Mensheviks - waa kan oo kale ah? Mensheviks Party. Madaxdii Mensheviks ah

Maanta, khubaro badan oo duurka ku ah horumarinta adeegyada iyo alaabta si dhab ah ku doodayaan in hoggaamiyaha kacaanka proletarian, VI Ulyanov ahaa suuq ee ugu kartida badan ee dunida. Uu hanad ahaa in uu ahaa awoodaan in ay "iska iibiso" ayuu tacsida ballaaran oo fikradda ah sinnaanta, iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhigyo kooban, qaniinyada iyo intelligible. Vladimir Ilyich ahaa awoodaan si ay u abuuraan astaamaha kooban iyo dhegeysiga (ku qabsatay dubbe iyo sickle, xiddigtii shan geesood), iyo loo ogaado midab ku haboon shirkadaha (cas). Laakiin guusha ugu weyn ee Lenin jiifay ee doorashada brand ah. In miyir ku mass istiwooday fikrad in Bolshevism waa wax weyn, awood, lama huraan iyo beddelmi karin. Laakiin Mensheviks - waa wax yar in qashinka guud qaar ka mid ah.

Abuuritaanka calaamad ah xisbiga ugu awooda siyaasadeed ee qarnigii XX ee ka dhacay London ee 1903, ee xagaaga.

Marka waxaa jiray Bolsheviks iyo Mensheviks

Second xisbiga Congress ayaa waxaa isku xigta lagu qabtay laba magaalo - Brussels iyo London. Sida iska cad, qaabiyaasha baqday cadaadis oo wuxuu damcay inuu sirta, maxaa yeelay, oo sidaasay ugu galeen in tallaabo aan caadi ahayn sida nasasho iyo dhaqaaqo. Lenin iyo Chaposhinkov badan iyo marar badan ku dooday, iyo nuxurka doodda waxaa lagu yarayn karaa in haddii sugto tufaax laftiisa dhaco, ama halkii ay u ayaaa? Ugu yaraan qaar ka mid ah erayadaas, hoggaamiyaha mustaqbalka ee Bolsheviks ah, ku tilmaamay nidaamka of burinaya. Mid ka mid ah xubnaha ugu da'da weyn oo ka mid ah RSDLP oo ah xisbiga theoretician Chaposhinkov miraha waaweyn bislaan aan doonayay in ay ku jebi laamaha la caleenta iyo toogtaan hoos u sii ma dhegi doono.

Labada doodaaga waqtiga isku raacay in kacaanka waa in ay ahaataa caalamka, waxa dhici doona dalalka la warshadaha ugu horumarsan, ka dibna kaliya ku faafay boqortooyada-state dib ugu, ka mid ah taas oo tirada Empire Ruush ah. Su'aashu waxay ahayd oo keliya sida in la siiyo doorashada si hababka - sharci ama hoostiisa. Ka dib markii cod, taas oo keentay in ay guul ka mid ah line Lennin oo ah, xisbiga kala qaybiyey laba qaybood. Isla Lenin yeedhay taageerayaashooda si ay u Bolsheviks ah, isagoo intaa ku daray in taageerayaasha Chaposhinkov - Mensheviks ah. Tani waa ilaa xad go'aamiyo taariikhda qarnigii XX ah.

kacaanka ugu horeysay ee

Waa lagama maarmaan inaad bixiso si ay xaqiiqada ah in Bolsheviks ma had iyo jeer enlists Fadilmo ka turjimaysa tiro inta lagu jiro doorashada xisbiga ee bilowgii qarnigii labaatanaad, degdeg ah fiiro gaar ah. line ay doorteen on howlgalka dhulka hoostiisa-argagixiso horseeday in kala ah RSDLP ah. In Congress III ah, ayaa sidoo kale lagu qabtay London (1905), taageerayaasha qaybgalka Chaposhinkov ee ma doonayaan in ay qaataan, waxay garteen dhacdooyinkii kacaan naxdin leh sida socday marxalada labaad ee horumarinta bulshada ee Russia, ie Jamhuuriyadda ganacsade ah, taas oo Dirk in aragtida ah Markis. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kacdoonka hubaysan ee March wakiilada garabka ku biiray, waxay u dhaqmeen on markab dagaal ah "Potemkin" iyo inta lagu jiro rabshado kale. Sayidka, muran cabaadeen meel madaxda sare ee xisbiga, hana heer grassroots door weyn. Ka dib markii xakamaynta cudurka Plekhanov hadlay waxaa ka mid ah sida aad u waxtar lahayn, oo aan waa, oo aan foodda la. Hogaamiyaha Mensheviks ah, Chaposhinkov kula heshiiyey opinion this.

