Meesha ugu weyn ee biosynthesis protein. Steps of biosynthesis protein

Protein Avv - habka aad u muhiim ah. Waxa uu ahaa kii jidhka si ay u koraan iyo horumarinta caawisaa. Waxay ku lug leedahay qaab-dhismeedka gacanta badan. Ka dib oo dhan, si ay u bilaabaan si ay u fahmaan waxa aynu doonayno inaynu u synthesize.

Waa kuwee protein loo baahan yahay in la dhiso la joogo - waxaa masuul ka ah falgalka waa. Waxay ka unugyada lagama maarmaan u ah protein ah ka dib markii taas oo uu bilaabo Avv hesho calaamadaha.

Halkee Avv borotiinka

In kasta oo qafis ugu weyn biosynthesis protein meel - ribosome. Waa macromolecule weyn oo qaab ku dhufo oo adag. Waxay ka kooban tahay RNA Rasuul (ribonucleic acid) iyo borotiinada. Ribosomes ooli karaa si gooni gooni ah. Laakiin marar badan ay weheliso ah EPS, taas oo sahlaysa soocidda iyo gaadiidka borotiinka ku xiga. Haddii reticulum ku endoplasmic ribosome fadhiyaan, waxa la yidhaahdaa waa EPS xunxunna. Marka turjumaad culus dhacdaa mid ka mid furta guurto laga yaabaa in dhowr ribosomes. Waxay u socdaan ka dib kasta oo kale oo aan faragalin ku organelles kale.

waa lagama maarmaan u ah Avv borotiinka maxay

Waayo, dabcan nidaamka waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in dhammaan qaybaha waaweyn ee nidaamka protein-synthesizing waxay ku jireen meeshiisii;

1. Barnaamijka The, kaas oo ku qeexan yihiin amarka ka mid ah harta amino acid ee silsiladda, kuwaas oo mRNA ah oo warbixin ka DNA si ribosomes gudbin doona.
2. wax acid Amino oo ka kaas oo ay u dhisaan Britain cusub.
3. tRNA, taas oo ka samatabbixin doonaa amino acid kasta si ribosome ah, ka qayb deciphering ee code hidaha qaadan doonaa.
4. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
5. Ribosomes - waa goobta ugu weyn ee biosynthesis protein.
6. Energy.
7. udhigo Magnesium.
8. arrimaha Protein, (waayo, heer kasta oo adiga kuu gaar ah).

Haddaba eegno mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah si faahfaahsan oo baro sida si ay u abuuraan borotiinada. farsamo biosynthesis waa mid aad u xiiso badan, oo dhan ka kooban tahay mid aad u habsami leh.

Barnaamijka Avv, furta raadinta

Dhammaan macluumaadka ku saabsan sida saxda ah oo borotiinada dhisi karaan jirkeena ku jira DNA ah. Deoxyribonucleic acid loo isticmaalo kaydinta macluumaadka hidaha. Waxaa ammaan buuxiyey oo ku yaal koromosoomyada iyo waxa uu ku yaalaa bu'da unugga (in ay dhacdo eukaryotes) ama illalintanada in cytoplasm ah (in prokaryotes).

Ka dib markii waxbarashada ee DNA iyo aqoonsiga hidaha ee doorkeeda, waxaa u cadaatay in aanay kaliya template ah turjumaad. galku wuxuu horseeday in la xiqiijiyay in Avv borotiinka la xiriira RNA. Seynisyahanada go'aansaday in loo yeelo dhexdhexaadiye, si ay macluumaad ka DNA wareejiyo ribosomes ah, adeega sidii template ah.

Isla mar ahaantaa, waxay u furay RNA ee ribosome ay bulk of RNA gacanta. Si aad u hubiso in ay tahay template ah Avv borotiinka, AN Belozersky iyo A. S. Spirin ee 1956-1957. Waxaan sameeyay a falanqaynta barbardhig oo ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka of acids nucleic in tiro badan oo ah sheyga.

