka kooban kuwaas oo weel bir garbaha shaqada gudaha u doodaya, goobooyin gaas ama mid u dhiganta bambooyin. control Heerkulka waxaa lagu fuliyaa via jaakadaha sarrifka kulaylka, qaboojiyaha waraabka ama bam dhex Iskubedelka kulaylka.

tigoodu Dufcaddii hadda la isticmaalo ee warshadaha kiimikada cuntada- iyo raashinka. Waxay qalabaynta iyo ayna abuuri kakanaan, tan iyo markii ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la isu geeyo geedi socodka joogtada ah dhowreen iyo.

tigoodu kiimikada Semi-Dufcaddii isu geeyo shaqo ee hababka joogtada ah iyo Dufcaddii. bioreactor A, tusaale ahaan, waxaa la xilliyo ku raran yihiin, iyo si joogto ah oo soo bandhigtay dioxide kaarboon, kaas oo waa in la si joogto saaro. Sidoo kale, marka reaction koloriin, markii mid ka mid ah reactants waa gaaska chlorine, haddii aan si joogto ah maamula, bulk waxaa ka mid ah ka baxa.

Si loo xaqiijiyo in muda soo saarka badan oo loo isticmaalo tigoodu horrayn kiimikada ama weel bir joogto ah la stirrer ama socodka si joogto ah.

Sii kiciyey taangiga nuclear-

reactants dareere ah waxaa lagu quudin jiray in ay weel bir. Si loo hubiyo dhexgalka saxda ah ee ay daab shaqeeya kiciyey. Sidaas darteed, noocan ah ee nuclear-reactants waxaa si joogto ah quudiyey galay kaydka ugu horeysay (toosan, bir), ka dibna waxay galaan xiga ka, isku mar si taxadar leh la isku qasin weel kasta. Inkasta oo sideeda oo ah isku dar ah waa labis ee taangiga kasta ee nidaamka sida uruuray oo dhan kala duwan weel weelka.

Celcelis ahaan lacagta waqti in lacagta Discrete of reactant kharash gareeya ee taangiga (waqti deganaansho) si fudud loo xisaabin karaa qeybi mugga of weelka celceliska heerka volumetric of therethrough socodka. Boqolkiiba filayaa of dhamaystirka of falcelinta saaraa iyadoo la isticmaalayo kinetics kiimikada.

Dhammeeyey taangiyada ahama birta ama Alloys iyo enamelled.

Qaar ka mid ah dhinacyada muhiimka ah ee DMI ah

Dhamaan xisaabaha lagu sameeyaa ku salaysan isku darka ugu fiican. dareen-celin ka soo baxa heerka la xidhiidha fiirsashada final. At kortay, heerka socodka waa in loo siman yahay heerka socodka, haddii kale kaydka waxaa ka buuxa ama madhan.

Inta badan dhaqaale ahaan faa'iidada badan si ay ula dhowr HPM serial ama isku midka ah u shaqeeyaan. taangiyada ahama ururiyey Cascade ka mid ah shan ama lix halbeeg u dhaqmi karaan sida nuclear-socodka fur a. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa unit ugu horeysay ee ay ku shaqeeyaan la-fiirsashada sare ee reagents iyo, sidaas awgeed, heerka fal-celinta sare. Sidoo kale, kaydka laga yaabaa in lagu meeleeyo HPM steel dhowr marxaladood oo toosan, halkii ay geedi socodka ka sameeyey weelal kala duwan.

In unit dil multistage siman xijaabi derbiyada Risaalo toosan ee height kala duwan, kaas oo isku dar ah ku qubanayo Cascades.

Marka reactants yihiin liidata miscible ama si xooga ku kala duwan yihiin cufnaanta of a nuclear-multistage toosan (galaas damacsan ama ahama birta) in hab a countercurrent. Tani waa wax ku ool ah ku keento karo.

