Astaamaha u gaarka ah baaruud. Codsiga baaruud ah. baaruud Medical

Chalcogens - xubno koox loola jeedaa baaruud ah. Its calaamad kiimikada - S - xarafka ugu horeeya ee magac Laatiin ah ee mastadh. Qaab dhismeedka walax fudud duubay by calaamad aan index. Tixgeli qodobada muhiimka ah ee ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka, guryaha, diyaarinta iyo isticmaalka element this. Tilmaamo baaruud lagu soo bandhigi doonaa si faahfaahsan sida ugu macquulsan.

Tilmaamo iyo khilaafaadka Common chalcogen

Baaruud ku saabsan tahay koox hoosaadka oo ah ogsijiin. Tani waa koox 16aad ee mudada dheer xilliga casriga ah u sameeyaan image nidaamka wareegsan (PS). qolalka dhacsan iyo index - VIA. Magacyada waxyaalaha kiimikada ah ee kooxda, calaamadaha kiimikada:

• oxygen (O);
• baaruud (S),
• sayliniyam (Se);
• tellurium (Te);
• Polonium (Po).

Canaasiirta qolof electron dibadda diyaarin kor isku mid. Waxaa ku jira oo dhan lix electrons valence oo ka qayb geli kara formation of bonds kiimikada la atamka kale. xeryahooda hydrogen leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka H ₂ R ka, tus, H ₂ S - hydrogen tayadda. Magacyada xubno ka kiimikada la xirrira la oxygen laba nooc oo xeryahooda, baaruud, sayliniyam iyo tellurium. qaaciidooyinka General oxides ah ah walxahaasi - rô _{2, 3 rô.}

Chalcogen dhigmaan walxaha fudud, oo aad bay u kala duwan yihiin svostvam jirka. The ugu badan ee qolof ah ee chalcogen oo dhan - oxygen iyo baaruud. element ugu horeysay ee qeexaya laba gaaska, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - adkaha ah. Polonium - cunsurka shucaaca - dhif ah in qolof dhulka ee. In kooxda Ogsijiinta oo guryaha macdan Polonium hoos iyo kordhinta birta. Tusaale ahaan, baaruud - caadiga ah bacayn iyo tellurium ayaa luster macdan iyo conductivity korontada.

№ element 16 ee nidaamka DI ku wareegsan Mendeleev

The qaraabo miisaanka baaruud qaaradda - 32,064. Of isotope ugu badan ee dabiiciga ah ³² S (in ka badan 95% by miisaanka). Laga helay tiro nuclides yar la mass qaaradda ka mid ah 33, 34 iyo 36. caan ku baaruud on xaaladda ka jirta SS iyo qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda:

• lambarka taxanaha ah - 16;
• mas'uul ka ah la eb waa 16;
• gacan qaaradda - 0,104 nm;
• tamarta ionization of -10,36 eV;
• electronegativity qaraabo - 2.6;
• heerka uu qayilo ee xeryahooda - +6, +4, +2, -2;
• valence - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

Baaruud waa in muddo saddexaad; electrons in la eb waxaa ku yaal saddex heer tamarta: marka hore ka - 2, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - 8, - saddexaad 6. electrons valence jira oo dhan dibadda. Marka waxyaabaha lalana baaruud more electronegative siinayaa 4 ama 6 electrons, isuna caadiga ah gobolka +6, +4 qayilo. falcelin la hydrogen iyo eb bir barbaro electrons maqan laba octets si ay u buuxiyaan iyo si ay u gaaraan gobolka joogta ah. qayilo ayaa kiiskan loo dhigi in -2.

The guryaha jirka ah ee rhombic iyo foomamka allotropic monoclinic

Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, atamka baaruudda way isku wada dheggan xagal wareegi deggan. Waxay la xiri karaa giraan ah, taas oo muujinaysa jiritaanka taagoo baaruud xilliile ah. Qaab dhismeedka of Formula fikiri S ₆ iyo _{8 S.}

Tilmaamo baaruud waa in lagu daro sharaxaad faraqa u dhexeeya beddelka allotropic isagoo guryaha jireed kala duwan.

