Guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada ee baaruud

Baaruud - si caddaalad ah wax caadi ah in element kiimikada nooca (content lix iyo in qolof dhulka iyo lixaad - in biyaha dabiiciga ah). Waxaa jira baaruud labada hooyo (element gobolka free) iyo ku xirnaashahooda.

Baaruud ee dabiiciga ah

Waxaa ka mid ah macdanaha ugu muhiimsan baaruud dabiiciga ah oo la odhan karaa pyrite bir ah, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, stibnite. badaha ku jira inta badan ee foomka of sulphate calcium, magnesium iyo sodium keenaya rigidity biyaha dabiiciga ah.

Sida loo helo baaruud?

Fiirsato of ore baaruud soo saaray hab oo kala duwan. Habka ugu weyn ee baaruud waa ay dikhaw si toos ah in situ.

Habka macdanta Open ku lug leedahay isticmaalka cagafcagaf, ay ka saareen layers dhagax weyn qashinka qarinaya ore sulfuric. Ka dib markii burburin ah inay Cadha daraadeed kama tollayn ore faray in ay dhirta seroplavilny ay.

In warshadaha, baaruud waa la helay sida byproduct oo ah hawlgaladii in Foornooyinka waayo barafku, at turxaan. In u tiro badan, oo waa hadiyad in gaaska dabiiciga ah (foomka of baaruud dioxide ama tayadda hydrogen), ka fiirsato kuwaas oo lagu shubo on darbiyada qalabka loo isticmaalo. gaaska ku xayiran ka baaruud waxaa loo isticmaalaa in industry kiimikada sida alaabta ceeriin for-soo-saarka ee alaabooyin kala duwan.

Qalabkan waxaa la diyaarin karaa ka dioxide dabiiciga ah iyo baaruud. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, u isticmaal habka Claus. Waxay ka kooban tahay in codsiga ah ee "godad badan baaruud" taas oo ay jirto degassing baaruud ah. Natiijadu waxay tahay baaruud a modified hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa in wax soo saarka ee laami.

baaruud beddelid allotropic aasaasiga ah

Baaruud allotropy soo jireenka ah. Tiro badan oo ah beddelka allotropic. The ugu caansan yihiin orthorhombic ah (crystalline), monoclinic (irbadda) iyo baaruud caag ah. Labada beddelka marka hore waa mid deggan, saddexaad lagu jiro solidification waxaa beddelay rhombic ah.

The guryaha jireed in sifaha baaruud

Taagoo of orthorhombic (α-S) iyo monoclinic (β-S) ku jira beddelka ilaa 8 atamka baaruud, taas oo ku xiran yihiin in loop a xidhan by bonds covalent hal.

Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, baaruud ayaa ka beddelid rhombic ah. Waa crystalline jaale adag la cufnaanta ah 2.07 g / cm ^3. Waxaa dhalaalayaa at 113 ° C. cufnaanta baaruud Monoclinic waa 1,96 g / cm ^3, heerkulka barafku ay waa 119,3 ° C.

Marka barafka korodhka baaruud in mugga iyo noqdo dareere jaalle ah oo jirsado brown at 160 ° C iyo beddelay a mass brown madow viscous korkiisa oo gaarey ku saabsan 190 ° C. At heerkul ka sarreeya qiimaha this nafwaayay baaruudda hoos. At 300 ° C mar kale waxa uu noqonayaa gobolka flowable dareere ah. Tani waa sababta in nidaamka kulaylku waa polymerized baaruud, dherer silsilad heerkulka kordhinta kordhinta. Oo markii qiimaha heerkulka ka badan 190 ° C waxaa jira burburka unugyada polymerized.

Marka qaboojinta baaruud dhalaalisa dabiici sameeyay crucibles cylindrical-ka loo yaqaan baaruud cajiinkuna - kiristaalo rhombic of cabbir ballaaran, isagoo qaab gurracan ee octahedrons la qayb ahaan "gooyaa" geesaha ama labada geesood.

Haddii wax la shubay waa la hoos geliyey demin (tus, iyadoo la isticmaalayo biyo qabow), waxaa suurto gal ah si aad u hesho baaruud caag ah, waa brown ah adkeysi rubbery mass ama midab guduud mugdi, iyadoo cufnaanta ah 2,046 g / cm ^3. beddelid Tani, ka duwan orthorhombic iyo monoclinic waa aan degganayn. Tartiib tartiib (in ka badan dhowr saacadood), badala midabka jaalaha ah in, uu noqdo jilic beddelin rhombic ah.