The sariir yar oo lagu buusho gebi ahaanba isku qasan. Large nuclear-buusho sariirood ganacsiga leeyahay heerkul ah ku ool ah uniform laakiin daryaa miscible iyo gobolka bedelay iyo transient socodka therebetween.

nuclear-socodka Chemical

PFR - nuclear-ka (ahama), kuna waari dhexdeeda ah hal ama ka badan oo dareere ah reactants soo nuugaa ama iyada oo loo marayo biibiile ama tube. Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan socodka embriyaha. Wuxuu yeelan karaa tuubooyinka badan ama tuubooyinka. reactants waxaa si joogto ah la quudin iyada oo mid ka mid ah dhamaadka, iyo alaabta kale oo ka iman. geeddi socodka Chemical dhacaan sida maraa isku dar.

PFR The xawaare reaction nidaamka Wehliyaha: tubada waa mid aad u sarreeya, laakiin hoos u dhac ku-fiirsashada ee reactants iyo dhalid soo saarka kor u kacay content caanuhu ay xawaaraha. Sida caadiga ah, hoganaya firfircoon waa la gaari.

Caadiga ah waa orientation siman oo toosan ee nuclear-ka.

Marka iibsiga kulaylka loo baahan yahay, dhuumaha shaqsi waxaa la geeyaa galay jaakada ama qolof iyo kulaylka tube Iskubedelka waxaa loo isticmaalaa. Xaalada danbe, kiimikada noqon karaa guri ama biibiile.

Weelasha bir leh dhexroor nozzles waaweyn ama PFR qubeysto la mid ah oo si weyn loo isticmaalo. In qaar ka mid ah febwari isticmaali socodka axial iyo radial, xuubka badan la exchangers kulaylka dhafan, meel siman ama mid taagan ee nuclear-ka iyo wixii la mid ah.

Markabka la reagent laga yaabo in ay ka buuxsamay arrinta particulate inert ama horseed si loo kordhiyo xiriirka interfacial ee reaction Nuurre Aw.

Muhiimadda PFR waa in xisaabaha ma tixgeliyaan qodan toosan ama dadban - this waxaa loogu tala galay by ereyga "socodka fur". reactants waxaa lagu soo bandhigay karaa nuclear-ka ma aha oo kaliya gacanka. Sidaas darteed, waxaa suurtagal ah si loo gaaro oolnimada sare ee EPA ama la yareeyo ay le'eg tahay iyo kharashka. PSC Performance waa sida caadiga ah ka badan in ka mid ah NRM of mug isku mid. Waayo, qiyamka loo siman yahay ee mugga iyo waqtiga ee tigoodu qalab reaction yeelan doonaan boqolkiiba sare ee dhamaystirka badan ku celceliyo isku qasin.

hoganaya firfircoon

Waayo, inta badan ee hababka kiimikada waa wax aan macquul aheyn in ay gaaraan 100 boqolkiiba dhamaystirka. Waxay xawaaraha hoos u leh kor u index this ilaa xilligan marka nidaamka gaadho hoganaya firfircoon (marka aanu jawaab guud ama isbedelka ka kooban dhacaan ma aha). dhibcood ee hoganaya in nidaamyada ugu yar tahay 100% dhamaystirka geedi socodka. Sababtan awgeed waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la sameeyo nidaamka kala soocan ee sida muxaadaro, si ay u kala reagents haray ama by-products ee diirada u saaran. reagents mararka qaarkood in loo kartaa in bilowgii geedi socodka, tus, sida habka Haber ah.

Codsiga waxaa of EPA

tigoodu socodka fur loo isticmaalo qaab beddelidda kiimikada xeryahooda inta ay dhaqdhaqaaq sii marayo Nidaamka, eg tuubo, ujeeddo ah oo baaxad weyn, dareen diidmo oo degdeg ah, dhqaalaha ama Nuurre Aw, hababka wax soo saarka si joogto ah iyo marka daayo xaddi badan oo kulaylka.