Waxaa loo maleeyey in haddii fikradda ah "DNA-rRNA-protein" nidaamka sax yahay, ka dibna ka kooban ee wadarta RNA la bedeli doonaa iyo sidoo kale DNA. Laakiin inkastoo farqiga weyn ee acid ee deoxyribonucleic ee noocyada kala duwan, oo sideeda oo wadarta acids ribonucleic ahaa la mid ah oo dhan bakteeriyada baaro. Sidaa awgeed, saynisyahano ku soo gabagabeeyey in RNA ugu weyn ee gacanta (ie, ribosomal) - tani ma aha dhexaadin ah si toos ah u dhexeeya side macluumaadka hidaha iyo protein.

mRNA furan

Later waxaa la ogaaday in jajab yar oo ah celis ah RNA ee DNA iyo u adeega karaa sida dhex-dhexaadin ah. In 1956 by E. iyo F. Volkin Astrachan RNA ereygu la darsay in bakteeriyada, kaas oo lagu qaadsiiyay la T2 bacteriophage. Ka dib markii ay u galo unugyada, waxaa la wareegay ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee borotiinada phage. bulk of RNA la innaba ma beddelmin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, unugyada bilaabi ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee jajabka yar oo RNA metabolically deganayn, isku xigxiga ee nucleotides taas oo ka kooban ahaa la mid ah DNA phage ah.

In 1961, jajab yar this ee RNA ahaa Gooni ka miisaanka guud ee RNA ah. Caddeynta shaqo Operation ay ka tijaabo ka helay. cudurka unugyada T4 phage Ka dib markii la aasaasay mRNA cusub. Waxaa la ribosomes ciidanka jirkaan (ribosome ka dib markii infection cusub aan la ogaan), kuwaas oo bilaabay in borotiinada phage dhexsameeysmo ku xidha. Tani "RNA DNA-sida" ahaa oo dhammeystira in mid ka mid ah silsiladood oo ah DNA phage ah.

In 1961, F. Yacquub iyo J. Monod muujiyay fikradda ah in RNA this xanbaarsan yahay macluumaad ka hiddo in ribosome iyo waa template ah qorshaha xiga ee acids amino inta lagu guda jiro ereygu protein.

wareejinta macluumaadka goobta of Avv borotiinka ku lug mRNA. Geedi socodka ah ee akhriska warbixin ka soo DNA iyo RNA template abuurista loo yaqaan qoraal. RNA ka dib markii la kulmin tiro ka mid ah isbedel dheeraad ah, tan waxa loo yaqaan "processing". Meelaha qaarkood waa laga gooyn karo waxaa ka mid ah inta lagu guda jiro Rasuul ribonucleic acid ah. Next mRNA aado ribosome ah.

blocks dhismaha borotiinada, acids amino

Guud ahaan waxaa jira 20 acids amino, qaar iyaga ka mid ah waa lagama maarmaan, taas oo ah, jirka oo aan iyaga synthesize karo. Haddii acid kasta oo gacanta kuma filna, waxaa hoos u dhigi kartaa ama xataa baahin geedi stop buuxa. Joogitaanka acid kasta amino in tiro ku filan - shuruudaha ugu weyn si fiican u maray biosynthesis protein.

macluumaad guud oo ku saabsan acids amino, saynisyahano leeyihiin qarnigii XIX ah. glycine, leucine, iyo - waqti isku mid ah, in 1820, labada acids amino marka hore la go'doomiyay.

xigxiga oo ka mid ah monomers in borotiinka (wax-u-dhismeedka hoose) si buuxda u go'aamiso heerarkan soo socda ee ururka, oo sidaas daraaddeed hantida jidh ahaaneed iyo kiimikada.

acids amino Gaadiidka: tRNA iyo aa-tRNA synthetase

Laakiin acids amino keligay ma la dhisi karaa silsilad protein ah. In si ay u hesho in ay goobta ugu weyn ee Avv borotiinka, RNA loo baahan yahay gaadiid.

Mid kasta oo synthetase aa-tRNA aqoonsan kaliya ay acid amino iyo tRNA oo kaliya in si taas waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay ku soo lifaaq. Waxaa soo baxday in in qoyska this of falgalka ka mid ah 20 kala duwan ee synthetases. Waxaa weli kaliya in acids amino ku lifaaqan tRNA ah, in la yidhaahdo, ka badan si hufan, si ay aqbalana hydroxyl "dabada". acid kasta waa in u dhigmaan RNA kala iibsiga ay. Tan waxaa ku xiga synthetase aminoacyl-tRNA. Waa ma aha oo kaliya barbar gaadiidka amino acid saxda ah, waxa kale oo dejisa reaction formation of bond Ester ah.

Ka dib markii tRNA reaction lifaaqa guulaystay in uu noqdo goobta of Avv borotiinka. At this afjaro geedi socodkii diyaarinta iyo baahinta bilaabmin. Marxaladaha ugu weyn ee biosynthesis protein:

• bilow;
• muruqa;
• joojinta.