Marka baraf uumiga baaruud (aad u kulul) foomamka dareere nitrogen purpurea ay ka beddelid, taas oo ah mid deggan marka heerkulku hoos ku jaray 80 ° C.

dhexdhexaad ah ayaa aqueous ficil ahaan waa baaruud beelaya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaa lagu gartaa milmi wanaagsan qase organic. kaari saboolka ah ee korontada iyo kulaylka.

Ujeedadu waxay karaya baaruud ah waa 444,6 ° C. habka Ulasocto xoreynta qiiqa orange-jaalle ah oo ka kooban ugu horrayn of S ₈ taagoo oo beri ku dul kululaynta ku xiga, taasoo keentay in formation of hoganaya karkaraya foomamka S _6, S ₄ iyo S _2. Dheeraad ah, marka kulul decomposes taagoo waaweyn, iyo heerkulka a lammaane kor 900 darajo oo ka kooban muhiimad of S ₂ molecules _beri galay atamka ee 1500 ° C.

Waa maxay leedahay kiimikaad baaruud?

Baaruud waa caadiga ah non-birta ah. KIIMIKADA firfircoon. Qayilo - guryaha hoos baaruud ah waxaa lagu muujiyey marka loo eego hannaanka ka mid ah xubno ka. Marka kululeeyo, si fudud ayaa loogu xidhi karaa iyadoo ku dhowaad canaasiirta oo dhan, kaas oo sharxaya ay joogaan khasab ah senti macdan ah. marka laga reebo waa PT, Au, waxaan _2, N ₂ iyo gaasaska dhif. Qayilo oo teedu ee xeryahooda baaruud, -2, +4, +6.

Guryaha baaruud iyo oxygen keeni hawada sari ay. Natiijada dhexgalka tani waa formation of baaruud dioxide (SO ₂₎ iyo baaruud (SO ₃₎ anhydrides loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo saaro acids sulfurous iyo sulfuric.

Heerkulka qolka, guryaha hoos baaruud ayaa la muujiyey oo keliya in la ixtiraamo fluorine ee falcelinta kuwaas oo foomamka hexafluoride baaruud :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

Marka kululaynta (in dhalaalisa a) waxaa ka jawaabay chlorine, fosfooraska, Silicon, carbon. falcelin la hydrogen tayadda foomamka Intaa waxaa dheer hydrogen sulfane weheliso H formula guud ₂ S _H.

guryaha murqo arkay baaruud by reaction la biraha. Mararka qaarkood, mid ka mid ah u arki karaan arrin dareen-celin xoog leh. dhexgalka ee sulfides biraha la aasaasay (xeryahooda baaruud) iyo polysulfides (Biraha mnogosernistye).

kululaynta dheer fal la acids xoog, oxidants, Gudaheedana waxaa ku oxidized.

Next, tixgeli sifooyinka aasaasiga ah ee xeryahooda baaruud.

baaruud dioxide

Baaruud xabagta (IV), sidoo kale loo yaqaan baaruud dioxide iyo anhydride sulfurous, waa gaas (Biyuhu) oo leh ur suffocating af badan. Waxay u egtahay in lagu liquefied cadaadis at heerkulka qolka. SO ₂ waa xabagta ah acidic. Waxaa lagu gartaa ah milmi biyo wanaagsan. Tani waxay abuurtaa a daciif ah, acid sulfurous deganayn, taas oo ka jira oo kaliya in xal aqueous. falcelinta ee baaruud dioxide la sulfites alkali sameeyay.

Waxay leedahay hawl kiimikada halkii sare. fahmayaan intooda badan waa sifooyinka hoos kiimikada ee xabagta baaruud (IV) ee. Dareen-celinta noocan oo kale ah waxaa weheliya in la kordhiyo heerka uu qayilo baaruud.

kiimikaad murqo muujiyey xabagta baaruud ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen wakiilo xoog yaraynta (tus, carbon monoxide).

trioxide baaruud

trioxide mastadh (sulfur dioxide) - xabagta ugu sareeya ee baaruud (VI). Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, waa dareere ah midab kacsan isagoo caraf suffocating. Waxay u egtahay inay hakiso at qiimaha heerkulka hoose ka badan 16.9 degrees. Xaaladdan oo kale, isku dar ah ee beddelka crystal kala duwan ee trioxide ku baaruud adag. xabagta baaruud High guryaha hygroscopic keeni ay "dymlenie" in shuruudaha hawada qoyan. Sidaas darteed, formation of dhibco acid sulfuric.

tayadda hydrogen

tayadda hydrogen waa xarunta kiimikada binary ah hydrogen iyo baaruud. H ₂ S - waa gaas sun ah midab, sifooyinka caan kuwaas oo dhadhan macaan iyo urta of ukunta qurmay. Waxaa dhalaalayaa heerkulka a of laga jaray 86 ° C iyo boogo at -60 ° C. Thermally degganayn. Heerkulka waxa la qiimeeyo ka badan 400 ° C sababa kala daatay ee tayadda hydrogen in S iyo H _2. Waxaa lagu gartaa milmi wanaagsan in ethanol. Biyaha kala liidata. Sidaas darteed of kala diridda biyo foomamka tayadda hydrogen daciif acid. tayadda hydrogen waa wakiilka xoog yareeyo.

