Dhibaatada Bosnian ee 1908-1909. iyo natiijooyinka ay siyaasadda

Bishii Oktoobar 1908, Austria-Hungary LABAGEEDI Bosnia deriska iyo Herzegovina, taas oo ah sababta Europe ahaa on qarka u dagaal weyn. Waayo, dhowr bilood, Old Adduunka sugayay la waydaartaan neefta bated. Dhamaan raacay isku day ah diblomaasiyiinta iyo siyaasiyiinta in ay ka fogaadaan masiibo. Dhacdooyinkaasi waxay noqday kuwa loo yaqaan dhibaatooyinka Bosnian. Sidaas darteed, awoodaha weyn ay ku heshiin waayeen, iyo in khilaafka uu ku smoothed. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waqtiga ayaa muujisay in ay tahay Balkans waa dhibic qarxa ee Europe. Maanta, xiisadda Bosnian waxaa loo arkaa Teegeero in dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka.

shuruudaha

Ka dib markii la dhameeyo dagaalka Ruush-Turkish ee 1877 - 1878 sano. Berlin marti shir caalami ah, kaas oo si rasmi ah u xaqiijiyay in lays cusub ee ciidamada ee Balkans. Sida ku cad qodobka 25aad ee heshiiska, saxiixay caasimadda ah ee Germany, Bosnia, taas oo markii hore iska lahaa Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda, qabsadeen by Austria-Hungary. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, go'aankan ayaa culays ay wafdiga ka Serbia. Dalkan ayaa kaliya laga xoreeyay xukunka Turkish, iyo dowladda baqay in shaqo ee Empire Habsburg ku keeni xaqiiqada ah in Austrians ayaa ugu danbeyn soo qabto Belgrade.

cabsi Kuwani lahaa ciidda u gaar ah. Habsburgs ayaa muddo dheer waxay dhiseen image ururiya dalalkan Slavic (Slavs lagu tiriyaa 60% ka mid ah dadweynaha reer Austria-Hungary). Sababo la this ahaa xaqiiqada ah in boqorada ee Vienna ayaa ku guuldareysatay inay u midoobaan hoos usha reer Germany (Prussia sameeyey) ugu danbeyn u leexatay xagga bari uu dareenka. Austria horay gacanta Bohemia, Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia, Bukovina, Galicia, Krakow iyo ma doonayaan in ay deggan on.

Jimco,

Ka dib markii 1878 Bosnia ku hoos shaqo ee Austria, in kastoo ay sharci aan la dambeyntii goostay. Tani waxay arin in muddo ah ayaa dib loo dhigay. lammaanaha ugu weyn ee Serbia siyaasadda caalamiga ahaa Russia (oo sidoo kale Slavic iyo dalka Orthodox). In St. Petersburg, si nidaamsan u difaacaan danaha Belgrade. Empire gelin kara cadaadis on Habsburgs ah, laakiin ma sidaas la sameeyo. Waxaa xiran saxiixa heshiiskii sadex geesoodka ahaa ee Russia, Germany iyo Austria. Dalalka kasta oo kale oo siiyey damaanad ah non-colnimo haddii xaalad dagaal.

nidaamka Tani waa xiriir ku habboon of Alexander II iyo Alexander III, si dhibaatada Bosnian waxaa si kooban illoobay. "Midowga Saddex boqorada ah" ugu dambeyntii burburtay ee 1887, sababtoo ah ee khilaafka u dhexeeya Austria iyo Russia la xiriira Bulgaria iyo Serbia. Ka dib markii nasasho this ee Vienna joogsadeen in lagu xidho by kasta waajibaadka Romanovs ahaa. Tartiib tartiib ee Austria koray dareenka sii kordheysa dawladii kacaanka iyo isballaarinta xagga Bosnia.

