Dagaal amiirradii Ruush Polovtsy (cc XI-XIII.). Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Taariikhda Kievan rus

In bartamihii qarnigii XI Kievan rus soo wajahay khatar dhab ah in wajiga of Polovtsy. reer guuraa ka soo deel Asian yimid oo wuxuu qabsaday gobolka Badda Madow. Polovtsi (ama Cumans) saaray meelahan ka horreeyay, waxay Pechenegs. waxba steppe New yar duug ah oo kala duwan. Oo iyagu waxay degganaayeen dhac iyo duulaankii ee dalalka deriska ah, ciduna degganayn by dadka yah.

khatar cusub

ah ee reer guuraaga beegantay bilowgii geedi socodka of burbur siyaasadeed ee Russia. gobolka Bariga Slavic waxaa midoobeen ilaa qarnigii line, markii dhulkeeda waxaa loo kala qaybiyey dhowr madaxda yar. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah xaq u leeyahay inuu si madax bannaan hooyo guri ammaan Rurik ah. Dagaal amiirradii Ruush Polovtsy waxaa adag by qaybsanaanta this.

Taliyayaashii inta badan isku dhex dirireen, oo abaabulay dagaallo sokeeye oo aad dalkooda u nugul joogow steppe. Intaa waxaa dheer, amiirradii Qaar waxay bilaabeen inay shaqaaleeyaan reer guuraa ah lacag. Joogitaanka ciidanka in ay dadka faraha yar gaar noqday faa'iido muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka. Dhamaan arrimahaasi waxay ku keentay in xaddiga in Russia muddo ku dhow laba qarniyo in khilaafka joogto ah la Polovtsy ahaa.

dhiigga ee u horeeyay

Waayo, markii ugu horraysay ee reer guuraa ah duulay Russia ee 1054. Muuqashadii beegantay dhimashada Yaroslava Mudrogo. Maanta ayuu waxaa loo arkaa amiirkii ugu dambeeyey ee Kiev, kaas oo xukumi jiray rus oo dhan. Meeshii isaga ku xigtayna, carshiga si wiilkiisii weynaa oo uu Izyaslav maray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Yaroslav ahaa Farac yar. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah dhaxal (xoogga) helay, inkastoo si rasmi ah ay u soo gudbiyeen Izyaslav. ina labaad Yaroslav, Sviatoslav, xeerarka in Chernigov, iyo kii saddexaad, Vsevolod Yaroslavich helay Pereyaslavl. magaaladan waxaa uu ku yaalaa kaliya bari ee Kiev oo ahaa dhow steppe ah. Taasi waa sababta Polovtsy inta weeraray madax Pereyaslavl in meesha ugu horeysa.

Marka reer guuraa ah markii ugu horeysay u muuqday on ciidda Ruush, Vsevolod ahaa awoodaan in ay ka doodaan iyaga la, u baxay inay safaarad ka mid ah guests rabin leh hadiyado. Labada kooxood, nabad lagu soo gabogabeeyey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isagu ma uu noqon karaa raagaya sida steppe noolaa by dhacayo deriska ah.

Horde mar kale soo galeen madax Pereyaslavl ee 1061. Markan waxaa la boobay oo la dilo dad badan oo rayid tuulooyinka difaaci karin. Reer guuraa waligiis lagu xiray Russia muddo dheer. Fardahoodu waxay ka cabsadeen reer jiilaalka, marka lagu daro, xayawaanka lahaa in la siiyo. Sidaa darteed, weerar lagu sameeyey guga ama xagaaga. Ka dib markii nasasho ee dayrta iyo jiilaalka oo ka mid ah koonfurta martida ugu soo laabtay.

guuldaradii Yaroslavichy

Halganka hubaysan oo ah amiirradii Ruush Polovtsy markii hore ma ahayn mid habaysan. Taliyayaashii madaxda keligay ma ku dhibtoon doono la soo sawirtay weyn. Xaaladdan sameeyey isbahaysiga muhiim u dhexeeya amiirradii Ruush. Wiilashii Yaroslava Mudrogo ahaayeen inay dhexdooda heshiiyaan awood, sidaas darteed ay ka qabno waxaa jiray dhibaato ah ma leh isuduwidda hawlaha.