Tallaabada Avv: bilaabidda

ma biosynthesis protein iyo in ay xeer Sidee? Qubarada ayaa isku dayay si aad u ogaato muddo dheer. mala badan oo hore u dhigay, laakiin waxa ay noqotay qalab dheeraad ah oo casri ah, si fiican aan u leeyihiin in ay u fahmi lahaayeen mabaadiida turjumaad.

Ribosome - meel maamulaha of biosynthesis protein - mRNA bilaabo ka barta at taas oo uu bilaabo qayb habaynteeda silsilad polypeptide a akhriska. markan waxa uu ku yaalaa meel fog ka soo bilowgii RNA wargeeyskii. ribosome waa in la helo hal dhibic on mRNA ka si ay u bilaabaan akhriska, waxayna ku xiraan in ay.

Bilowga - go'an dhacdooyinka in ay bixiyaan bilowgii daayey. Waxay ku lug leedahay borotiinada (factors bilow), iyo bilaabaha tRNA codon a bilaabaha gaar ah. Marka marxaladdan, subunit yar ribosomal protein-xidhay inay bilow. Looma ogola in aad la xiriirto leh subunit weyn. Laakiin waxaa loo ogol yahay in ay ku xidhmaan bilaabaha ee tRNA iyo GTP.

Markaas, adag this "fadhiya" on mRNA ah, waa at qayb ka ah in la aqoonsan yahay mid ka mid ah arrimo bilow. Khaladaadka ma noqon karo, iyo ribosome bilaabmin safar uu ku RNA wargeeyskii, akhriska codons iyada.

Marka adag yimaadaa si codon bilow ah (August), subunit joojiyo dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo iyadoo la kaashanayo of a arrimo protein kala duwan loo xidho subunit badan ribosomal.

Tallaabada Avv: muruqa

Akhrinta Avv mRNA ku lug silsilad polypeptide isku xig xiga ee protein ah. Waa ay ku daray mid ka mid amino harta acid yihiin oo isku xigta si ay Britain ku hoos dhismaha.

Mid kasta oo ka hadhay cusub amino acid lagu darayaa terminus carboxyl of peptide ah, ee C-terminus korayo.

Tallaabada Avv: Joojinta

Marka ribosome gaaro stop ah codon RNA Rasuul, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee silsilado polypeptide joojiyo. In hortiisa, organelle ah ma aqbali karno tRNA kasta. Halkii, sababta oo ah arrimo joojinta galaan. Waxay sii daayo protein la dhammeeyayna ay ka ribosomes hakad.

Ka dib markii la joojiyo oo turjumaad, ribosome ka mid aadi kartaa mRNA ah, ama sii wadaan in ay simbiriirixan waxay, ma baahinta.

Kulanka ayaa waxaa ka mid ah ribosome la codon cusub bilaabaha (on circuit isku sii dhaqdhaqaaqa, ama mRNA cusub) waxay keeni doontaa in bilow cusub.

Marka dhammeeyey Britain ka baxo meesha maamulaha of biosynthesis protein, waxaa ku calaamadsan oo u soo diray inuu Ahaado. Waa maxay hawlaha waan oofin doonaa, iyada oo ku xiran qaab-dhismeedkooda.

gacanta ku habka

Iyada oo ku xidhan baahidaada, unug madax bannaan xakameeyo doonaa daayey. sharciyeynta biosynthesis protein - shaqo aad muhiim u ah. Waxaa la samayn karaa siyaabo kala duwan.

Haddii unugyada uma baahna nooc ka mid ah la xidhiidha, waxa joojin doonaa biosynthesis ee RNA - biosynthesis protein sidoo kale joojiyaan in ay dhacaan. Ka dib oo dhan, nidaamka oo dhan ma bilaabi doonto oo aan template ah. Oo jir suuska mRNA si degdeg ah.

Waxaa jira qawaaniin kale oo biosynthesis protein: cell abuuraa ensaymes in faragelin socodka marxaladda bilowga. Waxay faragelin daayey, xataa haddii furta for reading waa la heli karaa.

Habka labaad waxaa loo baahan yahay in kiiska halkaas oo Avv borotiinka in hadda la xidho. Habka koowaad ku lug la sii daayey daalid muddo ka dib la joojiyo oo Avv mRNA.

cell waa nidaam aad u adag, taas oo wax walba waxaa lagu hayaa on sheet dheelitirka iyo orodkii siman ee Britain kasta. Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado mabaadi'da habka kasta oo unug. Sidaas fiican waxaan u garan karaa waxa ka dhacaya unugyada iyo jirka oo dhan.