Danaha Serbia iyo Turkey

Balkans ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa dheri weyn oo ku nool midabo qowmiyadaha. Nations ayaa qasan midba midka kale, oo waxay u noqotay inta badan way adag tahay si loo ogaado meesha uu dalkooda xukunkii intooda badan. Taasi waxay ahayd kiiska la Bosnia. In qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XIX ah, 50% ka mid ah dadweynaha ahaayeen seerbiyiin. Waxay ahaayeen Orthodox, iyo Bosniaks - Muslimiinta. Laakiin xitaa is burinaya ay gudaha ka hor inta halista Austria paled.

dhinaca kale ee isku dhaca ahayd Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda. Dawladdu waxay Turkish ayaa tobanaan sano ku hadhay ah dhibaatada siyaasadeed. Ka hor inta boqortooyadiisa this iska lahaa oo dhan oo ka mid ah Balkans iyo xataa Hungary, iyo ciidammadoodii oo ay laba jeer hareereeyey Vienna. Laakiin bilowgii qarnigii XX ka Muuqda hore iyo weynaanta raad lahayn weli. Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda qabtay kuunoqon yar oo dalka ee Thrace iyo Europe waxaa la hareereeyey by dalalka Slavic colaadeed.

Wax yar ka hor xiisadda Bosnian dhacay xagaagii 1908 ee kacaanka Young Turk ka qarxay dalka Turkiga. awood Salaadiinta ahaa kooban, iyo xukuumadda cusub ayaa waxaa mar kale cod weyn ku sheegi sheegashada ay gobol hore Balkan.

Waxqabadka diblomaasiyadda Austria

Austrians in ugu dambeyntii tuulayowga Bosnia, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in aan ka hortagno kaliya Turkiga ahaa, laakiin sidoo kale awoodaha badan oo Yurub ah, Russia, France, Britain, Italy iyo Serbia. Dowladda Habsburg, sida caadiga ah, ay go'aansadeen in ay marka hore ku raacsan tahay awoodaha Old World. Wadahadalo kula diblomaasiyiinta dalalka kuwaas oo uu hogaaminayo Alois von Aehrenthal, oo ahaan jiray wasiirka arrimaha dibadda.

The ugu horeysay waxyeelleeyey by Talyaaniga. Waxay ku guulaysteen inay ku qanciso taageerada Austria-Hungary beddelkeeda xaqiiqda ah in Vienna ma faragelin doonto in ay dagaal kula Turkey hanti ah ee Liibiya. Sultan ugu dambeyntii ku heshiiyeen in ay ku wareejin Bosnia kadib markii uu balan qaaday in magdhow size ee 2.5 million pounds. Dhaqan Austria taageertaa Germany. Wilhelm II shakhsi ahaan u riixriixan oo ka Sultan, kuwaas oo saamayn weyn.

Wadahadalada Russia iyo Austria-Hungary

dhibaatada Bosnian ee 1908 laga yaabo in ay musiibo haddii Russia ka soo horjeeda badhkood. Sidaa darteed, wada xaajoodka Aehrenthal iyo Aleksandra Izvolskogo (oo sidoo kale wasiirka arrimaha dibadda) ay ahaayeen gaar dheer oo adag. Bishii September, dhinac ku gaareen heshiis hordhac ah. Russia isku raacay in badhkood of Bosnia, halka Austria u ballanqaaday inuu aqoonsan xaq maraakiibta ciidamada Ruush si xor ah u gudbin ka cidhiidhi Badda Madow gacanta ku Turkey iyada oo loo marayo.

Dhab ahaantii, waxaa loogu tala galay baxsi ah ee heshiisyadii hore ee Berlin 1878. xaalada ayaa ah mid qasan xaqiiqda ah in Isvolsky wada xaajooday oo aan oggolaansho ka kor ku xusan, iyo Aehrenthal ciyaaray ciyaar double. diblomaasiyiinta waxay ku heshiiyeen in badhkood dhici doona ka dib, marka waxa la joogaa wakhtigii haboon xusan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhowr maalmood ka dib markii uu ka soo tagay Izvolski bilaabay dhibaatada Bosnian. khilaafka International xanaajiyeen Austria, kaas oo October 5, ku dhawaaqay badhkood of gobolka lagu muransan yahay. Intaas ka dib Isvolsky diiday inuu maamuuso heshiiska.

falcelinta in badhkood

Qanacsanayn go'aanka maamulka Viennese muujiyay Russia, Britain iyo France. Wadamadaas waxaa horay u abuuray Entente ah - Isbahaysiga jiheeyo Germany iyo xoojisaa saaxiibkeed aamin, Austria. In Vienna dhacay dibad-qoraal.