Ololi kara. In hawada sari ay u arki karaan olol buluug. In uruureen sare waxa dhici karta inay Biraha badan.

sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄₎ waxay noqon kartaa mid ka mid ah caddad kala duwan iyo daahirnimo. Dawladdu waxay ammooniya waa dareere ah midab saliid isagoo ur lahayn.

heerkulka at kaas oo ah walaxda dhalaalay, waa 10 ° C. dhibic kulayl badan waa 296 ° C. biyaha si fiican u kala diray. Marka kala diri sulfuric acid hydrates loo sameeyay, iyadoo xaddi badan oo kulaylka. dhibic karaya ee xal aqueous cadaadiska ka mid ah 760 mm Hg. Art. ka weyn tahay 100 ° C. Kordhinta dhibic karkaraya kaaga sii kordhaya fiirsashada acid.

The guryaha acid mid ah waxyaabaha la muuqan dhexgalka la oxides aasaasiga ah iyo saldhigyada. H ₂ SO ₄ waa diacid ah, sidaas sameysmi karaa sida sulfates (dhexdhexaad ah cusbada) iyo hydrosulfates (cusbo acidic), kuwaas oo intooda badan ay yihiin L. biyo.

Tani waa hantida ugu badan si cad u muujiyey sulfuric acid ee reactions redox. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in kooban of H ₂ SO ₄ at heerka ugu sareeya ee lagu qayilo baaruud (6). Tusaale ahaan daliilka guryaha oxidative of sulfuric acid waxay keeni kartaa falcelin la copper ah:

• Cu + 2 saac ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2 saac ₂ O + SO _2.

Mastadh: guryaha waxtar leh

Baaruud waa element raad ah oo muhiim u ah noolaha. Waa qayb ka mid ah acids amino ah (methionine oo cysteine), ensaymes iyo fitamiino. element Tani waxay ku lug leh dhismaha qaab dhismeedka jaamacadda of protein ah. Inta ay baaruud kiimikaad xidhxidhan ku jira borotiinka ah, waa miisaan ka 0.8 2.4%. content ee element ee jidhka bini'aadamka waa ilaa 2 garaam halkii 1 kg ee miisaanka (i.e., oo ku saabsan 0.2% of baaruud).

guryaha waxtar leh ee element raad lama quudhsan karin. Ilaalinta protoplasm ee dhiigga, baaruud waa kaaliyaha firfircoon jidhka ee dagaalka ka dhanka ah bakteeriyada. Waxay ku xiran tahay xaddiga xinjirowga, waa element ah ka caawiyaa si ay u ilaaliyaan in ay heer ku filan. Baaruud sidoo kale kaalin ku haynta heerarka caadiga ah ee fiirsashada bile soo saaro jidhka.

"Beauty macdanta" waxaa inta badan loo yaqaan, sababtoo ah waa lagama maarmaan si loo ilaaliyo caafimaadka maqaarka, timaha iyo ciddiyaha. Baaruud awoodda jireenka jirka ka difaaco noocyada kala duwan ee saamaynta taban deegaanka. Waxay kaa caawinaysaa in ay hoos u dhigi geedi socodka gaboobaya. Baaruud nadiifiyaa jirka ka mid ah sunta iyo ka ilaaliya shucaaca, taas oo hadda si gaar ah muhiim, siiyey xaaladda deegaanka ee hadda.

xaddi aan ku filnayn ee xubno ka raad ee jirka waxay keeni kartaa in ka saarida saboolka ah ee sunta, difaac yar yahay, iyo koboca.

Baaruud - qaybgale ah photosynthesis bakteeriyada. Waa qayb ka mid ah bacteriochlorophyll iyo hydrogen tayadda - isha hydrogen.

Sera: guryaha iyo codsiyada in industry

The baaruud ugu ballaaran loo isticmaalo in lagu soo saaro sulfuric acid. Sidoo kale guryaha ee wax this u ogolaan in ay isticmaalka loogu talagalay vulcanization of caag, sida ku masax ah ee beeraha iyo xitaa daroogada (baaruud Colloid). Waxaa intaa dheer, baaruud waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee kulan oo isugu darey pyrotechnic, waa qayb ka mid ah sameynta darey serobitumnyh seroasfalta.