Rhombic ama α-baaruud - foomka crystalline ugu nabdoon. Tani dhalaalaya kiristaalo huruud ah, oo ka kooban taagoo S _8. cufnaanta baaruud rhombic waa 2.07 g / cm3. kiristaalo Light hurdiga ah ee baaruud β-sameeyay qaab monoclinic ee mugga a of 1,96 g / cm3. dhibic karaya gaadho 444,5 ° C.

Diyaarinta baaruud amorphous

Waa maxay midabka waa baaruud ee gobolka caag ah? Tani waa tiro madow cawlan, ilaa xad la mid ah budada ah huruud ah ama kiristaalo. Si aad u hesho, waxaad u baahan tahay si ay u dhalaali rhombic ama baaruud monoclinic. At heerkul ka sarreeya 110 ° C dareere ah waxaa la aasaasay, halka dheeraad ah kulaylinta ku mugdiyoobana at 200 ° C noqonayaa qaro weyn oo viscous. Haddii si degdeg ah ku shub baaruud la shubay biyo qabow galay, waxa engejiyaa si ay u sameeyaan silsilado zig-zag, kaas oo qaab-dhismeedka ka tarjumaysaa formula S _{n ah.}

milmi ee baaruud

Qaar ka mid ah beddelka walax L. in disulfide carbon, benzene, toluene ama ammonia dareere ah. Haddii la qaboojiyey si tartiib ah xal organic waxaa ka dibna aasaasay cirbadaha baaruud monoclinic. Waayo, uumi oo cabitaanno taagan kiristaalo liin-jaalle ah oo nadiif ah baaruud rhombic ah. Waxay kuwo jilicsan, waxay si fudud loo qaawi karaa budo ah. Baaruud waa beelaya in biyaha. kiristaalo The dego si hoose ee markabka, iyo budada sabeyn kara dushiisa (non-wettable).

kiimikaad

Dareen-celinta waxaa lagu muujiyaa guryaha element nonmetallic caadiga № 16:

• baaruud oxidizes Biraha iyo hydrogen, waa la dhimay si S ^2- ra'iyi;
• sari ee hawada iyo oksijiinta waxaa soo saaray qaybsamaa iyo baaruud trioxide, kuwaas oo anhydrides acid,
• by reaction oo leh walxo kale oo dheeraad ah electronegative - fluoro - mastadh sidoo kale u lumiya electrons ay (oxidize).

baaruud Free ee dabiiciga ah

Sida baahsanaanta ee baaruud in qolof ah dhulka waa on meesha 15 ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada. content Celceliska atamka S ee dhagaxyada iyo macdan waa 0.05% by miisaanka of qolof ah.

Waa maxay midabka waa baaruud ee dabiiciga ah (hooyo)? Tani budada huruud ah iftiin leh ur sifo ama kiristaalo huruud isagoo luster galaas. Dhigashada qaab lacag dhigaal ah, lakabyada crystalline baaruud ah laga helay goobaha volcanism gaboobay iyo casriga ee Italy, Poland, Bariga Dhexe, Japan, Mexico, United States. Inta badan saaridda ee drusen waa a kiristaalo hal qurux badan iyo Rafaa.

sulphide hydrogen iyo oxides ee dabiiciga ah

Gobollada Kobenhagen ku yaalaan on dusha sare ee xarunta baaruud gaseous. badda Black at qoto dheer ah wax ka badan 200 oo m waa nolol la'aan sababta oo ah kala ah H tayadda hydrogen ₂ S. formula xabagta baaruud divalent The - SO _2, trivalent - SO _3. Kuwani xeryahooda gaseous ay joogaan in ka kooban qaar ka mid ah saliidda, gaaska, biyaha dabiiciga ah. Baaruud waxaa ka mid ah in Halabuurka ee dhuxusha. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah dhismaha xeryahooda badan organic. Marka putrefaction borotiinada of ukunta digaagga sii daayay tayadda hydrogen, sidaasi darteed waxa ay inta badan uu sheegay in urta gaaska ee ukunta qurmay ka. Baaruud iska leh canaasiirta biogenic, waxaa lagama maarmaan u ah koritaanka iyo horumarka ee nin, xayawaanka iyo dhirta.