In 1068 xulka isku dhafan Yaroslavichy la kulmay ciidanka steppe, kuwaas oo uu hoggaaminayay Polovtsian Khan Sharukan. Site dagaalka ku jirtay oo wabiga Alta dhow Pereyaslavl. Oo amiirradii waxay ku wada jajabeen, waxay lahaayeen in ay u degdegaan inay ka dagaalka u carareen. dagaalka ka dib, iyo Vsevolod Izyaslav in Kiev soo laabtay. Waxay lahayn xoog ay tahay in uu abaabulo March cusub on Polovtsy toona. amiirradii firfircooni la'aan keentay in kacdoonkii dadweynaha, daal oo ka mid ah weeraro joogto ah steppe, oo arkay failure ee madaxdooda in ay ka soo horjeeda wax khatar this laga cabsado. Kiyani yeedhay Golaha Popular ah. Dadka deegaanka ayaa dalbaday maamulka in la xoojiyo muwaadiniinta caadiga ah. Marka ballantaas la tiray, qanacsanayn guriga jebiyey xaakinnadii. Prince Izyaslav lahaa si ay u qariyaan ka ahaa boqorkii reer Poland.

Dhanka kale weerar Polovtsian on Russia sii. Maqnaanshaha walaalkiis ka yar Izyaslav Svyatoslav ee isla 1068 steppe ka adkaaday ee Battle of webiga Snov. Sharukan lagu qabtay. guushii koowaad oggol yahay wakhti la qalalin reer guuraa ah.

Cumans adeegga amiirrada

Inkastoo weerarada Polovtsian joogsadeen, steppe sii waday in ay u muuqdaan on ciidda Ruush. Sababtu waxa ay ahayd xaqiiqada ah in reer guuraa bilaabay inuu shaqaalayaal u kireeyo amiirradii Ruush oo dagaal kasta oo kale in isku dhacyada internecine. Dhacdada ugu horeysay sida ka dhacay 1076. Wiilka Vsevolod Yaroslavovych Vladimir Monomah Polovtsy dalka halakeeyey ee Polotsk Prince Vseslav.

In Svyatoslav isla sanadkaas ka hor qabsadeen Kiev, dhintay. Uu dhintay Izyaslav loo ogol yahay inuu ku soo laabto magaalada mar kale amiir noqdo. Chernihiv (Svyatoslav dhaxal dhaxlo) mashquul ku ahaa Vsevolod. Sayidka, walaalihii ka tegey adeerka iyo Oleg Roman, oo aan dalka, taas oo ay heleen aabbihiis ka. carruurta Svyatoslav lahaa kooxood iyaga u gaar ah. Laakiin wuu raacay in ay la dagaallamaan Polovtsy. Reer guuraa inta badan dagaalka u baxay at call amiirrada, xitaa iyada oo aan weydiinaya Ujuuro, abaal marin ay heleen inta lagu jiro dhac ah ee tuulooyinka iyo magaalooyinka si nabad ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay ahayd isbahaysiga khatar ah. Inkasta oo in 1078 Izyaslav Svyatoslavichy adkaaday ee Battle of Nezhatina Field (taliyihii Kiev dilay tallaabo), ugu dhakhsaha badan Prince Roman ahaa naftiisa dilay Polovtsy, oo isna markaasuu gadaashiisa yeedhay.

Gawraco at Stugna

Dhamaadka XI - bilowgii qarnigii XII. dagaalka ugu weyn kula khatar steppe ahaa Vladimir Monomakh. Polovtsi go'aansaday in ay markale dib in 1092, markii si xun u xanuunsan Vsevolod, oo markaas xukumi jiray Kiev. Reer guuraa badanaa weeraray Russia, marka dalku ku soo jiray siiyaa xoog ma jiro ama in la wiiqay. polovtsy Markan go'aansaday in cudurka Vsevolod dayn maayo dadka Kiev in ay soo ururiyaan xoog iyo si kada ah weerar.

duulaankii ugu horeeyay ee ku hadhay taqsiir la'aan. Kumano, cidina, aamusnaan ku soo laabtay meelaha miyiga ay xilliga qaboobaha. tug Markaas hanuuniyey Tugorkan Khan iyo Khan Bonyak. steppe ciribtir awood leh ka dib markii nasasho dheer waxaa suurto dhawr sano ee soo sawirtay kala firdhiyey ay iskugu yimaadaan agagaarka labada hogaamiye ka dib.