Dagaalka oo la Japan

Bolsheviks waxa uu doonayay guuldaradii of Saarka Russia, iyo wax kasta si ay u wiiqaan awoodda difaaca ee dalka. Tan waxaa inta badan si cad u muujiyey rabitaan ee Jarmal ah intii lagu jiray dagaalka, laakiin markii ugu horaysay la diyaariyey ka hor - inta lagu guda jiro Japanese ah. Mid ka mid ah sababaha ay ku diiday in ay ka qayb III Congress of RSDLP London ee Mensheviks - xaqiiqo dhab ah oo loo yaqaan iyaga oo taageero maaddi ah ka sirdoonka colaadeed shisheeye. dagaalka oo cambaareeyay Martovites ma aqbali karin fikradda xoriyadda in dibada ka iman doonaa, oo waxaan iyada u keeni doonaa Japanese ah oo ku saabsan bayonets ay. Intaa waxaa dheer, Qorraxda oo soo Muuqata waqtiga ahaa bulsho ahaan iyo farsamo ahaan xad dib ugu gobolka, iyo kor u qaadida guulo ay labada ma ku haboon ee macquulka hoose. Guud ahaan, fikirka Menshevik ah, sida Bolsheviks ee meesha ka saaray xilligan suurogal ah in ay guul kacaanka ka mid ah dalka.

mar wada

In 1906, madaxda ka mid ah laba baal oo RSDLP mar kale ku kulmeen shirweynaha, waqtigan waxa la qabtay Stockholm. Dhinacyada ayaa aqoonsan baahida loo qabo in ay ka wada shaqeeyaan, oo wuxuu damcay inuu farqiga. Khilaaf Mensheviks iyo Bolsheviks waqtigan aysan u muuqan mid aad u muhiim ah, oo ka walaacsan kaliya ereyada ee qeybta kowaad ee Xeerarka Xisbiga. Chaposhinkov soo jeediyay inuu ka tago beddelin waajib ku ah in "kor", sida Lenin ku adkeystay on the "ka qaybgalka ahaaneed" ee ururka. Ugu jaleecada hore, farqiga u yar yahay, laakiin dhab ahaantii waxaa soo baxay in ay tahay muhim. Lenin doonayeen inay dejiso qaab adag jaranjaro dhisay by dagaal, iyo Chaposhinkov ee wanaagsan ku filan waxgaradka caadiga hadlaya dukaan. Isbadal ayaa kacaan ah hoggaamiyaha Mensheviks ah loo tixgeliyaa dhicis ah, oo bixiya in ay diiradda saaraan xag-jirnimada dadka dalka beeraha weyn dhac, ma aha nolaleed ee hantiwadaagga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Bolsheviks ku guul kale: Lenin lagu ansixiyay version of article koowaad ee Axdiga RSBRP (o).

burinaya interwar

Si rasmi ah, ka dib markii "midnimada" ee Stockholm Congress Party helay habka, laakiin xaqiiqada muujiyey joogitaanka colaadaha ka hartay. Guuldaradan ayaa ah tilmaan kacaanka qasbay sotsdekovskoe ee ku Hijrootaan Saf ay boqor ka niyad jab. Loo baahan yahay lacag, laakiin hababka Bolshevik ay diyaarinta farxda gadisan a soo horjeeda weligeed ah - Chaposhinkov, walaalkiis Levitsky, Potresov, Axelrod iyo Mensheviks kale. Waxaa jiray dhaqdhaqaaq ah "liquidators" kuwaas oo muujiyay ra'yi ah oo ku saabsan sida loogu baahan yahay dhamaystiran burburkii shaqo sharci darro ah, joojinta "eksov" (ie, dhac), laakiin waxa ay dabooli doontaa qeyb ka mid kaliya oo ka mid ah taageerayaasha falalka jilicsan (oo ay ku jiraan Plekhanov), kuwa kale ayaa qaaday sugida, odhanaya go'an tahay in ay midnimada. Trotsky daabacay 1912 ee Vienna, wargeyska "Pravda", kaas oo la daabacay articles bayaan anti-Lennin, oo ku salaysan ku xusan xubinta xisbiga ugu weyn ee shirka waxay ahayd in la abuuro kaabad lagu, loo yaqaan August ah. unit ayaa la sameeyay ka dib soo gaaray Menshevik oo dhan iin isla, kuwaas oo khilaaf gudaha ah iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan u dhacay marka laga reebo. shuruudaha guud ee xuquuqda madaniga ah, xafiisyada wakiilka Gobolka IV ee Duma dhammaan qaybaha nolosha, iyo N. sidaas on. ahayn qanacsanayn ka qaybgalayaasha kale ee dhaqdhaqaaqa kacaan.