Laakiin Britain iyo France ma qaado talaabo kale oo weyn. Arrinta Bosnian ee London iyo Paris ayaa la daweeyey ka badan ayaa la taag daran ka badan dhibaatada sahay Straits.

abaabulka ee Serbia iyo Montenegro

Haddii darsanka West ah "liqay" ee Serbia ka news Vienna keentay in xasillooni dadweynaha. October 6 (maalin ka dib markii badhkood), masuuliyiinta dhawaaqay abaabulka.

Kaasu wuxuu sameeyey in Montenegro ee deriska la ah. In labada dal Slavic dareemay in baahida loo qabo in si samatabbixinta ee ku nool Bosnia seerbiyiin tag, wajahay khatar xukunkii Austria.

boosaska

On October 8, Dowladda Jarmalka ogeysiiyo Vienna in haddii ay dhacdo boqortooyadiisa dagaallada hubaysan tirin karaa on taageerada ay deriskiisa waqooyiga. Tilmaam Tani waxay ahayd muhiim u ah militarists ee Boqortooyada Habsburg ah. Hogaamiyaha xisbiga "xagjirka ah" ahaa Chief of Staff Conrad von Hettsendorf. Barashada ku saabsan taageerada Jarmal, waxa uu soo jeediyay in Emperor Franz Joseph in la seerbiyiin hadlaan laga qabto, ee xoogga lahaa. Sidaas noqon halis adag ku tahay nabadda dhibaatada Bosnian ee 1908 iyo awoodaha weyn iyo wadamada yar yar waxay bilaabeen in ay diyaariyaan dagaal jecel.

Ciidamada Austria waxay bilaabeen inay soo jiid si soohdinta. Sababta kaliya ee ka maqan si ay u weerar ahayd fahamka maamulka in Russia istaagi lahaa Serbia, taasoo keeni doonta in dhibaatooyin badan ka weyn "guul yar".

dhibaatada Bosnian ee 1908 - 1909 sano. si kooban u sharaxay qoraalkan. Sure, ayuu taabtay danaha aad u badan oo saaxadda siyaasadeed.

Natiijada iyo cawaaqibta

Dowladda Ruushka ayaa sheegay in dalka aan diyaar u yahay dagaal ah oo ku saabsan laba arrimood ka dhanka Germany iyo Austria, haddii cudurkii weli waa ilaa dhamaadka taageeri doonaa seerbiyiin ah. Maamulaha ahaa Pyotr Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Stolypin. Ma uusan dooneyn dagaalka, ka baqaya in ay keeni doontaa in kacaanka kale (oo waxaa dhacay in mustaqbalka). Intaa waxaa dheer, wax yar uun sano ka hor dalka ka adkaadeen Japan, kaas oo ka hadlay xaaladda ka xumahay ciidanka.

wadahadalo dhowr bilood joogi jirey. Waxa uu noqday dabcan qiyaano of Germany. Safiirka Ruushka Friedrich von Pourtalès dhigay ballantaas St. Petersburg: ama Russia aqoonsan doonaa badhkood, ama bilowdo dagaal ka dhan ah Serbia. Waxaa jiray hal hab oo kaliya si ay u joojiyaan dhibaatooyinka Bosnian ee 1908 - 1909, natiijooyinka kaas oo muddo dheer ku celiyay Balkans.

Russia cadaadisay on Serbia, iyo kan dambeba aqoonsan badhkood. Haddii aan dhiig ku dhamaaday dhibaatada Bosnian ee 1908 saamaysay uu natiijada siyaasadeed ka dib. In kasta oo wax kasta oo si fiican u dhamaaday, khilaafka u dhexeeya seerbiyiin iyo Austrians ayaa kaliya xoojiyey. Slavs The ma doonayaan in ay ku nool yihiin xukunka Habsburgs ah. Sidaas darteed, in 1914, ee Sarajevo, argagixiso Serbian Gavrilo Princip ka bistoolad toogtay dilay kii dhaxalka lahaa in Boqortooyada Austria Franz Ferdinand. Dhacdadani waxa ay ahayd fursad ah ee ka dilaacay ee dagaalkii labaad ee dunida.