Muhiimadda sulphides dabiiciga ah iyo sulphates

Astaamaha u gaarka ah baaruud noqon doonaa dhamaystirnayn haddii aadan si ay sheegayaan in element la helay ma aha oo kaliya ee foomka of walax fudud iyo xabagta. The xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee ugu badan - waa cusbo ah oo acid sulfuric iyo tayadda hydrogen. Sulfides oo naxaas ah, iyo birta, zinc, mercury, hogaanka helay kooban macdanta chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, iyo cinnabar ah. From sulfates laga yaabaa in lagu soo sheegnay sodium, calcium, barium iyo magnesium cusbada taas oo samaysa ee macdanta dabiiciga ah iyo dhagaxyada (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). All xeryahooda, kuwaas waxaa loo isticmaalaa in qaybaha kala duwan ee dhaqaalaha, waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida alaabta ceeriin for processing warshadaha, Bacriminta, qalabka dhismaha. qiimaha caafimaad Great of crystalline qaarkood.

soo dhaweynta

walax jaalle ah ee gobolka oo lacag la'aan ah ka dhacdaa nooca at moolka dheer oo kala duwan. Haddii loo baahdo, baaruudda loogu dhalaaliyo ayaad ka dhagaxyada aan iyaga kor dusha, iyagoo shubaya ka qoto dheer superheated uumi iyo hawada tilmaantay Tifaftirayaasha BBC. Hab kale oo ku lug sublimation ee dhagaxyada burburiyo Foornooyinka gaar ah. Hababka kale ku lug kala diridda ee disulfide carbon ama sabeynta.

shuruudaha Industry mastadh waaweyn, si ay u helaan oo ay walax aasaaska xarunta isticmaalo. tayadda hydrogen iyo tayadda baaruud waa qaab hoos. Dawladdu waxay qayilo ee element waa loo siman yahay si -2. qayilo baaruud waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo la kordhinayo qiimaha si 0. Tusaale ahaan, habka of LeBlanc sodium sulfate waa la dhimay si tayadda carbon. Markaas waxaa laga helay tayadda calcium, waxaa lagu daaweeyaa carbon dioxide iyo uumiga biyaha. The tayadda hydrogen keentay waxaa oxidized by ogsijiin atmosfeerta in joogitaanka Hannaan: 2 saac ₂ S + O ₂ = 2 saac ₂ O + 2s. Determination of baaruud helay siyaabo kala duwan, mararka qaarkood ku siinayaa tilmaamayaasha ka khayroon daahirnimo hooseeyo. Turxaan ama saabsanaa isdaahirinta, waxaa lagu fuliyaa by muxaadaro, sixitaan, isku processing ee acids.

Isticmaalka baaruud in industry casri ah

baaruud Granular aadaan baahida wax soo saarka oo kala duwan:

1. Diyaarinta acid sulfuric in industry kiimikada.
2. sulfites Production iyo sulfates.
3. Xawilo diyaar bacarimiso dhirta, cudur iyo cayayaanka.
4. Baaruud-ka kooban senti ee dhirta macdanta iyo kiimikada baaraandegi for Biraha cuntrooyinka. wax soo saarka saameen waa sulfuric acid.
5. hordhaca ah ee fasalada qaar ka mid ah steel siiyo guryaha gaarka ah.
6. caag vulcanizing Sababo caag helay.
7. Production kulan, pyrotechnics, waxyaabaha qarxa.
8. Isticmaal diyaarinta rinjiga, pigments, fiiloyin dardaro.
9. difaan bleaching.

Sumoobo baaruud iyo xeryahooda ay

Qurub habaaska isagoo ur xun, cuncun xub-axaleedka of saabka sanka iyo neef-mareenka, indhaha iyo maqaarka. Laakiin ma sumoobo baaruud aasaaska waxaa loo arkaa gaar sare. Neefsasho ee tayadda hydrogen iyo dioxide keeni karaan sumayn daran.