Defeatists iyo waddaniyiin

Ka dib markii bilowgii dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, barnaamijka Menshevik wuxuu soo galay colaadda toos ah la leh siyaasadda Bolshevik ah. Potresov, Plekhanov iyo "defencists" kale ma fiirsan xaq u leeyihiin inay doondoonaan dhimashada taliskii Saarka qiimaha masiibo qaran. Waxay dhalleeceeyay dagaalka sida, oo ugu yeeray mid ka mid ah-dagaal, ka dibna si buuxda "giringiriyey" in aqoonsiga ee xaqiiqda ah in ciidamada dalka Ruushka oo kaliya ka ilaaliya dalka. Camp RSDLP kala qaybsan tahay laba qaybood: ka "internationalists" iyo "waddaniyiin" sifooyinka la xiriira natiijada suurto galka ah ee dagaalka hore. The booska ugu daran waa la qaadi doonaa si loo gaaro hadafka ah in kuwa dhutiya iyo ka saarida oo ka mid ah dhinacyada dagaalamaya "aan darsanayay ama indemnities." Burburinta iyo dagaalada sii kordhaya ee ay colaadaha garabka Bolshevik diidan ee RSDLP ah. Mensheviks The rumeysan yahay in la soo gabagabeeyo nabad xaalad wuxuu keeni karaa in kacaanka dunida. Waxay ahaayeen khalad.

kacaanka February The dhab bilaabay hirgelinta "barnaamijka ugu yar", ku dhawaaqay horaantii RSDLP sida gool ah tobanka sano ee soo socda.

The theses ugu muhiimsan ee siyaasadda Menshevik ah

Waa maxay farqiga u dhexeeya Bolsheviks iyo Mensheviks ah? barnaamijka xisbiga, ama halkii, ka March ee ay garabka, waxay ahayd in ay cutubyada soo socda:

a) qabashada xoogga dalka oo aan lahayn xaaladaha iyo shuruudaha jira isticmaalka lahayn, waxa macno keliya halganka mucaaradka;

b) kacaanka proletarian Ruush aan ugu dhakhsaha badan dhici doonaan, iyo kaliya ka dib markii iyada guusha ee Maraykanka Yurub iyo North American;

c) doorka bourgeoisie u deeqsi ah in halganka ka dhanka -Raaxaysta- ah waa mid aad u muhiim ah, oo waxaan u baahan nahay in ay iskaashi la;

d) isku duba - fasalka dib ugu, waa in la isticmaalaa sida xoogga ah kaabayaal ah oo xulufo, laakiin ma waxaad ku kalsoonaan kartaa waxa on;

d) proletariat ah - ugu weyn "tareenka" kacaanka (marayso ayaa dhexdeenna ka sarkhaansan Bolshevism);

e) doorbiday hababka sharciga ah ee halganka. Argagixisada aan la aqbali karin.