PFR ku haboon ayaa waqti deganaansho go'an, ie, dareere kasta (qalab) uu yimid waqti t, waxay tagaysaa t waqti + τ, halkaas oo τ - .. waqtiga joogitaanka ee geedka.

tigoodu Kiimikada noocan ah hantidaan heerka sare ee waxqabadka muddo kordhin waqti, iyo sidoo kale kala iibsiga kulaylka u fiican. The darrada PFR waa ku adag tahay ee la socodka heerkulka hannaanka keeni kara kala duwanaanshaha heerkulka loo baahnayn, iyo qiimaha sare.

tigoodu horseed

Inkastoo unugyada noocan ah waxaa inta badan fuliyo qaab EPA ah, ay u baahan yihiin daryeel dheeraad ah oo adag. Heerka cadaanyo horseed saami xaddiga Hannaan xiriir la kiimikada. In the case of Hannaan adag iyo reactant dareere saami la xawaaraha geedi socodka meesha laga heli karo, soo galo oo ah kiimikada iyo waxyaabaha, iyo soo xulidda ku xiran tahay joogitaanka qodan qasan.

falcelinta horseed run ahaantii waa inta badan a multi-tallaabo. kaliya ee reactants hore ma fal la Hannaan ah. isaga la fal iyo qaar ka mid ah intermediates ah.

dhaqanka ee Xoojiya ayaa sidoo kale waxaa muhiim ah in ay kinetics geedi socodka this, gaar ahaan falcelinta sare kiimikada, sida ay u furi by sintering, coking iyo geedi socodka la mid ah.

Codsiga tiknolojiyada cusub

SAR waxaa loo isticmaalaa beddelidda ee tamarta. In ka tijaabo ah tigoodu cadaadis sare waxaa loo isticmaalaa. Cadaadiska iyaga in ay gaari karaan 35 MPA. Isticmaalka tirada badan si ay u kala duwan yihiin waqtiga joogitaanka ka 0.5 600 ilbiriqsi ah. Si loo gaaro heerkulka ka badan 300 ° C waxaa loo isticmaalaa la tigoodu koronto kulul. dabdhaliyayaasha feed waxaa la sameeyaa by HPLC-bambooyin.

PSC nanoparticles buufis

Waxaa jira xiiso badan in ereygu iyo isticmaalka nanoparticles ujeedooyin kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan Alloys sare iyo kirishbooyada filim qaro weyn, waayo, warshadaha korontada. codsiyada kale waxaa ka mid cabbirka of nuglaato magnetic, gudbinta ee resonance magnetic fog infrared iyo nuclear. Waayo, nidaamyadan waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay soo saaraan size a walxaha ay gacanta ku. Ay dhexroor sida caadiga ah ee kala duwan ee 10 ilaa 500 nm.

Markii la fiiriyo xajmigooda, qaabka iyo meesha sare dusha gaarka ah ee Qurub kuwaas waxaa loo isticmaali karaa wax soo saarka ee pigments la isku qurxiyo, xuubka, Xoojiya, dhoobada, horseed iyo tigoodu photocatalytic. tusaalooyin Codsiga of nanoparticles ka mid ah SnO ₂ dareemayaal carbon monoxide, TiO ₂ fiiloyin, SiO ₂ silica Kolloidol iyo macdantaa indhaha, C for buuxiyo carbon ee taayirada, Fe, waayo, wax lagu qoro, batari Ni iyo, isagoo yar, palladium, magnesium iyo bismuth. All qalabkan waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo tigoodu buufis. In daawada, nanoparticles waxaa loo isticmaalaa ka hortagga iyo daaweynta cudurada faafa dhaawacaa, implants lafta macmal ah, iyo sidoo kale imaging ee maskaxda.

tusaale ahaan wax soo saarka

Waayo, qayb ka alumina hoos durdur argon ah, cokan biraha la qaboojiyey in RAC 18 mm dhexroor iyo dheer 0.5 m, heerkulka 1600 ° C ee 1000 ° C / s. Sida marinka gaaska dhex nuclear-ka yimaado nucleation iyo koritaanka of Qurub alumina. Heerka socodka of 2 dm ³ / min iyo cadaadiska waa 1 ATM (1013 Pa). Sida gaaska la qaboojiyey iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa noqdo supersaturated, taas oo horseedaysa in ay soo bixitaanka of Qurub ka shilalka iyo taagoo uumiga inay soo noqnoqda ilaa walxaha gaaro size muhiim ah. Sida ku dhaqaaqdo iyada oo gaaska taagoo aluminium supersaturated degayaa on qayb ka ah, kordhinta ay size.