All fadilay Polovtsy. In 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich dhintay. In Kiev bilaabay inuu u taliyo adeer u hureen ee dhintay, Sviatopolk Yaroslavovich. Tugorkan oo uu faraha Torchesk hareereeyey - magaalo muhiim ah in Poros on soohdimaha koonfureed ee Russia. Soon daafaca bartay gargaarka dhaw. amiirradii Ruush mar halmaamay ku saabsan sheegashada labada dhinac ka dhan ah midba midka kale oo ay soo ururiyeen ay kooxda u safreysa cidladii. In ciidanka this ahaayeen armaajo Svyatopolka Izyaslavovicha, Vladimir Monomakh iyo walaalkiis ka yar Rostislav Vsevolodovich.

kooxda United ka adkaadeen ee Battle of Stugna Webiga, lagu qabtay May 26, 1093. dharbaaxo The hore u yimid in dadka Polovtsian of Kiev, kaas oo Idamkiisa iyo dagaalka ka carareen. iyaga Behind waxaa loo jebiyey Chernigov. Ciidamada ayaa la iskula soo dejiyey webiga. Askarta yimid si dhaqso ah in ay ka gudbaan webiga midig ee hubka. Qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah waxaa si fudud maanshaynay, oo ay ku jiraan Rostislav Gromov. Vladimir Monomakh isku dayay in uu badbaadiyo walaalkiis, laakiin ma uu karin inuu caawiyo isaga bax durdur qeexnayn ee Stugna. Ka dib markii ku guuleystay Cumans soo noqdeen Torchesk iyo ugu dambeyntii magaalada qaaday. The daafacyada qalcadda dhiibay. Waxay iyagii buu kaxaystay, oo magaaladuna waxay ahayd on dabka. Taariikhda Kievan rus hareeyeen mid ka mid ah guul ugu cabsado oo burburiyo.

Backstab

Inkastoo ay khasaare culus, halganka oo ah amiirradii Ruush Polovtsy sii. In 1094 wuxuu sii si ay ula dagaalamaan dhaxal aabbihiis Oleg Svyatoslavovych Monomakh in Chernigov hareereeyey. magaalada, ka dib oo uu la siiyey reer guuraa in boobka Vladimir II tagay. Ka dib markii tanaasulaad khilaafka Chernigov la Oleg ay dhammaatey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu dhakhsaha badan hareereeyey Pereyaslavl Polovtsy iyo muuqday hoos darbiyada Kiev. Steppe ka faa'ideystay maqnaanshaha ee koonfurta of kooxo waa weyn, kuwaas oo u kacay xagga woqooyi inay ka qayb qaataan dirir kale dhulka Rostov ah. In dagaal ay ku dhinteen ina Vladimir Monomakh, Murom Prince Izyaslav. Dhanka kale Tugorkan durba u dhow in ay qaataan goosanaysa Pereyaslavl.

Waqtigan xaadirka ah ee la soo dhaafay kooxda samatabbixinta magaaladii yimaadeen, xagga woqooyi ka soo laabtay. Waxa ay keentay Vladimir Monomakh iyo Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. dagaalka ayaa go'aan ka dhacay on webiga Trubezh July 19, 1096. amiirradii Ruush ugu dambeyntii ka qarxay Polovtsy. Waxa ay aheyd guusha ugu weyn ee hubka Slavic in iska hor imaad la joogow steppe ee 30kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Under polovtsy ah dharbaaxo xoog badan kala firdhiyey. In raacdada la wiilkiisa dhintay Tugorkan. sanadka soo socda, ka dib markii ku guuleystay amiirradii Ruush Trubezh ururay shirweynaha caanka ah ee Liubech. Kulankan, Rurik degeen xiriirka hantida. dhaxalkiisa dhaxlo ee dabayaaqadii Sviatoslav ugu dambayntii ku soo laabtay carruurtiisa. Haddaba amiirradii oo si duuban dhibaatada Polovtsian ka iman kara, sida ugu baaqay Sviatopolk Izyaslavovich, kaas oo si rasmi ah u sii waday in loo tixgeliyo sare ah.

Eegay steppe ah

Marka ugu horeysa, halganka oo ah amiirradii Ruush Polovtsy ma gudbo Russia. Xul soo ururay oo kaliya haddii reer guuraa ah ku hanjabay magaalooyinka Slavic iyo tuulooyinka. xeeladahaas ahayd natiijo la'aan. Xitaa haddii Cumans ka adkaaday, si ay steppe ku soo noqotay, mar kale helo xoog, iyo muddo ka dib mar kale u tallaabay soohdinta.