February

Xisbiga Menshevik sida xoog siyaasadeed oo madax bannaan oo la asaasay horraantii 1917. Ugu jaleecada hore, wax walba oo ka tegey sida qorshaha la ansixiyey, Jamhuuriyadda ganacsade kacay on arkaynin Guryohoodii mooyee boqortooyadiisa, oo haatan sugi karaa oo kaliya marka dadka hagaagaan oo uu doonayo kacaanka cusub, waqti this proletarian ah. dhib ayaa ahaa in dhacdooyin aad u waaweyn oo ah February 1917 lagu qabtay off hoggaanka ilaalada ee RSDLP ah. Mensheviks The, sida Bolsheviks ma xakameeyo ay Dabcan, in ururka roggidda boqorka may ka soo qaybgalin iyo hadda xanuujin dayayaan in ay isticmaalaan xaaladda si ay u fuliyaan ujeedooyinka barnaamijka sida wax ku ool ah sida ugu macquulsan. Si dhakhso ah maraan Martovites. Waxaa la aasaasay Dowladda Ku-meelgaarka ah, oo waxay u igmado wakiiladooda ee ay ka kooban. Mensheviks in awoodda cusub ee lahaa saddex (AM Nikitin, K. Gvozdev, PN Malyantovich), N. S. Chheidze madax Soviet Petrograd ah, ka dibna, ee June, ka dib markii aan All-Ruush Congress ee Soofiyeedku xataa noqday gudoomiyaha Guddiga Fulinta Ruush Dhexe. xoojinta Sii jagada xisbiga, ballaarinta fursadaha saameyn ay ku walacay.

Xisbiga Mensheviks, inkastoo ay guulo iska cad, ka nno dhowaan qandaraas caadiga ah iyada: awoodaha iyada ayaa kala qaybiyey saddex hadda. Xuquuqda (wakiil Potresov) qabsadeen jagooyinka waddani xad-dhaaf ah, centrists (Dan, Tsereteli) hayaa xaq u leedahay in ay sii wadaan si ay u fuliyaan shaqada kacaan in shuruudaha dimuqraadiyadda ganacsade, laakiin kaliya ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen cadowga dibadda iyo bidixda (March) ayaa dhalleeceeyay ka qaybgalka shaqada Dowladda ku meelgaarka, Waxay dalbadeen in dalkii iyo nabad qaybinta degdeg ah.

Ka hor inta kacaanka cusub

Isla markiiba ka hor inta October Revolution ka tegey oo safafka xisbiga, Mensheviks badan oo caan ah. barnaamijka Xisbiga ee ay hordhigay Baarlamaanka ku eeliyey taageerayaasha iman kara iyo wareeri, waxaa ku dhex jirtay Yuri Larin, Leon Trotsky , iyo xataa Plekhanov ah. Geedi socodka ah ee socdaalka siyaasadeed waxa uu noqday mass ah oo ku saabsan 4000 Petrograd tsentristov- "Interdistrictite" biiray garabka Lennin ee RSDLP ee guga ee 1917. Sababaha dhaqanka this ahaayeen kalifaya: fikirka Menshevik la cadadkii taageero dagaalka, dadka a, dacaayad Bolshevik firfircoon dawakhsan, kaliya daal. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jiray khilaaf ah oo soo noqnoqda oo u dhexeeya gool siyaasadeed oo daacad ah qaar ka mid ah hoggaanka xisbiga, oo aan ugu dhici waayay in dadka aan samayn karo yabooho. Game waayo, xoog lumay, iyo in October, Mensheviks ayaa si buuxda u fahamsan yahay waxa.

afgambi

October 25 waxaa jiray kacaanka iyo qabashada xoogga by Bolsheviks ah. RSDLP (o) isla markiiba horumariyo xukumeen xallinta, wacaya falalka noocaas-gudubyada ay a, laakiin waxay ahayd goor dambe. midnimada Gudaha iyo joogta ah weli ma arkay. Oo ku baaqay in la abuuro dawlad cusub, "uniform", oo ka dhigan dhan hadda siyaasadeed wey siman, iyo si ay u taageeraan Golaha Degaannada toona kama taro. Toban ka mid ah xubnaha golaha dhexe iyo saddexda musharax tagay safafka xisbiga. Waxaa la isugu ah kulan degdeg ah ee RSDLP ah (o) aan caadi ahayn, laakiin sidoo kale uu ku hadhay dhammeystirneyn, marka laga reebo kala diridda Golaha Ansixinta Dastuurka ah by Bolsheviks ee bilowga ah ee 1918. Markaasaa waxaa u timid Dagaalkii Sokeeye, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo Mensheviks garabka midig ku hoos jihada of O. Levitsky, V. N. Rozanova iyo A. N. Potresova qaaday meel, waa cadowga ku ah maamulka cusub.