Haddii galidda ore baaruud-ka kooban ee smelters gaasas dhammayn aan ku xayiran, Oo waxay soo geli jawiga. Xiriirka lala dhibicyo iyo uumiga biyaha, oxides baaruud iyo u kaca ku shukridaan nitrogen in roob waxa loogu yeero acid.

Baaruud iyo xeryahooda ay beeraha

Geedaha ku baabbi'iyee udhigo sulphate wada xal ciidda. Yaraynta content baaruudda keenaysaa in gaabis ah hoos u shiid unugyada cagaaran ee acids amino iyo borotiinada. Sidaa darteed sulfates loo isticmaalo bacarimiso dalagyada beeraha.

Si aad jeermiska guryaha digaagga, guryihii, dukaamada cuntada mukhaadaraadka fudud gubay ama loola dhaqmo goobaha casriga ah daroogada sulfa. xabagta baaruud leeyahay guryaha antimicrobial in muddo dheer codsiga ee wax soo saarka oo khamri ah helay markii lagu kaydiyaa khudaarta iyo miraha. daroogada baaruud waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida sunta cayayaanka loo xakameeyo cudurada iyo cayayaanka (wax xagta oo budada ah iyo caarada caaro).

Loo isticmaalo daawada

muhiimadda ugu weyn ee waxbarasho ee guryaha, daawooyinka of budo huruud siiyey dhakhtarro badan oo Qarniyadii Avicenna oo Paracelsus. Mar dambe waxaa la go'aamiyey in qofka aanu helin baaruud ku filan ka jilciyaa cuntada, la kulma dhibaatooyin caafimaad (oo ay ka mid cuncun iyo fuqaya daciifid maqaarka, timaha iyo ciddiyaha ah). Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in aan baaruud dhantaalan Avv ee acids amino, keratin, geedi socodka lagmamaarmaanna u ah ee jirka ku.

baaruud Medical lagu daro saliidda lagu daaweyn jiray cudurrada maqaarka: finan, cambaarta, psoriasis, xasaasiyad, seborrhea. Oo bad la baaruud caawin kartaa xanuunka laabotooyinka iyo turqo. Wixii nuugista wanaagsan ee jidhku si ay u abuuraan biyo daawooyinka sulfa L. Tani ma aha budada ah huruud ah, walax wanaagsan crystalline cad. Codsiyada banaanka xarunta this waxaa maamula ee la isku qurxiyo ee daryeelka maqaarka.

Gypsum ayaa muddo dheer laga adeegsado joojin ah oo ka mid ah qaybaha dhaawacmay ee jirka. cusbo Glauber ee loo qoro sida dawo caloosha jilcisa. Magnesia hoos u cadaadiska dhiigga oo loo isticmaalo in lagu daaweeyo hypertension.

Baaruud taariikhda

Xitaa wakhtiyadii hore walax nonmetallic ubaxyo jaalle ah soo jiidan qofka dareenka. Laakiin kaliya ee 1789, farmashiyaha weyn Lavoisier helay in budo iyo kiristaalo helay ee dabiiciga ah, oo ka kooban atamka baaruud. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in malodor timi inta ay sari, dalkuba shar oo dhan. Formula xabagta baaruud, kaas oo la helay sari, - SO ₂ (silica). Tani neefsasho gaas sun ah waa khatar ku ah caafimaadka. Dhowr xaaladood oo eynu mass tuulooyinka oo dhan dadka soohdimaha u, ee dhulka oo ah cilmibaadhe oo sharax qoondaynta dhulka ama hydrogen biyo sulphide ama baaruud dioxide.

alifay ee Baaruud kordhay xiisaha ay u kiristaalo huruud ah by ciidamada. dagaalo badan ayaa ku guuleystay sabab u ah awoodda ay sayid in la isu geeyo baaruud la walxaha kale ee soo saaridda waxyaabaha qarxa. The xarunta ugu muhiimsan - sulfuric acid - sidoo kale bartay sida loo isticmaalo muddo aad u dheer. In qarniyadii dhexe, waa shay loo yaqaan saliidda vitriol iyo cusbo - sulfate. Copper sulfate waa CuSO _{4 iyo} sulfate birta FeSO ₄ weli ma laga badiyay muhiimadda ay leedahay in industry iyo beeraha.