Monomakh ogaa in ka dhanka ah reer guuraa ah u baahan tahay istaraatijiyad aasaas cusub. In 1103 Rurik kulmeen shirweynaha soo socda xeebta ee Lake Dolobskogo. Kulanka, waxaa lagu go'aan guud si ay u tagaan ciidan ee steppe ka, in Godku ee cadowga. Sayidka bilaabay olole militari amiirrada Ruush meelo guuraa Polovtsian. Ololaha ayaa waxaa ka soo qeyb Svyatopolk Kiev, Davyd Svyatoslavovych Chernigov, Vladimir Monomakh, Davyd Vseslavovich Polotsk iyo kii dhaxalka lahaa Monomakh Jaropolk Vladimirovich. Ka dib kulan guud ee Pereslavl ciidanka Ruush galay steppe ee guga hore 1103. Princes u degdegay, ayaa rajeynaya sida ugu dhaqsiyaha badan in ay gaadhi doonaan cadowga. fardo Polovtsian loo baahan yahay nasasho dheer ka dib markii olole hore. Bishii Maarso, ay weli qaan gaadhin, waa in ay ahayd on gacanta xulka Slavic.

Taariikhda Kievan rus ma aan aqoonin sida olole militari. Dhanka koonfureed waxay ahayd ma aha oo kaliya oo fardooley ah, laakiin sidoo kale ku lug weyn. Princes tirin isaga haddii awr waa mid aad u daalan ka dib safar dheer. Cumans, barashada hab lama filaan ah cadowga, ayaa haddiiba ururiyey ciidan isku daro. Waxay istaagay madaxa Khan Urusoba. Ciidamada uu keenay 20 dagaal oogayaal kale steppe. dagaalka ayaa go'aan ka dhacay April 4, 1103 on qararka webiga Suteni. Cumans looga adkaaday. Qaar badan oo ka amiirradooda ayaa lagu dilay ama la qabtay. Ku dhintay iyo Urusoba. Guushaan ayaa loo ogol yahay Sviatopolk dib u dhiska magaalada St. George on webiga Ros ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo laabtay 1095 gubay oo sannado badan jiray madhan oo aan degganaa.

In guga ee 1097 Cumans ugu horeeyay ee mar kale u kacay on weerar. Han keentay hareeraynta magaalada Bonyak Lubena tirsan kibir Pereyaslavl. Svyatopolk iyo Monomakh wada jebiyey oo ciidankiisa, la kulmay on webiga Sula. Bonyak carareen. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nabad ahaa jilicsan. In mustaqbalka, ololaha military oo ah amiirradii dalka Ruushka ayaa lagu soo noqnoqda (saddex jeer 1109 -. 1111 GG). Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ayaa lagu guuleystey. Polovtsy lahaa si ay u haajiraan ka xuduudaha Ruush iska. Qaar ka mid ah xitaa dhaqaaqay Waqooyiga Caucasus. Muddo labaatan sano, Russia ayaa illoobeen ku saabsan khatarta Polovtsian. Waxa xiiso leh, in 1111, Vladimir Monomakh sameeyey olole la mid ah saliibiga ah ee Catholics ee Falastiin. Halganka of Slavs Bari iyo Polovtsian sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa diinta. Reer guuraa ahaayeen kuwa jaahilka ah ( "nijaas" ee taariikhda u yeedhay). In la mid ah 1111 ciidamada dalka Ruushka gaadhay Don ah. Webiga ahaa line la soo dhaafay. Waxay la qabtay oo la bililiqeystey magaalada NPGs Polovtsian iyo Sharukan halkaas oo reer guuraa wintering caadiga ah.

xaafadda dheer

In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh noqday Prince of Kiev. isaga iyo ina Mstislav (ilaa 1132) Iyada oo, Russia ahayd markii ugu dambeysay ahaa gobolka kaliya oo midaysan. Polovtsi dan kama mana Kiev mana Pereyaslavl, mana magaalada kale East. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhimashada Mstislav Vladimirovich dhexeeya amiirradii Ruush badan ka dib bilaabay muranka xuquuqda carshiga. Qof doonayay in Kiev, qof ayaa la dagaalamaya xornimada gobollada kale. In dagaallo u dhexeeya iyaga Rurik mar kale bilaabay qorista Polovtsian.