Waayo, ama soo horjeeday taliskii Soviet?

Madaxdii RSDLP ah (o) qaaday intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Sokeeye, ka qaybgalka firfircoon ee dhismayaasha awood abuuray dhulalka ka baxsan kontoroolka ee Bolsheviks ah. Isla mar ahaantaana Mensheviks bedelay magaca xisbiga iyo bilaabeen inay si fudud u wac by Ruushka Social Democrats-, oo aan warqado ee parentheses. Waxay qabtay posts wasiir ee Samara Komuch ah, Ku-meelgaarka ah Siberian Dowladda, Central Caspian, shirka Ufa, Urals dawladda gobolka. In 1918, waxay (SPD) dhab ahaantii qabtay awoodda Georgia ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay waxaa waa jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah. Iyada oo laga jawaabayo, Bolsheviks la dheereeyey wakiilada RSDLP ee golayaasha oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bishii August 1918, xisbiga Menshevik ayaa qayb ahaan dayactirey, sida inaad diido isbahaysi la ururrada ganacsade ah.

guuldaradii of Mensheviks ah

cadaadis sii waday guga ee 1919, ka dib markii xoojinta of booska Bolshevik ka socday dagaalkii sokeeye ee. In Kiev, Odessa, ka dibna Cheka Joorijiyaan ah, nadiifinta ballaaran ee xubnaha lagu cadeeyay inay of RSDLP ah. In la kaashanaya ciidamada Volunteer ee Denikin, Bolsheviks ee lagu eedeeyay. The Mensheviks iyo Socialist-kacaan, arday iyo wakiilada xisbiyada kale ee go'doomin, in mararka qaarkood (noqnoqda) ayaa la toogtay, iyo madaxda ay "degeen" ujeeddo ah qubo. Waa maxay macnaha celceliska muddada this, waxaa lama yaqaan, laakiin mid ka mid maleyn karo. Yu Chaposhinkov iyo Abramovich ahaayeen nasiib: waxay lahaayeen in ay ka cararaan dalka ee 1920. Laba sano ka dib, ayuu dibadda loo diray Ruush hoggaamiye kale sotsdekov - a Menshevik F. Dan. Isla mar ahaantaana in Moscow ayaa xiray koox dhan oo ah garabka dhalinyarada ee RSDLP ah, iyo waxa kor ku xusan waxaa la isku diyaarineysa maxkamadeed oo dadwaynaha, laakiin ugu danbeyn, garsoorka Soviet ahaa xadidan tixraaca. cadaadis The keentay in guuldarro ah gebi ahaanba Mensheviks ah; unugyada shaqsi, baxeen dhulka hoostiisa, socotay ilaa 1925.

Maxaa ku dhacay Mensheviks ka dibna

Masiirka ee Mensheviks waxay isku helay masaafuriyey, waa la mahdin. Isku day si ay u daabacaan xilliyeedyada iyaga u gaar ah cadaato aad u qaali ah, degay "qolooyinka reer dimuqraadiyadda Ruush" ee Germany ee 1933 ayaa lagu qasbay inuu u dhaqaaqo France ka dibna si America. Laakiin xun "brand" waxa uu noqday nooc ka mid ah dhaleeceynta kuwa hadhay ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo hal sabab ama mid kale soo baxday in objectionable in ay hoggaanka Stalin ee. Haddii loo baahdo, xubin kasta oo ka mid ah xisbiga ugu yeerto laga yaabaa inuu Menshevik ee la soo dhaafay, la joogo ama khayaali ah. The maxkamad-profile sare ugu horeysay lagu qabtay 1931, oo lagu eedeeyay ururka counter-kacaan 14 shaqaalaha Bank State Guddiga Qorshaynta iyo Gobolka ayaa lagu xukumay xabsi dheer.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Bolshevik Menshevik Xisbiga hore oo dhan aan ka fogaaday si ba'an. Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud Wyszynski, diblomaasiyiinta A. A. Troyanovsky iyo Maisky, iyo qaar ka mid ah xubnaha kale ee ururka mamnuucay noolaa nolol fiican. In kasta oo iyaga u taliya dhegaysanayay ee la soo dhaafay ay seef of Damocles.