Tusaale ahaan, ka Yury Dolgoruky, kaas oo xukumi jiray Rostov, shan jeer la guuraa hareereeyey "hooyadii magaalooyinka Ruush." Polovtsi si firfircoon uga qayb dagaalladii sokeeye ee kibir Galicia-Volyn. In 1203, waxay ahaayeen ka yar amarka Rurik Rostislavovich qabtay oo laga ceyriyay Kiev. Markaas, ee magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Roman talin Mstislavovich Prince Galitsky.

ilaalinta ganacsiga

In cc XI-XII. had iyo jeer polovtsy ma duulay Russia at call mid ka mid ah amiirradii. In muddo marka waxaa jiray jid kale u lahayn in ay dhacaan iyo dilo reer guuraa ah badheedh u weeraray degsiimooyinka Slavic iyo magaalooyinka. Marka Kiev Prince Mstislav Izyaslavoviche (garoomada 1167-1169 GG.) Markii ugu horeysay ee muddo dheer ayaa loo soo abaabulay oo lagu qabtay March a ee steppe ee. Xul la diray meel reer guuraaga ah, ma aha oo kaliya si loo ilaaliyo dejinta xuduudka isaga gudba, laakiin sidoo kale si loo badbaadiyo ganacsiga Dnieper ah. Baayac qarniyo riyaaqay jidka ka Vikings in ay dadka Gariigta ah, taas oo alaabtii oo waxaa loo soo dhiibay Byzantine. Intaa waxaa dheer, baayacmushtariyaasha Ruush ku iibinayay woqooyi Xoolaha ee Constantinople, kaas oo keenaya faa'iido dheeraad ah amiirradii. Guutooyinkiisii tuugo ahaayeen hanjabaad joogta ah sarrifka muhiimka ah ee badeecada. Sidaa darteed, qayb ka mid ah Ruush-Polovtsian dagaalka ayaa sababa kale iyo danaha dhaqaale ee taliyayaashii Kiev.

In 1185, Prince of Novgorod-Severskogo Igor Svyatoslavovich qaaday safar kale cidladii. Ka hor waxaa jiray qorrax madoobaad qoraxda, taas oo saffarro loo arkaa calaamad xun. Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, kooxda ayaa weli galay Godku ee Polovtsy ah. ciidanka Tani waxaa laga adkaaday, oo amiir u ahaa ayaa lagu qabtay. Ololaha Dhacdooyinka sameeyey ayaa sal u ah "Lay". text Tani waxa hadda loo taallo ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Old Ruush.

ah ee Mongols ah

Xiriirka Slavs iyo Polovtsian muddo ku dhow laba qarniyo la dhigay iskhilaafka si joogto ah dagaal iyo nabad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in XIII qarnigii, si ku dhisay kala firdheen. In 1222, ee Yurubta Bari, Mongols ugu horeeyay ee u muuqday. Guutooyinkaaga oo ah reer guuraa boobaysa horay u guulaystay China oo haatan u dhaqaaqay galbeed.

Tug 1222-1223 GG. Waxa ay ahayd tijaabo ah oo run ahaantii waa sirdoonka. Laakiin xitaa markaas, iyo Cumans ah, iyo Ruush dareemay ciirsi cadowga cusub ka hor. Labadan dadka, gaar ahaan si joogto ah dagaal kasta oo kale, laakiin markan ay go'aansadeen in ay si wadajir ah u dhaqmaan kooxaha lama filaan ah. In dagaalka ku saabsan ciidanka Kalka-Polovtsian Ruush guuldarro burburiyo. kun lagu dilay of dagaalyahan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii ay guul ee Mongols ah si lama filaan ah dib ugu noqdeen oo waxay tageen guryahooda.

Waxa ay u muuqatay in duufaanka ayaa ka gudbay. All bilaabay in ay ku noolaadaan sida hortiisa, waayo, amiirradii joogay dagaal kasta oo kale, Cumans dhaceen degsiimooyinka xuduudda. dhawr sano nasashada ahayn Polovtsian iyo Ruush Ka dib waxaa la ciqaabo. In 1236, Mongols uu hoggaaminayo awow Genghis Khan ayaa Batu bilaabay ay galbeed Dilal kala weyn. Markan waxay u tageen dalalka fog si ay u qabsadaan. First Polovtsi ku dillaaceen, ka dibna laga ceyriyay Mongoliyaan Russ. Horde gaadhay Balkans, oo waxaa kaliya dib bay u noqdeen. reer guuraa New degay ka hor steppe ee Polovtsian. Tartiib tartiib, laba qof ayaa ku biiray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida ciidanka madax banaan polovtsy waa la waayay ee 1230-1240 ee. Haddaba, Russia ayaa si la cadowga laga cabsado fog dheeraad ah ka qabtaan.